Half-year Report

abrdn Equity Income Trust plc

16 May 2023

 

abrdn Equity Income Trust plc

Legal Entity Identifier (LEI): 21380015XPT7BZISSQ74

Half-Yearly Financial Report
For the Six Months Ended 31 March 2023

Performance Highlights

Net asset value total return per Ordinary shareA			Share price total return per Ordinary shareA
Six months ended 31 March 2023			Six months ended 31 March 2023
+3.3%			+13.5%
Year ended 30 September 2022	-7.6%		Year ended 30 September 2022	-7.8%
Revenue return per Ordinary share			Premium/(discount) to net asset valueA
Six months ended 31 March 2023			As at 31 March 2023
8.60p			0.1%
Six months ended 31 March 2022	8.75p		Year ended 30 September 2022	-8.8%
Dividend yieldA			Ongoing charges ratioA
As at 31 March 2023			Forecast for year ending 30 September 2023
6.9%			0.98%
As at 30 September 2022	7.5%		Year ended 30 September 2022	0.91%
A Considered to be an Alternative Performance Measure.

Investment Portfolio by Sector as at 31 March 2023

Portfolio weightings                             %

Financials	35.1
Energy	18.5
Basic Materials	10.6
Industrials	9.5
Consumer Discretionary	7.0
Consumer Staples	6.9
Utilities	6.7
Real Estate	4.1
Telecommunication	0.9
Health Care	0.7

Financial Calendar and Highlights

Expected payment dates of interim dividends for the remainder of the financial year to 30 September 2023	22 June 2023 22 September 2023 8 January 2024
Financial year end	30 September 2023
Expected announcement of results for year ended 30 September 2023	December 2023
Annual General Meeting (London)	February 2024

Financial Highlights

Capital return	31 March 2023	30 September 2022	% change
Total assetsA (m)	£181.9	£182.5	-0.3%
Equity Shareholders' funds (m)	£156.9	£157.5	-0.4%
Net asset value per Ordinary share	331.21p	331.77p	-0.2%
Market capitalisation (m)	£157.0	£143.6	+9.3%
Share price per Ordinary share	331.5p	302.5p	+9.6%
Premium/(discount) of Ordinary share price to net asset valueB	0.1%	(8.8%)
FTSE All-Share Index	4,157.88	3,763.48	+10.5%
Revenue return per Ordinary shareC	8.60p	8.75p	-1.7%
Gearing - netB	14.8%	15.0%
Ongoing charges ratioBD	0.98%	0.91%
A Defined as total assets per the Statement of Financial Position less current liabilities (before deduction of bank loans).
B Considered to be an Alternative Performance Measure.
C Figure for 31 March 2023 is for the six months to that date. Figure for 30 September 2022 is for the six months to 31 March 2022.
D The ongoing charges ratio for the current year includes a forecast of costs and net assets for the six months to 30 September 2023.

Chair's Statement

I am delighted to report to you for the first time as Chair of the abrdn Equity Income Trust plc ("the Company"), having taken over the role in February. I would like to thank Mark White for his commitment to the Company over the last nine years and his steely focus on income delivery.

Revenue

Total income in the six months of the financial year was largely unchanged at £4.71m compared to £4.70m for the same period last year. Management fees and administrative expenses charged to revenue were up 5.5% at £406k compared to £385k in 2022.

After interest costs and tax, net earnings were marginally down 3.0% to £4.08m and the revenue per ordinary share was 8.60 pence per Ordinary share compared to 8.75 pence per Ordinary share in 2022.

Typically, the Company earns between 30% and 40% of the total income for the year in the first six months, and this year looks to be on track to be in that range. As a result, given the outlook for the rest of the financial year, the Board remains confident that the full year earnings will be sufficient to cover the proposed dividend.

Performance

In the six months to 31 March 2023, the Company delivered a NAV total return of 3.3% which underperformed the total return of the FTSE All-Share Index of 12.3%. However, on a more positive note, the Board was encouraged by the share price total return of 13.5% during the period, which resulted in the most significant narrowing of any discount in the UK Equity Income Sector.  The share price discount reduced from around 10% in November 2022 to a small premium at 31 March 2023, following the announcement of the Company's full year results last December.

The capital performance is disappointing, and was particularly affected by the fall in energy prices which led to holdings such as Thungela Resources and Diversified Energy reversing the gains they had made in the previous six months. 

However, the Board recognises that it has set the Manager the task of ensuring that the dividend is covered by earnings in the current year, with an expectation of sustainable growth, and the portfolio is positioned accordingly.

The Investment Manager's Review provides a more detailed explanation of the drivers of the Company's performance.

Share Rating

The Board is pleased to be able to report that the Company's share price discount to NAV, on a cum income basis, has narrowed steadily from 8.8% on the first day of the period to a small premium of 0.1% at the end of the period.

Since the beginning of December 2022 the discount has typically traded at less than 2%, and averaged 1.2%, and for brief periods has traded at a premium, which is a far cry from the four months prior to December 2022, when the discount averaged 8.6%. 

It is also worth noting that while the share price had been trading at a wider discount than the average for the sector, this situation has reversed.  The very sharp move in the discount last December and the fact that it has been sustained at this level suggests to the Board that the market appreciates the focus on delivering a covered and sustainably growing dividend and the Board intends to maintain that focus.

Dividends

The Board declared its plans for the dividend for the current financial year in last year's annual report and the proposed schedule is unchanged at this time.

The first three interim dividends for the current year will be 5.7 pence per Ordinary share. The first of these was paid to Shareholders on 22 March 2023 and the Board announces that the second interim dividend of 5.7 pence per Ordinary share will be paid on 22 June 2023 to Shareholders on the register on 26 May 2023 with an associated ex-dividend date of 25 May 2023.  The third interim dividend of 5.7 pence per Ordinary share will be paid in September and the fourth interim dividend will be determined when the accounts are being finalised in November / December.  The Board's expectation remains that the fourth interim dividend will be at least 5.7 pence per Ordinary share, making a total payment for the year of at least 22.80 pence per Ordinary share.

Based on the share price at 31 March 2023, this puts the Company on a dividend yield of 6.9%, which is amongst the highest of any equity investment trust.

Gearing

At 31 March 2023 £25m of the Company's £30m loan facility was drawn and net gearing amounted to 14.8% of assets, compared to 15.0% in September 2022. The borrowing is in the form of a revolving credit facility which cost 5.0% at the end of the period.

Buybacks

In the first two months of the period under review, the company bought back 100,417 shares at an average price of 310.9 pence per share and a weighted average discount of 10.0%. Since the beginning of December, the share price has traded at levels very close to the underlying NAV, negating the need for any further buy backs. Shares bought back are held in treasury.

The Board continues to monitor the discount and premium and will re-issue treasury shares if a material premium persists or buyback shares into treasury if the discount is considered too wide in absolute and relative terms.

Board

As I mentioned above, I was delighted to assume the role of Chair from Mark White on 2 February 2023.  Mark retired as Chair and as a Director at the AGM in February 2023 having served on the Board since November 2013.  Mark Little succeeded me as Chair of the Audit Committee at the same time.

Outlook

There seem to have been storm clouds on the economic horizon for some time now and we do not see much sign of them dissipating in the near future. Having said that, we are of the view that despite them looking ominous, there remain opportunities in the market that, as our Manager has demonstrated, can be pursued. The macro environment is going to remain challenging with respect to inflation, the cost-of-living crisis, and the war in Ukraine. However, the indications are that they are not going to be quite as damaging, economically, as was being predicted six months ago; the UK was expected to have gone into recession but that has not yet happened.

The Bank of England raised interest rates to 4.5 per cent on 11 May 2023, and warned it would not hit its inflation target until 2025.  Investing against such a backdrop remains challenging. However, the Board has maintained its guidance to the Manager that delivering a covered and sustainably growing dividend is the primary focus. The Board has reviewed the dividend projections and reaffirms its intention to pay three interim dividends of 5.7 pence per Ordinary share and to ensure that the full year's dividend will be at least 22.80 pence per Ordinary share.

Sarika Patel
Chair
15 May 2023

Interim Management Report and Directors' Responsibility Statement

Principal Risks and Uncertainties

The Board has an ongoing process for identifying, evaluating and managing the principal and emerging risks and uncertainties of the Company and has carried out a robust review. The process is regularly reviewed by the Board. Most of the Company's principal risks and uncertainties are market related and are no different from those of other investment trusts that invest primarily in the UK listed market.  These are set out within the Strategic Report contained within the Annual Report for the year ended 30 September 2022 and comprise the following risk categories:

·  Strategy;

·  Investment Performance;

·  Exogenous risks such as health, social, financial, economic and geopolitical;

·  Operational Risk;

·  Governance Risk;

·  Discount / Premium to NAV;

·  Financial obligations; and

·  Legal and Regulatory Risks.

The Board continues to closely monitor the political and economic uncertainties which could affect markets, particularly the heightened interest rate risk and the knock on impact on the recent collapse of the likes of Silicon Valley Bank, Credit Suisse and First Republic Bank.  The Board also monitors the impact of the ongoing war in Ukraine and potential supply chain issues.  The Company has made enquiries of its Manager and third party service providers in relation to continued compliance with sanctions measures enacted by the UK in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine.

The Board is also very conscious of the risks emanating from increasing Environmental, Social and Governance ("ESG") challenges together with climate change and continues to monitor, through its Investment Manager, the potential risk that investee companies may fail to keep pace with the rates of ESG and Climate Change adaptation required.

In all other respects, the Company's principal risks and uncertainties have not changed materially since the date of the 2022 Annual Report.

Going Concern

In accordance with the FRC's Guidance on Risk Management, Internal Control and Related Financial and Business Reporting, the Directors have undertaken a rigorous review of the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.

The Company's assets consist substantially of equity shares in companies listed on recognised stock exchanges and in most circumstances are realisable within a short timescale. The Company has adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future and the ability to meet all its liabilities and ongoing expenses from its assets.

The Directors are mindful of the principal and emerging risks and uncertainties disclosed above, and review on a regular basis forecasts detailing revenue and liabilities and the Company's operational expenses. Having reviewed these matters, the Directors believe that the Company has adequate financial resources to continue its operational existence for the foreseeable future and for at least 12 months from the date of this Half Yearly Report. Accordingly, they continue to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the Half Yearly Report.

Related Party Transactions

There have been no material changes in the related party transactions described in the 2022 Annual Report. 

Responsibility Statement of the Directors in respect of the Half-Yearly Financial Report

The Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rules require the Directors to confirm their responsibilities in relation to the preparation and publication of the Interim Management Report and Financial Statements.

The Directors confirm that to the best of their knowledge:

·  The condensed set of financial statements contained within the Half Yearly financial report has been prepared in accordance with FRS 104 Interim Financial Reporting and gives a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and return of the Company for the period ended 31 March 2023.  

·  The Interim Management Report, together with the Chair's Statement and Investment Manager's Report, includes a fair review of the information required by:

a)     DTR 4.2.7R of the Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rules, being an indication of important events that have occurred during the first six months of the financial year and their impact on the condensed set of financial statements, and a description of the principal risks and uncertainties for the remaining six months of the year; and

b)    DTR 4.2.8R of the Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rules, being related party transactions that have taken place in the first six months of the financial year and that have materially affected the financial position or performance of the Company during that period, and any changes in the related party transactions described in the last Annual Report that could do so.

The Half-Yearly Financial Report was approved by the Board and the above Directors' Responsibility Statement was signed on its behalf by the Chair.

For abrdn Equity Income Trust plc
Sarika Patel
Chair
15 May 2023

Our Strategy

Business Model

The Company is an investment trust with a premium listing on the London Stock Exchange.

Investment Objective

The Company's objective is to provide shareholders with an above average income from their equity investment, while also providing real growth in capital and income.  

Investment Policy

The Directors set the investment policy, which is to invest in a diversified portfolio consisting mainly of quoted UK equities which will normally comprise between 50 and 70 individual equity holdings.

In order to reduce risk in the Company without compromising flexibility:

a)         no holding within the portfolio should exceed 10% of total assets at the time of acquisition; and

b)         the top ten holdings within the portfolio will not exceed 50% of net assets.

The Company may invest in convertible preference shares, convertible loan stocks, gilts and corporate bonds.

The Directors set the gearing policy within which the portfolio is managed.  The parameters are that the portfolio should operate between holding 5% net cash and 15% net gearing.  The Directors have delegated responsibility to the Investment Manager for the operation of the gearing level within the above parameters.

Delivering the Investment Objective

The Board delegates investment management to abrdn plc ("abrdn"). The team within abrdn managing the Company's portfolio of investments has been headed up by Thomas Moore since 2011.

Our Strategy

The portfolio is invested on an index-agnostic basis. The process is based on a bottom-up stock-picking approach where sector allocations are a function of the sum of the stock selection decisions, constrained only by appropriate risk control parameters. The aim is to apply the "Focus on Change" process by evaluating changing corporate situations and identifying insights that are not fully recognised by the market.

Idea Generation and Research

The vast majority of the investment insights are generated from information and analysis from one-on-one company meetings. Collectively, more than 6,000 company meetings are conducted annually by abrdn. These meetings are used to ascertain the company's own views and expectations of its future prospects and the markets in which it operates. Through actively questioning the senior management and key decision makers of companies, the portfolio managers and analysts look to uncover the key changes affecting the business and the materiality of their impact on company fundamentals within the targeted investment time horizon.

ESG considerations are at the heart of this engagement. Understanding a company's attitudes towards ESG issues helps to mitigate risks and actively enhance returns. As part of the company research, analysts evaluate the ownership structures, governance and management quality of the companies. Potential environmental and social risks that these companies may face are also assessed. The Investment Manager employs dedicated ESG specialists who sit within each regional investment team, providing industry-leading expertise and insight at the company level. These specialists also mediate the insights of the central team to the stock analysts, as well as interpret and contextualise sector and company insights. The central ESG team provides thought leadership, thematic and global sector insights, as well as event-driven research.

Investment Process in Practice

The index-agnostic approach allows the weightings of holdings to reflect the conviction levels of the investment team, based on an assessment of the management team, the strategy, the prospects and the valuation metrics. The Focus on Change process recognises that some of the best investment opportunities come from under-researched parts of the market, where the breadth and depth of the analyst coverage that the Portfolio Manager can access provides the scope to identify a range of investment opportunities.

The consequence of this is that the Company's portfolio often looks very different from other investment vehicles which aim to provide their investors with access to UK equity income. This is because the process focuses on conviction levels rather than index weightings. This means that the Company may provide a complementary portfolio to the existing portfolios of investors who prefer to make their own decisions and manage their ISAs, SIPPs and personal dealing accounts themselves. Currently 51% (30 September 2022: 57%) of the Company's portfolio is invested in companies outside the FTSE 100 Index.

The index-agnostic approach, and Focus on Change process, further differentiates the portfolio because it allows the Portfolio Manager to take a view at a thematic level, concentrate the portfolio's holdings in certain areas and avoid others completely. The effect of this approach is that the weightings of the portfolio can be expected to differ significantly from that of any index, and the returns generated by the portfolio may reflect this divergence, particularly in the short term.

Investment Manager's Review

Market Review

Despite ongoing geopolitical tensions, the UK equity market generated positive returns during the six month period to 31 March 2023  helped by peaking inflation fears and data suggesting that the economy might avoid recession.

The financial year began with a resolution to a lengthy period of UK political uncertainty that had accompanied the announcements of the resignation of prime ministers Boris Johnson in July 2022 and Liz Truss in October 2022. Markets were reassured by the policies introduced by Rishi Sunak as Prime Minister and Jeremy Hunt as Chancellor, as reflected in a reduction in Gilt yields and a recovery in sterling. Economic forecasts were progressively revised upwards, albeit remaining at very subdued levels, as the employment and housing markets remained more resilient than the economists had feared. By the end of the period it had become clearer that the economy might be on track to avoid a recession. At the same time, the reopening of the Chinese economy following the lifting of Covid restrictions helped to lift global growth expectations.

The most important economic variable in the UK was Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) given its bearing on interest rates. CPI hit a peak of 11.1% in October 2022, its highest level in more than 40 years, driven by a range of factors, including tight labour markets, the Russia-Ukraine war and supply chain issues including shortages of fresh produce. The Bank of England, focusing on signs that tight labour markets were causing core inflation to remain elevated, responded by raising the base rate four times. By the end of the period CPI had fallen back from the highs, although it remained well above the Bank of England's target.  This prompted the twelfth consecutive increase in the Bank of England base rate on 11 May 2023, taking it to 4.5%, the highest level since 2008.

In March 2023, markets suffered a jolt from the collapse of US-based Silicon Valley Bank and the demise of Credit Suisse, although intervention from financial regulators helped to limit the contagion across the global financial system. This episode provided a reminder of the fragilities that can be exposed as economies adjust to a world of higher interest rates. It also fuelled investor hopes that the end of the rate-hike cycle could be brought forward.

The Company's Reference Index, the FTSE All-Share Index, delivered a total return of 12.3% over the period, although there were significant variations in performance within the UK market. The FTSE 100 Index produced a total return of 12.7%, reflecting investors' preference for larger, more liquid stocks during nervous market conditions. The more domestically-orientated FTSE 250 and Small Cap indices initially staged a recovery as sentiment towards the UK economy improved, but retraced much of their gains in February and March as worries about the banking system caused investors to shun less liquid stocks. They ended up returning 11.6% and 5.7% respectively. The divergence of nearly 7% in total returns between the FTSE 100 and the FTSE Small Cap indices was particularly striking, extending a prolonged period of large-cap outperformance.

Revenue Account

Dividends distributed by our portfolio in the period under review were largely unchanged at £4.7 million. We remain confident that the second half of the year will generate more than 60% of the total income for the period. This is the experience of the last 10 years to differing degrees and is as a result of many of the holdings declaring their final dividend for their previous financial year after our period end.

The contribution from special dividends remained low at 3.2% of the dividend income but was an improvement on the nil return for the same period last year. The return of special dividends could reflect an early sign of some confidence that earnings are recovering, although we are also witnessing a growing tendency of management teams to distribute surplus capital via buybacks rather than special dividends. We note that 26 of our holdings have done a share buyback during the current financial year.

Net revenue earnings for the six month period were £4.1 million, or 3.0% lower than last year's £4.2 million. Management fees were 4% lower, but this is a function of the decrease in the value of the portfolio. Total expenditure before interest and tax was 5.5% higher than last year. This was largely due to the comparative year's professional fees being a rebate as a result of reversal of provisions in the year prior.

We are forecasting that the portfolio is currently expecting to deliver a gross dividend yield, before costs, of around 6.9% based on the income expected to be generated by the portfolio over this financial year divided by the portfolio value at the period end. While this is lower than it was at the end of the last financial year it continues to represent a significant premium to the dividend yield of the Reference Index of 3.6% as at 31 March 2023.

Recent interest rate hikes are unhelpful for our investment return as they increase the cost of our overdraft facility. However, the gap between the interest rate we pay for this overdraft facility and the dividend yield we earn on the portfolio, while narrower than it was a year ago, remains very wide by historical standards at almost 300 percentage points at the time of writing.

Our focus remains on achieving the priorities set out by the Board at the time of Covid crisis. The Board emphasised that our first priority should be to build a portfolio that could deliver sufficient income to cover the dividend. This was achieved last September for the first time for two years. We continue to position the portfolio with the intention of achieving the Board's objectives of covering the dividend, delivering dividend growth in excess of inflation over the cycle and rebuilding reserves. We see the focus on portfolio income as consistent with our investment process which favours companies whose cash flow and dividend potential are not priced in by the market.

For the wider UK equity market, the outlook for dividends has improved significantly since the pandemic, with dividend cover recovering to just over 2 times (on a 12-month forward basis), suggesting some cushion for corporates in the event that macro conditions deteriorate. We also have the advantage of selecting from a broad palette of UK stocks, with many different earnings drivers. This helps to underpin our confidence in the continued progression of our dividend per Ordinary share in FY23.

Portfolio Performance

The Company's net asset value ("NAV") total return was 3.3% for the period. This was behind the total return of 12.3% from the Company's Reference Index and the AIC sector's weighted average NAV total return.

Sharp swings in the macro landscape caused some major reversals in performance, with many of last year's leading stocks and sectors becoming laggards. The drivers of our performance over the period can be summarised as follows:

·  The main detractor from performance was the heavy weighting in Energy at a time of falling energy prices due to a rebuilding in gas storage levels and an unseasonably mild winter. The weakest performers were Thungela Resources and Diversified Energy which reversed the gains they had made in the previous six months. Both companies remain highly cash generative even at lower energy prices. Despite the benefit of our large holding in BP, this sector alone detracted around 4.5% of relative performance.

·  Within Financials, encouraging results from insurance underwriter Conduit and lenders OSB and International Personal Finance were offset by profit warnings from CMC Markets, Close Brothers and Direct Line. Among large cap financials, the contribution from owning NatWest was offset by not owning HSBC or Prudential as sentiment towards Asian stocks improved following the reopening of the Chinese economy. Overall, this sector detracted around 2% of relative performance.

·  Performance was varied within Consumer and Industrial sectors. Improving sentiment towards the UK housing market helping to drive positive contributions from housebuilders Vistry and Bellway and sofa retailer DFS. The portfolio also benefited from its underweight in Consumer Staples, in particular not owning Unilever and Reckitt Benckiser. However, this was offset by concerns about a slowdown in demand at paper business Mondi, law firm DWF and plant hire firm Speedy Hire. In aggregate, these sectors detracted around 1.7% of performance.

·  The gearing position, averaging 14.9% over the six months, added around 1.7% of relative performance.

As noted in the Market Review, the continued outperformance of large-cap stocks was an unwelcome drag on performance given the portfolio's relatively heavy weightings in small and mid-cap stocks; itself a function of the index-agnostic approach that we use in constructing the portfolio. This approach involves sizing our positions according to our conviction levels, rather than anchoring around index weightings. Consequently our portfolio's exposure to the FTSE 100 Index was 49% at the end of the period, whereas the FTSE 100 Index represented 84% of the total value of the FTSE All-Share Index. The recent series of macro events, notably Covid and Ukraine, have favoured large-caps, causing a headwind for our portfolio. As macro-economic uncertainty recedes, we would expect investors to become more inclined to consider owning stocks further down the market cap spectrum. We remain convinced that a differentiated portfolio, containing a wide range of stocks across the UK market, positions us best to generate a diversified income stream and deliver on our objectives through the cycle.

Activity

Purchases

The market backdrop has continued to be influenced by expectations over the path for inflation and interest rates. Greater stability in domestic politics has been helpful, reducing the risk premium that was being applied to UK assets. This has allowed investors to shift their focus onto economic data, in particular the ability of policy-makers to bring inflation under control without precipitating a recession. It is against this backdrop that we have been positioning the portfolio.

We have continued to focus our purchases in companies with strong cash flows, enabling them to trade well through an inflationary period:.

·  National Grid: We added to National Grid whose UK business benefits from inflation-linked contracts, at the same time as their regulatory asset base starts to grow rapidly to deliver the infrastructure necessary for the transition to electric vehicles. The stock had fallen sharply at the time of the Truss mini-budget due to its correlation with government bonds, providing us with an opportunity to add to our holding.

·  NatWest: We also added to NatWest which we expected to benefit from rising base rates, as net interest income grows thanks to the stickiness of deposit pricing. Despite the sharp slowdown in economic growth, we expect bad debts to remain low, with significant impairment provisions already taken. As with National Grid, this opportunity arose at the time of the Truss mini-budget. We have subsequently seen a narrowing in the stock's discount to NAV.

·  Vanquis: We bought a new holding in Vanquis Banking Group (formerly known as Provident Financial) where we see evidence of improving returns, robust credit quality and accelerating loan growth as demand picks up and competition reduces. The stock's low valuation appears to reflect historic perceptions of the business, after a long period of restructuring, rather than analysis of the group's forward-looking earnings potential. We see this stock as a classic example of our investment approach, anticipating positive change that has not yet been priced in.

·  Oil & Gas: We increased our exposure to the Energy sector, adding to Diversified Energy in a placing to fund an earnings accretive acquisition which supports cash flows and dividends. The valuation paid was 2.3x EBITDA which appears highly attractive. The assets they are buying include existing wells and undeveloped wells, providing additional production potential.  We also added to our holding in Ithaca Energy, whose huge cash generation sets the scene for attractive dividends. We expect Ithaca's heavy investment in the North Sea to provide it with significant up-front tax breaks, mitigating the Energy Profits Levy.

Sales

Our largest sales can be grouped into the following categories:

·  Managing position sizes within Resources: After very strong performance linked to the surge in energy prices after Russia's invasion of Ukraine, we took some profits in Thungela Resources, Glencore and BP. We also trimmed our weightings in Rio Tinto and BHP where weakness in the Chinese construction sector created a difficult backdrop for their main commodity, iron ore. We continue to have conviction in the cash generation potential of these businesses, but are mindful that their position sizes had reached very high levels.

·  Trimming some lower yielding stocks: We reduced our weightings in lower yielding stocks Coca-Cola Hellenic and Standard Chartered, seeing more attractive income opportunities elsewhere in the UK market.

·  DS Smith: The business has proved resilient during a turbulent period for the global economy, but we are aware that it may prove difficult to avoid the slowdown being reported by some sector peers.

·  GlaxoSmithKline: We sold our holding in GlaxoSmithKline where we see a relatively weak drugs pipeline with limited scope for any meaningful catalysts to drive a re-rating in the shares. The dividend was cut in 2022 after the spin-off of its consumer health business.

Outlook

The fluctuating macro landscape has created some sharp swings in performance within the UK equity market during the period. Although markets went up during the six months, there was an underlying tone of caution, as reflected in the continued out-performance of large cap stocks. This was largely driven by the ever-present fear that recession could be imminent. Many commentators pointed to the inversion in the yield curve (where long-dated bond yields fall below short-dated bond yields) as a forward-looking indicator that recession is likely at some point in the next two years.

Against this uncertain backdrop, our approach remains to stay focused on companies that have the ability to generate strong cash flows and pay these cash flows out in the form of dividends. We believe that many companies with these characteristics have been overlooked by the wider market in recent years, resulting in valuation opportunities. Historically dividends have tended to represent a relatively high proportion of total return, especially when investors shift their focus from growth stocks to value and income stocks. We have consciously tilted the portfolio towards stocks that offer a high free cash flow yield, underpinning an attractive dividend yield. The portfolio has a 9.2% free cash flow yield (12 month trailing, median) which compares favourably with the 5.7% free cash flow yield of the FTSE All-Share ex Investment Trusts Index. As a result, we remain confident in the outlook for portfolio income, putting us on track to pay a fully covered dividend in the 12 months to September 2023, extending our 22 year track record of consecutive dividend increases.

On the capital account, we remain positive on the prospects for our portfolio. At the annual results we outlined how we had segmented the portfolio into three baskets, each of which is intended to play a role in helping the portfolio to deliver each element of our investment objective:

1.    Inflation Protection: Stocks with inflation hedge characteristics; potentially see some earnings benefit from rising prices, helping them to grow their cash flows and dividends. Examples include Shell and National Grid. At the time of writing, this basket represented 41% of the portfolio. Objective: achieve real growth in income.

2.    Mispriced Yield: Higher yield stocks where we see resilient business models, enabling the dividends to be paid, contrary to market expectations. Examples include Legal & General and Diversified Energy. At the time of writing, this basket represented 26% of the portfolio. Objective: achieve above average income.

3.    Latent Growth: Stocks with the potential to deliver operational change that can drive medium-term growth. This change is often overlooked by the market at times of macro uncertainty. Examples include OneSavings Bank and DFS. At the time of writing, this basket represented 33% of the portfolio. Objective: achieve real growth in capital.

The market backdrop that we experienced during the period was challenging for our portfolio, as recession fears held back the performance of many of our holdings across all three baskets. In particular, falling commodity prices caused some of our large Resources holdings to give back their gains, while many of our more cyclical small and mid-cap holdings remained out of favour.

Looking ahead, we see several reasons to remain confident in the outlook for the portfolio:

·  Low valuations: Recent market movements have only increased our conviction in the valuation re-rating potential of the portfolio, with a price/earnings ratio at 9.5x and the price/book ratio at 1.2x both at a meaningful discount to the FTSE All-Share Index despite returns that are in line with the wider market (return on equity of 11.6%, median). Since the period-end, one of our holdings, Industrials REIT, has received a bid from Blackstone at a 42% premium, underlining the scale of the valuation upside within the portfolio. These low valuations primarily reflect recession fears, rather than operational issues.

·  Company resilience: If and when recession strikes, we believe that our holdings will generally be well positioned. This has been one of the most anticipated recessions in history, with the US yield curve having been inverted since July 2022. This has given management teams plenty of time to adjust their businesses, taking self-help measures to ensure that they are not caught off guard. For example, lenders such as NatWest have taken steps to tighten lending standards, building in highly conservative assumptions into their lending decisions, thereby minimising the risk of bad debts down the line. Recent economic data has surprised on the upside, suggesting that the market's fears might have been exaggerated, at least for now. Assuming that recession does eventually strike, we are reassured by the high level of dividend cover of the portfolio at 1.8x (12 month trailing, median) and the modest level of balance sheet gearing, with net debt/EBITDA at 1.3x (12 month trailing, median).

·  Geographical diversification: The portfolio is well diversified in terms of the source of revenues by geographical region, with 59% coming from outside the UK. The war in Ukraine has driven different outcomes from region to region according to the impact on terms of trade resulting from differences in energy security and sanctions. In general, Emerging Markets have had a far better crisis than Europe. This reduces the risk of a synchronised global recession which would be a worst-case scenario for the portfolio.

·  Low probability of reverting to era of zero rates: Inflation is set to fall back through the course of 2023 thanks to base effects one year after the start of the Ukraine war, particularly in relation to energy prices. This is raising hopes that interest rates are approaching their peak level, but tight labour markets are likely to cause monetary policy setting to remain tight in order to bring down core inflation. Just as loose monetary policy was a boon for highly-valued growth stocks, we expect an era of elevated interest rates to favour the more traditional cash-generative stocks that our investment process favours. One clear example is the transformation in interest income prospects for many of our Financials holdings.  This will not be a linear path, as interest rate expectations wax and wane from quarter to quarter, but overall we expect this to be a favourable environment for the portfolio, helping to support both income and capital growth.

The UK stands out within global stock markets as offering a rich seam of dividend payouts. We see this as a mark of strength as it reflects rigorous corporate governance standards, disciplined capital allocation and robust cash generation. Having come through recent crises, we believe that our portfolio holdings have demonstrated a level of resilience that is not reflected in their valuations. We see potential for share prices to respond to further evidence of resilience in cash flows and dividends in the months ahead, helping us to deliver for shareholders.

Thomas Moore
Portfolio Manager
15 May 2023

Ten Largest Investments

As at 31 March 2023

BP		Shell
BP is an oil and petrochemicals company. The Company explores for and produces oil and natural gas, refines, markets, and supplies petroleum products, generates renewable energy, and manufactures and markets chemicals.		Shell explores for, produces and refines petroleum. The Company produces fuels, chemicals, and lubricants, as well as operating gasoline filling stations and developing renewable energy.
National Grid		NatWest Group
National Grid is a utility company which is focused on the transmission and distribution of electricity and gas in Great Britain and the United States.		NatWest operates as a banking and financial services company. The Bank is the largest business and commercial bank in the UK, with a leading retail business, providing a comprehensive range of lending and savings products.
SSE		Diversified Energy
SSE engages in the generation, transmission, distribution and supply of electricity and the production, storage, distribution and supply of gas.		Diversified Energy is engaged in conventional natural gas and crude oil production in the Appalachian Basin of the United States.
Imperial Brands		Glencore
Imperial Brands is a global consumer goods company that manufactures, markets and distributes tobacco products across approximately 120 markets.		Glencore is a diversified natural resources company, with production and marketing operations in three groups; metals and minerals, energy products and agricultural products.
Barclays		Thungela Resources
Barclays is a global financial services provider engaged in retail banking, credit cards, wholesale banking, investment banking, wealth management and investment management services.		Thungela is a leading pure-play producer and exporter of high quality, low-cost thermal coal in South Africa.

Investment Portfolio

At 31 March 2023
		Market	Market
		value	value
Company	Sector	£'000	%
BP	Oil Gas and Coal	11,230	6.3
Shell	Oil Gas and Coal	8,552	4.8
National Grid	Gas Water and Multi-utilities	6,195	3.4
NatWest Group	Banks	5,812	3.2
SSE	Electricity	5,766	3.2
Diversified Energy	Oil Gas and Coal	5,588	3.1
Imperial Brands	Tobacco	5,530	3.1
Glencore	Industrial Metals and Mining	5,229	2.9
Barclays	Banks	4,972	2.8
Thungela Resources	Oil Gas and Coal	4,772	2.7
Top ten investments		63,646	35.5
BHP	Industrial Metals and Mining	4,576	2.6
Close Brothers	Banks	4,318	2.4
Chesnara	Life Insurance	4,105	2.3
Vistry	Household Goods and Home Construction	3,974	2.2
Anglo American	Industrial Metals and Mining	3,888	2.2
OSB Group	Finance and Credit Services	3,808	2.1
CMC Markets	Investment Banking and Brokerage Services	3,586	2.0
British American Tobacco	Tobacco	3,447	1.9
Rio Tinto	Industrial Metals and Mining	3,429	1.9
Playtech	Travel and Leisure	3,383	1.9
Top twenty investments		102,160	57.0
Legal & General	Life Insurance	3,276	1.8
Mondi	General Industrials	3,148	1.8
BAE Systems	Aerospace and Defence	3,055	1.7
Tyman	Construction and Materials	2,744	1.5
Vanquis Banking Group	Finance and Credit Services	2,682	1.5
Conduit Holdings	Non-life Insurance	2,538	1.4
DFS Furniture	Retailers	2,531	1.4
Randall & Quilter	Non-life Insurance	2,488	1.4
Hargreaves Lansdown	Investment Banking and Brokerage Services	2,400	1.3
Petershill Partners	Investment Banking and Brokerage Services	2,237	1.3
Top thirty investments		129,259	72.1
Hiscox	Non-life Insurance	2,233	1.2
Industrials REIT	Real Estate Investment Trusts	2,184	1.2
TP ICAP	Investment Banking and Brokerage Services	2,103	1.2
Real Estate Investors	Real Estate Investment Trusts	2,095	1.2
Premier Miton	Investment Banking and Brokerage Services	1,984	1.1
DWF Group	Industrial Support Services	1,977	1.1
Centamin	Precious Metals and Mining	1,928	1.1
Ashmore	Investment Banking and Brokerage Services	1,927	1.1
International Personal Finance	Finance and Credit Services	1,842	1.0
LondonMetric	Real Estate Investment Trusts	1,836	1.0
Top forty investments		149,368	83.3
Diageo	Beverages	1,829	1.0
Galliford Try	Construction and Materials	1,796	1.0
Speedy Hire	Industrial Support Services	1,698	0.9
Standard Chartered	Banks	1,672	0.9
Phoenix	Life Insurance	1,666	0.9
Bellway	Household Goods and Home Construction	1,649	0.9
Hays	Industrial Support Services	1,627	0.9
Litigation Capital	Investment Banking and Brokerage Services	1,578	0.9
Intermediate Capital Group	Investment Banking and Brokerage Services	1,546	0.9
Coca-Cola HBC	Beverages	1,543	0.9
Top fifty investments		165,972	92.5
Vodafone	Telecommunications Service Providers	1,523	0.8
AstraZeneca	Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology	1,327	0.7
CLS Holdings	Real Estate Investment and Services	1,227	0.7
Ithaca Energy	Oil Gas and Coal	1,205	0.7
Direct Line Insurance	Non-life Insurance	1,201	0.7
Quilter	Investment Banking and Brokerage Services	1,177	0.6
Bridgepoint	Investment Banking and Brokerage Services	1,154	0.6
Harbour Energy	Oil Gas and Coal	1,026	0.6
Smith(DS)	General Industrials	999	0.6
Halfords	Retailers	998	0.6
Top sixty investments		177,809	99.1
Energean	Oil Gas and Coal	845	0.5
AssetCo	Investment Banking and Brokerage Services	648	0.4
Total portfolio		179,302	100.0

Investment Case Studies

Conduit

Conduit is a reinsurance underwriting business based in Bermuda, operating in the property & casualty and specialty sectors. Conduit launched in December 2020 following the completion of their IPO on the London Stock Exchange. We took part in the IPO, being attracted by track record of the management team and the potential for this start-up to take advantage of an upturn in the reinsurance underwriting market.  We subsequently added to our holding in November 2022 after the stock had fallen below its book value, at which time we felt that the business's growth potential was not being effectively priced in.

Conduit's name is apt, as it is a channel to bring capital into the reinsurance market during a period of potentially attractive returns on equity. There is a shortage of underwriting capital - a situation that insurers call a 'hard market' - as existing market participants have deployed less capital due to several years of large catastrophe losses (from various weather events such as hurricanes) and the inflationary impact of COVID-19.  The underwriting cycle can play out over a prolonged period of time as over-capacity causes losses that force insurers to exit in order to repair their balance sheets. New vehicles such as Conduit can emerge at this point in the cycle, as they did in 2001 and 2005, as they can benefit from higher pricing without having the baggage of losses in their existing books.

In order to be able to launch a reinsurance business from scratch, it is important to have an experienced management team with a proven track record. The Chairman, Neil Eckert, has four decades of experience in the insurance sector. Over this time, he has been a serial entrepreneur, founding four businesses, including Brit Insurance  and Climate Exchange  both of which were subsequently taken over. Conduit's Chief Executive, Trevor Carvey, also has a strong reputation of building out insurance businesses. They built a team of underwriters who used their existing relationships with brokers to put the capital raised in the IPO to work in the reinsurance market, working alongside established leads such as Swiss Re or Munich Re.

In terms of ESG, Conduit recognises that climate risk is an integral aspect of their business and the wider sector, with the potential to impact their own underwriting portfolio and the businesses and communities that their reinsurance protects. Increasing frequency and severity of climate-related claims makes it in Conduit's commercial interest to support activities that slow or reverse climate change and/or protect against its impact. In their ESG report, Conduit have set out the actions they are taking to help provide protection against the impact of climate change, both directly and indirectly.

Now in its third year after IPO, Conduit has built a sufficiently large and diversified book as to move into profitability, with analysts projecting a return on equity in the mid-high teens. This is not priced into the valuation of the stock, with the shares trading at around their book value. Our confidence in based on Conduit's commitment to allocate capital efficiently where the most attractive opportunities lie, alongside growing evidence that Conduit is reaching maturity just as the reinsurance market hits a sweet spot. In the meantime, we are picking up a dividend yield of over 6%, making this a holding with both income and capital growth potential.

Industrials REIT

Industrials REIT is a real estate investment trust with a focus on providing space for small and medium sized enterprises through the development of serviced industrial spaces. The business has its roots as a South African property investment and fund management vehicle founded by CEO Paul Arenson in 1995. The business was relisted in London in 2018 and converted to a UK REIT. 

Strategically a major pivot was the management team's decision to become a dedicated owner of multi-let industrial assets, seeing this as an attractive area offering a growing rental income, along with the provision of ancillary services to tenants made possible through an improved operating platform.

The supply of industrial real estate in the UK is low, partly because developers will tend to favour alternative uses such as residential. Build costs have been rising significantly in the past decade, meaning that the replacement cost of their portfolio would be meaningfully higher. The lack of new industrial space, alongside growing industrial demand as more SMEs seek the space to develop their businesses, is helping to support a growing rental stream.

In terms of ESG, we have engaged with the management team on emissions and energy management which we have seen as a key risk for the business. The portfolio is typically comprised of single storey shed-like buildings, with a relatively low EPC energy rating. The management team have set about upgrading their least efficient buildings, aiming to upgrade the F- and G-rated assets to at least an E by mid-2023 and getting all their buildings to a C-rating by 2027 and a B-rating by 2030. Upgrading the estate will require a combination of re-testing, new LED lighting, better roofing and new heating systems. Furthermore, where they have upgraded their buildings they have typically unlocked a significant rental uplift, demonstrating that a staunch commitment to ESG can also deliver financial benefits.

We bought into the stock in March 2021, encouraged by evidence of pro-active change. We added to our holding between October 2022 and February 2023 after the stock had fallen due to interest rate and recession fears. While it is logical that higher interest rates would drive down property values, we saw enough idiosyncratic strengths to justify adding to our holding, especially after the stock had slumped to a significant discount to its book value.

We had previously owned Hansteen, also a UK industrial real estate business, until its takeover by Blackstone in 2020. We saw Industrials REIT as a business that shared some of Hansteen's characteristics, being a well-managed platform specialising in this growing area of the real estate market. Only three years after acquiring Hansteen, and after the end of the period under review, Blackstone announced the acquisition of Industrials REIT in April 2023 at a 41% premium to the share price on the day before the announcement . We see this as a good example of our ability to use our accumulated knowledge of a sector to identify off-the-beaten-track businesses whose valuations do not fully capture their potential.

Condensed Statement of Comprehensive Income (unaudited)

		Six months ended			Six months ended
		31 March 2023			31 March 2022
		Revenue	Capital	Total	Revenue	Capital	Total
	Notes	£'000	£'000	£'000	£'000	£'000	£'000
Net gains on investments at fair value		-	2,174	2,174	-	815	815
Income	2	4,705	-	4,705	4,696	-	4,696
Investment management fee		(156)	(365)	(521)	(176)	(411)	(587)
Administrative expenses		(250)	-	(250)	(209)	-	(209)
Net return before finance costs and taxation		4,299	1,809	6,108	4,311	404	4,715
Finance costs		(167)	(391)	(558)	(56)	(131)	(187)
Return before taxation		4,132	1,418	5,550	4,255	273	4,528
Taxation	3	(57)	-	(57)	(53)	-	(53)
Return after taxation		4,075	1,418	5,493	4,202	273	4,475
Return per Ordinary share (pence)	4	8.60	2.99	11.59	8.75	0.58	9.33
The "Total" column of this statement represents the profit and loss account of the Company.
A Statement of Total Recognised Gains and Losses has not been prepared as all gains and losses are recognised in the Condensed Statement of Comprehensive Income.
All revenue and capital items in the above statement derive from continuing operations.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

Condensed Statement of Financial Position (unaudited)

		As at	As at
		31 March 2023	30 September 2022
	Notes	£'000	£'000
Fixed assets
Investments at fair value through profit or loss		179,302	179,730
Current assets
Debtors		1,980	2,343
Money-market funds		1,606	2,503
Cash and short-term deposits		251	1,054
		3,837	5,900
Creditors: amounts falling due within one year
Bank loan		(24,993)	(24,979)
Other creditors		(1,248)	(3,152)
		(26,241)	(28,131)
Net current liabilities		(22,404)	(22,231)
Net assets		156,898	157,499
Capital and reserves
Called-up share capital	6	12,295	12,295
Share premium account		52,043	52,043
Capital redemption reserve		12,616	12,616
Capital reserve	7	71,379	70,276
Revenue reserve		8,565	10,269
Equity Shareholders' funds		156,898	157,499
Net asset value per Ordinary share (pence)	8	331.21	331.77
The financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors and authorised for issue on 15 May 2023 and were signed on its behalf by:
Sarika Patel
Chair

Statement of Changes in Equity (unaudited)

Six months ended 31 March 2023
			Share	Capital
		Share	premium	redemption	Capital	Revenue
		capital	account	reserve	reserve	reserve	Total
	Note	£'000	£'000	£'000	£'000	£'000	£'000
Balance at 30 September 2022		12,295	52,043	12,616	70,276	10,269	157,499
Return after taxation		-	-	-	1,418	4,075	5,493
Purchase of own shares for treasury	6	-	-	-	(315)	-	(315)
Dividends paid	5	-	-	-	-	(5,779)	(5,779)
Balance at 31 March 2023		12,295	52,043	12,616	71,379	8,565	156,898
Six months ended 31 March 2022
			Share	Capital
		Share	premium	redemption	Capital	Revenue
		capital	account	reserve	reserve	reserve	Total
	Note	£'000	£'000	£'000	£'000	£'000	£'000
Balance at 30 September 2021		12,295	52,043	12,616	97,491	8,486	182,931
Return after taxation		-	-	-	273	4,202	4,475
Dividends paid	5	-	-	-	-	(5,284)	(5,284)
Balance at 31 March 2022		12,295	52,043	12,616	97,764	7,404	182,122

Notes to the Financial Statements

For the year ended 31 March 2023

1.	Accounting policies
	Basis of accounting. The condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Financial Reporting Standard 104 (Interim Financial Reporting) and with the Statement of Recommended Practice (SORP) for 'Financial Statements of Investment Trust Companies and Venture Capital Trusts', issued in July 2022 (The AIC SORP). They have also been prepared on a going concern basis and on the assumption that approval as an investment trust will continue to be granted.
	The interim financial statements have been prepared using the same accounting policies as the preceding annual financial statements.

2.	Income
		Six months ended	Six months ended
		31 March 2023	31 March 2022
		£'000	£'000
	Income from investments
	UK investment income
	Ordinary dividends	3,579	3,615
	Special dividends	101	44
		3,680	3,659
	Overseas and Property Income Distribution investment income
	Ordinary dividends	852	1,037
		852	1,037
	Total income from investments	4,532	4,696
	Other income
	Money-market interest	20	-
	Stock dividends	152	-
	Bank interest	1	-
	Total other income	173	-
	Total income	4,705	4,696

3.	Taxation
	The taxation charge for the period, and the comparative period, represents withholding tax suffered on overseas dividend income.

4.	Return per Ordinary share
		Six months ended	Six months ended
		31 March 2023	31 March 2022
		p	p
	Revenue return	8.60	8.75
	Capital return	2.99	0.58
	Total return	11.59	9.33
	The figures above are based on the following figures:
		Six months ended	Six months ended
		31 March 2023	31 March 2022
		£'000	£'000
	Revenue return	4,075	4,202
	Capital return	1,418	273
	Total return	5,493	4,475
	Weighted average number of Ordinary shares in issueA	47,391,568	48,033,474
	A Calculated excluding shares in treasury.

5.	Dividends
		Six months ended	Six months ended
		31 March 2023	31 March 2022
		£'000	£'000
	Ordinary dividends on equity shares deducted from reserves:
	Final dividend for 2022 of 6.50p per share (2021 - 5.60p)	3,079	2,690
	First interim dividend for 2023 of 5.70p per share (2022 - 5.40p)	2,700	2,594
		5,779	5,284

6.	Called-up share capital
		As at	As at
		31 March	30 September
		2023	2022
		£'000	£'000
	Issued and fully paid:
	Ordinary shares 25p each
	Opening balance of 47,471,939 (2022 - 48,033,474 ) Ordinary shares	11,868	12,009
	Buyback of 100,417 (2022 - 561,535) Ordinary shares	(25)	(141)
	Closing balance of 47,371,522 (2022 - 47,471,939 ) Ordinary shares	11,843	11,868
	Treasury shares
	Opening balance of 1,706,828 (2022 - 1,145,293 ) Ordinary shares	427	286
	Buyback of 100,417 (2022 - 561,535) Ordinary shares	25	141
	Closing balance of 1,807,245 (2022 - 1,706,828 ) Ordinary shares	452	427
		12,295	12,295
	During the period, 100,417 Ordinary shares (2022 - 561,535) were repurchased for a consideration of £315,000 (2022 - £1,806,000). The total shares held in Treasury is 1,807,245 (2022 - 1,706,828).

7.	Capital reserve
	The capital reserve figure reflected in the Condensed Statement of Financial Position includes investment holdings losses at 31 March 2023 of £12,307,000 (30 September 2022 - £15,330,000) which relate to the revaluation of investments held on that date and realised gains as at 31 March 2023 of £83,686,000 (30 September 2022 - £85,606,000).

8.	Net asset value per Ordinary share
		As at	As at
		31 March 2023	30 September 2022
	Attributable net assets (£'000)	156,898	157,499
	Number of ordinary shares in issueA	47,371,522	47,471,939
	NAV per ordinary share (p)	331.21	331.77
	A Excludes shares in issue held in treasury.

9.	Transaction costs
	During the period expenses were incurred in acquiring or disposing of investments classified as fair value through profit or loss. These have been expensed through capital and are included within gains on investments in the Condensed Statement of Comprehensive Income. The total costs were as follows:
		Six months ended	Six months ended
		31 March 2023	31 March 2022
		£'000	£'000
	Purchases	83	118
	Sales	12	16
		95	134

10.	Loans
	On 28 June 2021, the Company agreed a two year £30 million revolving credit facility with the Royal Bank of Scotland International Limited, which has a maturity date of 25 June 2023.
	At 31 March 2023, £25,000,000 had been drawn down (30 September 2022 - £25,000,000) at an all-in interest rate of 5.0271% (30 September 2022 - all-in interest rate of 2.791 %).
	The loan is shown in the Condensed Statement of Financial Position net of amortised expenses of £7,000 (30 September 2022 - £21,000).

11.	Fair value hierarchy
	FRS 102 requires an entity to classify fair value measurements using a fair value hierarchy that reflects the significance of the inputs used in making the measurements.  The fair value hierarchy shall have the following classifications:
	Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
	Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the assets or liabilities, either directly (ie as prices) or indirectly (ie derived from prices); and
	Level 3: inputs for the assets or liabilities that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs).
	All of the Company's investments are in quoted equities (30 September 2022 - same) that are actively traded on recognised stock exchanges, with their fair value being determined by reference to their quoted bid prices at the reporting date. The total value of the investments has therefore been deemed as Level 1 (30 September 2022 - same).

12.	Half Yearly Report
	The financial information contained in this Half Yearly Report does not constitute statutory accounts as defined in Sections 434-436 of the Companies Act 2006. The financial information for the six months ended 31 March 2023 and 31 March 2022 have not been audited.
	The information for the year ended 30 September 2022 has been extracted from the latest published audited financial statements which have been filed with the Registrar of Companies. The report of the auditors on those accounts contained no qualification or statement under Section 498 (2), (3) or (4) of the Companies Act 2006.
	This Half Yearly Report was approved by the Board on xx May 2023.

Alternative Performance Measures ("APMs")

Alternative performance measures are numerical measures of the Company's current, historical or future performance, financial position or cash flows, other than financial measures defined or specified in the applicable financial framework. The Company's applicable financial framework includes FRS 102 and the AIC SORP.
The Directors assess the Company's performance against a range of criteria which are viewed as particularly relevant for closed-end investment companies. Where the calculation of an APM is not detailed within the financial statements, an explanation of the methodology employed is provided below:
Dividend yield
Dividend yield measures the dividend per share as a percentage of the share price per share.
			31 March 2023	30 September 2022
Share price			331.50p	302.50p
Dividend per share			22.80p	22.70p
Dividend yield			6.9%	7.5%
Premium & discount
A discount is the percentage by which the market price of an investment trust is lower than the Net Asset Value ("NAV") per share. A premium is the percentage by which the market price per share of an investment trust exceeds the NAV per share.
			31 March 2023		30 September 2022
Share price			331.50p		302.50p
Net asset value per share			331.21p		331.77p
Premium/(Discount)			0.1%		(8.8%)
Net gearing
Net gearing measures the total borrowings less cash and cash equivalents divided by Shareholders' funds, expressed as a percentage. Under AIC reporting guidance cash and cash equivalents includes amounts due from and to brokers at the period end as well as cash and short-term deposits.
			31 March 2023		30 September 2022
			£'000		£'000
Total borrowings		a	24,993		24,979
Cash and short-term deposits			251		1,054
Investments in AAA-rated money-market funds			1,606		2,503
Amounts due from brokers			351		9
Amounts payable to brokers			(411)		(2,247)
Total cash and cash equivalents		b	1,797		1,319
Gearing (borrowings less cash & cash equivalents)		c=(a-b)	23,196		23,660
Shareholders' funds		d	156,898		157,499
Net gearing		e=(c/d)	14.8%		15.0%
Ongoing charges ratio
The ongoing charges ratio has been calculated in accordance with guidance issued by the AIC, which is defined as the total of investment management fees and recurring administrative expenses and expressed as a percentage of the average net assets throughout the period. The ratio reported for 31 March 2023 is based on forecast ongoing charges for the year ending 30 September 2023.
			31 March 2023		30 September 2022
			£'000		£'000
Investment management fees			1,044		1,117
Administrative expenses			474		464
Less: non-recurring chargesA			(1)		(42)
Ongoing charges		a	1,517		1,539
Average net assets		b	162,001		178,283
Ongoing charges ratio (excluding look-through costs)		c=(a/b)	0.94%		0.86%
Look-through costsB		d	0.04%		0.05%
Ongoing charges ratio (including look-through costs)		e=c+d	0.98%		0.91%
A Comprises professional fees not expected to recur.
B Calculated in accordance with AIC guidance issued in October 2020 to include the Company's share of costs of holdings in investment companies on a look-through basis.
The ongoing charges ratio provided in the Company's Key Information Document is calculated in line with the PRIIPs regulations, which also includes financing and transaction costs.
Total return
NAV and share price total returns show how the NAV and share price has performed over a period of time in percentage terms, taking into account both capital returns and dividends paid to shareholders. Share price and NAV total returns are monitored against open-ended and closed-ended competitors, and the Reference Index, respectively.
					Share
Six months ended 31 March 2023			NAV		Price
Opening at 1 October 2022		a	331.77p		302.50p
Closing at 31 March 2023		b	331.21p		331.50p
Price movements		c=(b/a)-1	(0.2%)		9.6%
Dividend reinvestmentA		d	3.5%		3.9%
Total return		c+d	+3.3%		+13.5%
					Share
Year ended 30 September 2022			NAV		Price
Opening at 1 October 2021		a	380.84p		349.00p
Closing at 30 September 2022		b	331.77p		302.50p
Price movements		c=(b/a)-1	(12.9%)		(13.3%)
Dividend reinvestmentA		d	5.3%		5.5%
Total return		c+d	(7.6%)		(7.8%)
A NAV total return involves investing the net dividend in the NAV of the Company with debt at fair value on the date on which that dividend goes ex-dividend. Share price total return involves reinvesting the net dividend in the share price of the Company on the date on which that dividend goes ex-dividend.

For further information please contact:

Evan Bruce-Gardyne

Client Director, Investment Trusts, abrdn

Tel:  [phone]

 

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