Prudential plc - HY16 Results - EEV

RNS Number : 7327G
Prudential PLC
10 August 2016
 

European Embedded Value (EEV) Basis Results

 

Post-tax operating profit based on longer-term investment returns

 

Results analysis by business area

 



2016 £m


2015 £m



Half year


Half year

Full year


Note



note (iii)

note (iii)

Asia operations






New business

4

824


664

1,490

Business in force

5

391


408

831

Long-term business


1,215


1,072

2,321

Eastspring Investments


53


50

101

Total


1,268


1,122

2,422

US operations






New business

4

311


371

809

Business in force

5

383


441

999

Long-term business


694


812

1,808

Broker-dealer and asset management


(8)


8

7

Total


686


820

1,815

UK operationsnote (iv)






New business:note (v)







Excluding UK bulk annuities


125


80

201


UK bulk annuities


-


75

117


4

125


155

318

Business in force

5

259


256

545

Long-term business


384


411

863

General insurance commission


15


14

22

Total UK insurance operations


399


425

885

M&G


181


203

358

Prudential Capital


11


6

18

Total


591


634

1,261

Other income and expenditurenote (i)


(302)


(275)

(566)

Solvency II and restructuring costsnote (ii)


(17)


(23)

(51)

Interest received from tax settlement


37


-

-

Operating profit based on longer-term investment returnsnote (iv)


2,263


2,278

4,881







Analysed as profit (loss) from:






New business:note (v)







Excluding UK bulk annuities


1,260


1,115

2,500


UK bulk annuities


-


75

117


4

1,260


1,190

2,617

Business in force

5

1,033


1,105

2,375

Long-term business


2,293


2,295

4,992

Asset management and general insurance commission


252


281

506

Other results


(282)


(298)

(617)

Total


2,263


2,278

4,881

 

Notes

(i)     EEV basis other income and expenditure represents the post-tax IFRS basis result less the unwind of expected margins on the internal management of the assets of the covered business (as explained in note 13(a)(vii)) and an adjustment for the shareholders' share of the pension costs attributable to the with-profits business.

(ii)    Solvency II and restructuring costs comprise the net of tax charge recognised on an IFRS basis and the additional amount recognised on the EEV basis for the shareholders' share incurred by the PAC with-profits fund.

(iii)   The comparative results have been prepared using previously reported average exchange rates for the period.

(iv)   The EEV basis results have been prepared in accordance with the amended European Embedded Value Principles dated April 2016, prepared by the CFO Forum of major European insurers. The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared to reflect the Solvency II regime. The half year and full year 2015 results for UK insurance operations were prepared reflecting the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods. There is no change to the basis of preparation for Asia and US operations.

(v)   Following Prudential's withdrawal from the UK bulk annuity market, the 2015 comparative results for UK bulk annuities new business have been presented separately.

Basic earnings per share














2016


2015



Half year


Half year

Full year

Based on post-tax operating profit including longer-term investment returns (in pence)*

88.5p


89.3p

191.2p

Based on post-tax profit attributable to equity holders of the Company (in pence)*

54.5p


82.9p

154.8p

Average number of shares (millions)

2,558


2,552

2,553

 

*    The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).







POST-TAX SUMMARISED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT














2016 £m


2015 £m


Note

Half year


Half year

Full year

Asia operations


1,268


1,122

2,422

US operations


686


820

1,815

UK operations*


591


634

1,261

Other income and expenditure


(302)


(275)

(566)

Solvency II and restructuring costs


(17)


(23)

(51)

Interest received from tax settlement


37


-

-

Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns


2,263


2,278

4,881

Short-term fluctuations in investment returns

6

489


(367)

(1,208)

Effect of changes in economic assumptions

7

(1,345)


80

57

Mark to market value movements on core borrowings


(13)


124

221

Total non-operating loss


(869)


(163)

(930)

Profit for the period attributable to equity holders of the Company


1,394


2,115

3,951

 

*        The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).











MOVEMENT IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY





















2016 £m


2015 £m






Note

Half year


Half year

Full year


Profit for the period attributable to equity shareholders


1,394


2,115

3,951


Items taken directly to equity:








Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges


2,663


(554)

244



Dividends


(935)


(659)

(974)



Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and









required capital


138


(8)

(76)



Other reserve movements


(165)


19

53


Net increase in shareholders' equity*

9

3,095


913

3,198


Shareholders' equity at beginning of period








As previously reported

9

32,359


29,161

29,161



Effect of implementation of Solvency II on 1 January 2016*

2

(473)


-

-







31,886


29,161

29,161


Shareholders' equity at end of period

9

34,981


30,074

32,359


 

*        The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).
















30 Jun 2016 £m


30 Jun 2015 £m


31 Dec 2015 £m

Comprising: 

Long-term

business operations

Asset

manage-ment

and other  operations  

Total      


Long-term

business

 operations

Asset

manage-

ment

and other  operations  

Total     


Long-term

business

operations

Asset

manage-

ment

and other  operations  

Total     



note 9











Asia operations

16,578

352

16,930


12,838

284

13,122


13,876

306

14,182

US operations

10,150

201

10,351


8,457

165

8,622


9,487

182

9,669

UK insurance operations*

10,075

37

10,112


8,708

33

8,741


9,647

22

9,669

M&G

-

1,838

1,838


-

1,697

1,697


-

1,774

1,774

Prudential Capital

-

31

31


-

26

26


-

70

70

Other operations

-

(4,281)

(4,281)


-

(2,134)

(2,134)


-

(3,005)

(3,005)

Shareholders' equity at end of period

36,803

(1,822)

34,981


30,003

71

30,074


33,010

(651)

32,359














Representing:












Net assets excluding acquired goodwill













and holding company net borrowings

36,545

270

36,815


29,772

1,635

31,407


32,777

866

33,643

Acquired goodwill

258

1,230

1,488


231

1,230

1,461


233

1,230

1,463

Holding company net borrowings













at market valuenote 8

-

(3,322)

(3,322)


-

(2,794)

(2,794)


-

(2,747)

(2,747)


36,803

(1,822)

34,981


30,003

71

30,074


33,010

(651)

32,359

 

*        The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

 

SUMMARY STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION

















2016 £m


2015 £m




Note

30 Jun


30 Jun

31 Dec

Total assets less liabilities, before deduction for insurance funds


381,242


331,233

340,666

Less insurance funds:*







Policyholder liabilities (net of reinsurers' share) and unallocated surplus








of with-profits funds


(366,637)


(319,129)

(327,711)


Less shareholders' accrued interest in the long-term business**

9

20,376


17,970

19,404





(346,261)


(301,159)

(308,307)

Total net assets

9

34,981


30,074

32,359









Share capital


128


128

128

Share premium


1,921


1,910

1,915

IFRS basis shareholders' reserves


12,556


10,066

10,912

Total IFRS basis shareholders' equity

9

14,605


12,104

12,955

Additional EEV basis retained profit**

9

20,376


17,970

19,404

Total EEV basis shareholders' equity (excluding non-controlling interests)

9

34,981


30,074

32,359

 

*       Including liabilities in respect of insurance products classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4.

**     The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

 








Net asset value per share















2016


2015




30 Jun


30 Jun

31 Dec

Based on EEV basis shareholders' equity of £34,981 million**






(half year 2015: £30,074 million, full year 2015: £32,359 million) (in pence)

1,356p


1,170p

1,258p

Number of issued shares at period end (millions)

2,579


2,571

2,572








Annualised return on embedded value*

14%


16%

17%

 

*       Annualised return on embedded value is based on EEV post-tax operating profit, as a percentage of opening EEV basis shareholders' equity. Half year profits are annualised by multiplying by two.

**     The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

 

 

NOTES ON THE EEV BASIS RESULTS

 

1  Basis of preparation

 

The EEV basis results have been prepared in accordance with the EEV Principles dated April 2016, prepared by the European Insurance CFO Forum. There is no change to the EEV methodology and accounting presentation. The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime, as discussed in note 2 below. The half year and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations were prepared reflecting the Solvency I basis, being the regime applicable for those periods. There is no change to the basis of preparation for Asia and the US operations. Where appropriate, the EEV basis results include the effects of adoption of EU-endorsed IFRS.

 

The directors are responsible for the preparation of the supplementary information in accordance with the EEV Principles. The EEV basis results of half year 2016 and half year 2015 are unaudited. The full year 2015 results have been derived from the EEV basis results supplement to the Company's statutory accounts for 2015. The supplement included an unqualified audit report from the auditors.

 

A detailed description of the EEV methodology and accounting presentation is provided in note 13.

 

2  Effect of Solvency II implementation on EEV basis results on 1 January 2016

 

The Solvency II framework is effective from 1 January 2016. For our operations in Asia and the US there is no impact on the EEV results since Solvency II does not act as the local constraint on the ability to distribute profits to the Group. The embedded value for these businesses will continue to be driven by local regulatory and target capital requirements. For the UK insurance operations, Solvency II will impact the EEV results as it changes the local regulatory valuation of net worth and capital requirements, affecting the components of the EEV.

 

The impact of Solvency II on EEV shareholders' equity at 1 January 2016 is shown below:

 

Total EEV basis shareholders' equity

£m

As reported at 31 December 2015note 9

32,359

Opening adjustment at 1 January 2016 for long-term business operations



Effect of implementation of Solvency II on net worthnote (a)

2,760


Effect of implementation of Solvency II on net value of in-force business (VIF)note (b)

(3,233)



(473)

Group total shareholders' equity as at 1 January 2016note (c)

31,886

 

Notes

(a)   The Solvency II framework requires technical provisions to be valued on a best estimate basis and capital requirements to be risk-based. It also requires the establishment of a risk margin (which for business in-force at 31 December 2015 can be broadly offset by transitional measures). As a result of applying this framework the EEV net worth increased by £2,760 million reflecting the release of the prudent regulatory margins previously included under Solvency I, and also from the recognition within net worth of a portion of future shareholder transfers expected from the with-profits fund. The higher net worth incorporates increases in required capital reflecting the higher solvency capital requirements of the new regime.

(b)   The net value of in-force business (VIF) is correspondingly impacted as follows:

the release of prudent regulatory margins and recognition of a portion of future with-profits business shareholders' transfers within net worth leads to a corresponding reduction in the VIF;

the run-off of the risk margin, net of transitional measures, is now captured in VIF; and

the cost of capital deducted from the gross VIF increases as a result of the higher Solvency II capital requirements.

The overall impact of these changes is to reduce the value of in-force by £(3,233) million.

(c)   At 1 January 2016 the effect of these changes was a net reduction in EEV shareholders' equity of £(473) million. 

 

The impact of Solvency II on the half year 2016 for UK insurance operations is estimated to have reduced operating profit by £(17) million.

3  Results analysis by business area

 

The 2015 comparative results are shown below on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) bases. The 2015 CER comparative results are translated at half year 2016 average exchange rates.

 

Annual premium and contribution equivalents (APE)note 15

 



Half year 2016 £m


Half year 2015 £m


% change


Note



AER

CER


AER

CER

Asia operations


 1,655


1,366

1,404


21%

18%

US operations


 782


857

912


(9)%

(14)%

UK retail operations**


 593


393

393


51%

51%

Group total excluding UK bulk annuities**


 3,030


2,616

2,709


16%

12%

UK bulk annuities**


-


117

117


(100)%

(100)%

Group Total

4

 3,030


2,733

2,826


11%

7%

 

Post-tax operating profit




















Half year 2016 £m


Half year 2015 £m


% change


Note



AER

CER


AER

CER

Asia operations









New business

4

824


664

688


24%

20%

Business in force

5

391


408

418


(4)%

(6)%

Long-term business


1,215


1,072

1,106


13%

10%

Eastspring Investments


53


50

52


6%

2%

Total


1,268


1,122

1,158


13%

9%

US operations









New business

4

311


371

394


(16)%

(21)%

Business in force

5

383


441

469


(13)%

(18)%

Long-term business


694


812

863


(15)%

(20)%

Broker-dealer and asset management


(8)


8

8


(200)%

(200)%

Total


686


820

871


(16)%

(21)%

UK operations









New business**










UK retail operations

4

125


80

80


56%

56%


UK bulk annuities


-


75

75


(100)%

(100)%



125


155

155


(19)%

(19)%

Business in force

5

259


256

256


1%

1%

Long-term business


384


411

411


(7)%

(7)%

General insurance commission


15


14

14


7%

7%

Total UK insurance operations*


399


425

425


(6)%

(6)%

M&G


181


203

203


(11)%

(11)%

Prudential Capital


11


6

6


83%

83%

Total*


591


634

634


(7)%

(7)%

Other income and expenditure


(302)


(275)

(275)


(10)%

(10)%

Solvency II and restructuring costs


(17)


(23)

(23)


26%

26%

Interest received from tax settlement


37


-

-


100%

100%

Operating profit based on

  longer-term investment

  returns*


2,263


2,278

2,365


(1)%

(4)%

Analysed as profit (loss) from:









New business:*,**










Life operations excluding UK bulk annuities

4

1,260


1,115

1,162


13%

8%


UK bulk annuities


-


75

75


(100)%

(100)%



1,260


1,190

1,237


6%

2%

Business in force*

5

1,033


1,105

1,143


(7)%

(10)%

Total long-term business*


2,293


2,295

2,380


(0)%

(4)%

Asset management and general insurance commission


252


281

283


(10)%

(11)%

Other results


(282)


(298)

(298)


5%

5%

Operating profit based on

  longer-term investment returns*


2,263


2,278

2,365


(1)%

(4)%

 

Post-tax profit




















Half year 2016 £m


Half year 2015 £m


% change


Note



AER

CER


AER

CER

Operating profit based on

    longer-term investment returns*


2,263


2,278

2,365


(1)%

(4)%

Short-term fluctuations in

    investment Returns

 6

489


(367)

(389)


233%

226%

Effect of changes in economic

   assumptions

 7

(1,345)


80

88


(1781)%

(1628)%

Mark to market value movements on core borrowings


(13)


124

124


(110)%

(110)%

Total non-operating profit


(869)


(163)

(177)


(433)%

(391)%

Profit for the period attributable to

    shareholders*


1,394


2,115

2,188


(34)%

(36)%

Basic earnings per share (in pence)



















Half year 2016


Half year 2015


% change




AER


CER


AER

CER

Based on post-tax operating profit

    including longer-term investment returns*

88.5p


89.3p


92.7p


(1)%

(5)%

Based on post-tax profit*

54.5p


82.9p


85.7p


(34)%

(36)%

 

*       The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

**     Following Prudential's withdrawal from the UK bulk annuity market, the 2015 comparative results for UK bulk annuities new business have been presented separately.

 

4  Analysis of new business contribution

 

(i)    Group summary

 











Half year 2016



Annual premium and contribution equivalents (APE)

Present

value of new business premiums (PVNBP)

New business contribution


New business margin




APE

PVNBP



£m

£m

£m


%

%



note 15

note 15





Asia operationsnote (ii)


 1,655

 8,955

 824


50

9.2

US operations


 782

 7,816

 311


40

4.0

UK insurance operations*


 593

 5,267

 125


21

2.4

Total


 3,030

 22,038

 1,260


42

5.7











Half year 2015



Annual premium and contribution

equivalents (APE)

Present

value of new business premiums (PVNBP)

New business contribution


New business margin




APE

PVNBP



£m

£m

£m


%

%



note 15

note 15





Asia operationsnote (ii)


 1,366

 7,340

 664


49

9.0

US operations


 857

 8,574

 371


43

4.3

UK retail operations*,**


 393

 3,355

 80


20

2.4

Total excluding UK bulk annuities


 2,616

 19,269

 1,115


43

5.8

UK bulk annuities


 117

 1,169

 75


64

6.4

Total


 2,733

 20,438

 1,190


44

5.8











Full year 2015



Annual premium and contribution equivalents (APE)

Present

value of new business premiums (PVNBP)

New business contribution


New business margin




APE

PVNBP



£m

£m

£m


%

%



note 15

note 15





Asia operationsnote (ii)


 2,853

 15,208

 1,490


52

9.8

US operations


 1,729

 17,286

 809


47

4.7

UK retail operations*,**


 874

 7,561

 201


23

2.7

Total excluding UK bulk annuities


 5,456

 40,055

 2,500


46

6.2

UK bulk annuities


 151

 1,508

 117


77

7.8

Total


 5,607

 41,563

 2,617


47

6.3

 

*       The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

**     Following Prudential's withdrawal from the UK bulk annuity market, the 2015 comparative results for UK bulk annuities new business have been presented separately.

 

Note

The increase in new business contribution of £145 million from £1,115 million for half year 2015 (excluding the contribution from UK bulk annuities) to £1,260 million for half year 2016 comprises an increase on a CER basis of £98 million and an increase of £47 million for foreign exchange effects. The increase of £98 million on the CER basis comprises a contribution of £138 million for higher retail sales volumes in half year 2016, a £(88) million effect of lower long-term interest rates, generated by the active basis of setting economic assumptions (analysed as Asia £(46) million, US £(38) million and UK £(4) million), and a £48 million impact of pricing, product and other actions.

 

(ii)  Asia operations - new business contribution by territory

 


2016 £m


2015 £m

  

Half year


AER

Half year

CER

Half year


AER

Full year

China

22


20

20


30

Hong Kong

539


322

342


835

India

10


9

9


18

Indonesia

87


127

131


229

Korea

3


4

4


8

Taiwan

9


13

13


28

Other

154


169

169


342

Total Asia operations

824


664

688


1,490

 

5 Operating profit from business in force

 

(i)   Group summary

 







Half year 2016 £m


Asia

operations

US

operations

UK

insurance

operations*

Total*


note (ii)

note (iii)

note (iv)

note

Unwind of discount and other expected returns

384

209

205

798

Effect of changes in operating assumptions

2

-

-

2

Experience variances and other items

5

174

54

233

Total

391

383

259

1,033







Half year 2015 £m


Asia

operations

US

operations

UK

insurance

operations

Total 


note (ii)

note (iii)

note (iv)

note

Unwind of discount and other expected returns

411

236

245

892

Effect of changes in operating assumptions

1

-

-

1

Experience variances and other items

(4)

205

11

212

Total

408

441

256

1,105







Full year 2015 £m


Asia

operations

US

operations

UK

insurance

operations

Total

 


note (ii)

note (iii)

note (iv)


Unwind of discount and other expected returns

749

472

488

1,709

Effect of changes in operating assumptions

12

115

55

182

Experience variances and other items

70

412

2

484

Total

831

999

545

2,375

 

*        The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

 

Note

The movement in operating profit from business in force of £(72) million from £1,105 million for half year 2015 to £1,033 million for half year 2016 comprises:

 




Half year 2016 £m

Movement in unwind of discount and other expected returns:



Effects of changes in:




Interest rates

(161)



Foreign exchange

23



Growth in opening value and other items

44


(94)

Movement in effect of changes in operating assumptions, experience variances and other items (including foreign exchange of £15 million)

22

Net movement in operating profit from business in force

(72)

 

(ii)  Asia operations



2016 £m


2015 £m



Half year


Half year

Full year

Unwind of discount and other expected returnsnote (a)

384


411

749

Effect of changes in operating assumptions:






Mortality and morbidity

-


-

63


Persistency and withdrawals

3


4

(46)


Expense

-


(4)

(1)


Other

(1)


1

(4)



2


1

12

Experience variances and other items:






Mortality and morbiditynote (b) 

28


30

58


Persistency and withdrawalsnote (c) 

(24)


(31)

20


Expensenote (d) 

(8)


(12)

(32)


Other

9


9

24



5


(4)

70

Total Asia operations

391


408

831

 

Notes

(a)   The decrease in unwind of discount and other expected returns of £(27) million from £411 million for half year 2015 to £384 million for half year 2016 comprises a £(75) million decrease from the decline in long-term  interest rates across most territories, partially offset by a positive £8 million foreign exchange effect and a positive £40 million effect for the growth in the opening in-force value and other items.

(b)   The positive mortality and morbidity experience variance in half year 2016 of £28 million (half year 2015: £30 million; full year 2015: £58 million) mainly reflected better than expected experience in a number of territories, particularly Hong Kong.

(c)   The negative £(24) million for persistency and withdrawals experience in half year 2016 comprises positive and negative contributions from various operations, with positive persistency experience on health and protection products which was more than offset by negative experience on unit-linked products.

(d)   The expense experience variance in half year 2016 of negative £(8) million (half year 2015: £(12) million; full year 2015: £(32) million), is driven by operations which are currently sub-scale (China, Malaysia Takaful and Taiwan) and from short-term overruns in India.

 

(iii)  US operations



2016 £m


2015 £m



Half year


Half year

Full year

Unwind of discount and other expected returnsnote (a)

209


236

472

Effect of changes in operating assumptions:






Persistency

-


-

139


Other

-


-

(24)



-


-

115

Experience variances and other items:






Spread experience variancenote (b)

60


70

149


Amortisation of interest-related realised gains and lossesnote (c)

39


39

70


Othernote (d)

75


96

193



174


205

412

Total US operations

383


441

999

 

Notes                                                                                                                                         

(a)   The decrease in unwind of discount and other expected returns of £(27) million from £236 million for half year 2015 to £209 million for half year 2016 comprises a £(53) million impact of the 90 basis points decrease in US 10-year treasury rates since 30 June 2015, partially offset by a positive £15 million foreign currency translation effect and a positive £11 million effect for the underlying growth in the in-force book and other items.

(b)   The spread assumption for Jackson is determined on a longer-term basis, net of provision for defaults (see note 14 (ii)). The spread experience variance in half year 2016 of £60 million (half year 2015: £70 million; full year 2015: £149 million) includes the positive effect of transactions previously undertaken to more closely match the overall asset and liability duration. The reduction compared to the prior period reflects the effects of declining yields in the portfolio caused by the prolonged low interest rate environment.

(c)   The amortisation of interest-related gains and losses reflects the fact that when bonds that are neither impaired nor deteriorating are sold and reinvested there will be a consequent change in the investment yield. The realised gain or loss is amortised into the result over the year when the bonds would have otherwise matured to better reflect the long-term returns included in operating profits.

(d)   Other experience variances of £75 million in half year 2016 (half year 2015: £96 million; full year 2015: £193 million) include the effects of positive persistency experience and other variances. The full year 2015 result also benefited from higher levels of tax relief from prior period adjustments.

 

(iv) UK insurance operations


2016 £m


2015 £m


Half year


Half year

Full year

Unwind of discount and other expected returnsnote (a)

205


245

488

Reduction in corporate tax ratenote (b)

-


-

55

Other itemsnote (c)

54


11

2

Total UK insurance operations*

259


256

545

 

*        The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

 

Notes                                                                                                                                          

(a)   The decrease in unwind of discount and expected returns of £(40) million from half year 2015 of £245 million to £205 million for half year 2016 comprises a £(33) million effect driven by the 100 basis points decrease in 15-year gilt yields since 30 June 2015, a positive £7 million effect for the underlying growth in the in-force book and other items and a negative £(14) million representing the net effect on the UK unwind of adopting the Solvency II regime.

(b)   The full year 2015 credit of £55 million for the reduction in UK corporate tax rate reflected the beneficial effect of applying lower corporation tax rates (see note 14) to future life profits from in-force business in the UK.

(c)   Other items comprise the following:

 



2016 £m


2015 £m



Half year


Half year

Full year


Longevity reinsurance

(10)


(46)

(134)


Impact of specific management actions to improve solvency positionnote (d)

41


-

75


Other itemsnote (e)

23


57

61



54


11

2

 

(d)   The £41 million (half year 2015: nil; full year 2015: £75 million) benefit arises from the specific management actions to improve solvency, including the effect of repositioning the fixed income asset portfolio.

(e)   The half year 2016 credit of £23 million (half year 2015: £57 million; full year 2015: £61 million) comprises assumption updates and experience variances for mortality, expense, persistency and other items.

 

6 Short-term fluctuations in investment returns

 

Short-term fluctuations in investment returns included in profit for the period arise as follows:

 

(i)   Group summary

 


2016 £m


2015 £m


Half year


Half year

Full year

Asia operationsnote (ii)

383


(79)

(206)

US operationsnote (iii)

(237)


(271)

(753)

UK insurance operationsnote (iv)

506


(32)

(194)

Other operationsnote (v)

(163)


15

(55)

Total

489


(367)

(1,208)

 

(ii)   Asia operations

The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for Asia operations comprise:

 


2016 £m


2015 £m


Half year


Half year

Full year

Hong Kong

237


(24)

(144)

Indonesia

22


(27)

(53)

Singapore

26


(46)

(104)

Taiwan

47


(5)

44

Other

51


23

51

Total Asia operationsnote

383


(79)

(206)

 

Note

For half year 2016, the credit of £383 million principally arises from unrealised gains on bonds backing surplus assets driven by decreases in long-term interest rates (as shown in note14(i)).

 

(iii)  US operations

The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for US operations comprise:

 



2016 £m


2015 £m



Half year


Half year

Full year

Investment return related experience on fixed income securitiesnote (a)

(64)


(25)

(17)

Investment return related impact due to changed expectation of profits on in-force

   variable annuity business in future periods based on current period

   separate account return, net of related hedging activity and other itemsnote (b)

(173)


(246)

(736)

Total US operations

(237)


(271)

(753)

 

Notes

(a)   The charge relating to fixed income securities comprises the following elements:

-      the impact on portfolio yields of changes in the asset portfolio in the period;

-      the excess of actual realised gains and losses over the amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses recorded in the profit and loss account; and

-      credit experience (versus the longer-term assumption).

(b)   This item reflects the net impact of:

-      changes in projected future fees and future benefit costs arising from the difference between the actual growth in separate account asset values in the current period and that assumed at the start of the period; and

-      related hedging activity arising from realised and unrealised gains and losses on equity-related hedges and interest rate options, and other items.

 

(iv) UK insurance operations

The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for UK insurance operations comprise:

 


2016 £m


2015 £m


Half year


Half year

Full year

Shareholder-backed annuity businessnote (a)

335


(90)

(88)

With-profits and othernote (b)

171


58

(106)

Total UK insurance operations*

506


(32)

(194)

 

*        The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

 

Notes

(a)   Short-term fluctuations in investment returns for shareholder-backed annuity business comprise:

-      gains (losses) on surplus assets compared to the expected long-term rate of return reflecting reductions (increases) in corporate bond and gilt yields; and

-      the difference between actual and expected default experience.

(b)   The £171 million fluctuation in half year 2016 for with-profits, unit-linked and other business represents the impact of achieving a 5.3 per cent pre-tax return on the with-profits fund (including unallocated surplus) compared to the assumed rate of return of 2.3 per cent (half year 2015: total return of 3.0 per cent compared to assumed rate of 2.95 per cent; full year 2015: total return of 3.1 per cent compared to assumed rate of 5.4 per cent), and a beneficial effect of an increase in future unit-linked fee income arising from market movements. The fluctuations for with-profits and other business also includes the effect of a partial hedge of future shareholder transfers expected to emerge from the UK's with-profits sub-fund entered into to protect future shareholder with-profit transfers from declines in the UK equity market.

 

(v) Other operations

Short-term fluctuations in investment returns for other operations of negative £(163) million (half year 2015: positive £15 million; full year 2015: negative £(55) million) include unrealised value movements on investments held outside of the main life operations and exchange movements.

 

7  Effect of changes in economic assumptions

 

The effects of changes in economic assumptions for in-force business included in the profit for the period arise as follows: 

 

(i)   Group summary











2016 £m


2015 £m


Half year


Half year

Full year

Asia operationsnote (ii)

(586)


14

(148)

US operationsnote (iii)

(542)


36

109

UK insurance operationsnote (iv)

(217)


30

96

Total

(1,345)


80

57

(ii) Asia operations

The effect of changes in economic assumptions for Asia operations comprises:


2016 £m


2015 £m


Half year


Half year

Full year

Hong Kong

(483)


103

100

Indonesia

89


(36)

(15)

Malaysia

9


(19)

(30)

Singapore

(20)


(24)

(50)

Taiwan

(78)


2

(97)

Other

(103)


(12)

(56)

Total Asia operationsnote

(586)


14

(148)

 

Note

The negative effect for half year 2016 of £(586) million arises across most territories principally reflecting a decrease in fund earned rates driven by the decline in long-term interest rates. There are partial offsetting impacts arising in Indonesia and Malaysia reflecting the positive impact of valuing future health and protection profits at lower discount rates, driven by the decrease in long-term interest rates (see note 14(i)).

 

(iii)  US operations

The effect of changes in economic assumptions for US operations comprises:

 



2016 £m


2015 £m



Half year


Half year

Full year

Variable annuity business

(709)


81

104

Fixed annuity and other general account business

167


(45)

5

Totalnote

(542)


36

109

 

Note

For half year 2016, the charge of £(542) million mainly reflects the decrease in the assumed separate account return and reinvestment rates for variable annuity business, following the 80 basis points decrease in the US 10-year treasury rate (half year 2015: 20 basis points increase; full year 2015: 10 basis points increase), resulting in lower projected fee income and an increase in projected benefit costs.

 

(iv)  UK insurance operations

The effect of changes in economic assumptions for UK insurance operations comprises:

 



2016 £m


2015 £m



Half year


Half year

Full year

Shareholder-backed annuity businessnote (a)

(24)


(113)

(56)

With-profits and other businessnote (b)

(193)


143

152

Total UK insurance operations*

(217)


30

96

 

*        The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

 

Notes

(a)   For shareholder-backed annuity business the overall negative effect of £(24) million for half year 2016 (half year 2015: £(113) million; full year 2015: £(56) million) reflects an increase in the cost of capital, driven by the lower interest rates, offset by the change in the present value of projected spread income arising mainly from the adoption of lower risk discount rates as shown in note 14(iii).

(b)   The change of £(193) million for half year 2016 (half year 2015: £143 million; full year 2015: £152 million) reflects the net effect of lower expected future fund earned rates (as shown in note 14(iii)), driven by the 90 basis points decrease in 15-year gilt rates (half year 2015: 30 basis points increase; full year 2015: 20 basis points increase).

 

8 Net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations

 



2016 £m



2015 £m



30 Jun



30 Jun


31 Dec


IFRS

basis

Mark to

market

value

adjustment

EEV

basis at

market

value


IFRS

basis

Mark to

market

value

adjustment

EEV

basis at

market

value


IFRS

basis

Mark to

market

value

adjustment

EEV

basis at

market

value

Holding company* cash and short-term

      investments

(2,546)

-

(2,546)


(2,094)

-

(2,094)


(2,173)

-

(2,173)

Central fundsnote












Subordinated debt

4,956

192

5,148


3,897

295

4,192


4,018

211

4,229

Senior debt

549

171

720


549

147

696


549

142

691


5,505

363

5,868


4,446

442

4,888


4,567

353

4,920

Holding company net borrowings

2,959

363

3,322


2,352

442

2,794


2,394

353

2,747

Prudential Capital bank loan

275

-

275


275

-

275


275

-

275

Jackson Surplus Notes

186

63

249


159

51

210


169

55

224

Net core structural borrowings of

      shareholder-financed operations

3,420

426

3,846


2,786

493

3,279


2,838

408

3,246

 

*     Including central finance subsidiaries.

 

Note

In June 2016, the Company issued core structural borrowings of $1,000 million 5.25 per cent subordinated notes due 2055. The proceeds, net of costs, were £681 million (£738 million carrying value on IFRS basis, net of costs, translated at 30 June 2016 closing rate). The movement in IFRS basis core structural borrowings from full year 2015 to half year 2016 also includes foreign exchange effects.

 

9  Reconciliation of movement in shareholders' equity


















Half year 2016 £m


Long-term business operations






Asia operations


US

operations


UK

insurance operations*


Total

long-term business

operations


Asset management and UK general insurance commission


Other operations


Group

Total























note (i)










note (i)



Operating profit (based on longer-term

   investment returns)














Long-term business:















New businessnote 4

824


311


125


1,260


-


-


1,260

Business in forcenote 5

391


383


259


1,033


-


-


1,033


1,215


694


384


2,293


-


-


2,293

Asset management and general insurance commission

-


-


-


-


252


-


252

Other results

-


-


(11)


(11)


-


(271)


(282)

Operating profit based on longer-term

   investment returns

1,215


694


373


2,282


252


(271)


2,263

Total non-operating (loss) profit

(203)


(786)


289


(700)


(61)


(108)


(869)

Profit for the period

1,012


(92)


662


1,582


191


(379)


1,394

Other items taken directly to equity














Exchange movements on foreign operations

   and net investment hedges

1,881


944


-


2,825


55


(217)


2,663

Intra-group dividends (including statutory transfers) and investment in operationsnote (ii)

(282)


(314)


20


(576)


(189)


765


-

External dividends

-


-


-


-


-


(935)


(935)

Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital

-


138


-


138


-


-


138

Other movementsnote (iii)

-


(13)


(60)


(73)


48


(140)


(165)

Net increase in shareholders' equity

2,611


663


622


3,896


105


(906)


3,095

Shareholders' equity at beginning of period:















As previously reported

13,643


9,487


9,647


32,777


2,354


(2,772)


32,359


Effect of implementation of Solvency IInote 2

-


-


(473)


(473)


-


-


(473)


Other opening adjustmentsnote (v)

66


-


279


345


-


(345)


-


13,709


9,487


9,453


32,649


2,354


(3,117)


31,886

Shareholders' equity at end of period

16,320


10,150


10,075


36,545


2,459


(4,023)


34,981

















Representing:














Statutory IFRS basis shareholders' equity:















Net assets (liabilities)

4,615


5,056


6,126


15,797


1,229


(3,909)


13,117


Goodwill

-


-


-


-


1,230


258


1,488

Total IFRS basis shareholders' equity

4,615


5,056


6,126


15,797


2,459


(3,651)


14,605

Additional retained profit (loss) on an















EEV basisnote (iv)

11,705


5,094


3,949


20,748


-


(372)


20,376

EEV basis shareholders' equity

16,320


10,150


10,075


36,545


2,459


(4,023)


34,981















Balance at beginning of period:*














Statutory IFRS basis shareholders' equity:















Net assets (liabilities)

3,789


4,154


5,397


13,340


1,124


(2,972)


11,492


Goodwill

-


-


-


-


1,230


233


1,463

Total IFRS basis shareholders' equity

3,789


4,154


5,397


13,340


2,354


(2,739)


12,955

Additional retained profit (loss) on an















EEV basisnote (iv)

9,920


5,333


4,056


19,309


-


(378)


18,931

EEV basis shareholders' equity

13,709


9,487


9,453


32,649


2,354


(3,117)


31,886

 

*       The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The balance at beginning of period has been presented after the adjustments for the impact of Solvency II for UK insurance operations at 1 January 2016 (see note 2 for details), together with the effect of a classification change (see note (v) below).

 

Notes

(i)     Other operations of £(4,023) million represents the shareholders' equity of £(4,281) million for other operations as shown in the movement in shareholders' equity and includes goodwill of £258 million (half year 2015: £231 million; full year 2015: £233 million) related to Asia long-term operations.

(ii)    Intra-group dividends (including statutory transfers) represents dividends that have been declared in the period and investments in operations reflect increases in share capital. The amounts included in note 11 for these items are as per the holding company cash flow at transaction rates. The difference primarily relates to intra-group loans, foreign exchange and other non-cash items.

(iii)   Other movements include reserve movements in respect of share capital subscribed, share-based payments and treasury shares.

(iv)   The additional retained loss on an EEV basis for Other operations primarily represents the mark to market value adjustment for holding company net borrowings of a charge of £(363) million (half year 2015: £(442) million; full year 2015: £(353) million), as shown in note 8.

(v)   Other opening adjustments represents the effect of a classification change of £345 million from Other operations to UK insurance operations of £279 million and to Asia insurance operations of £66 million in order to align with Solvency II segmental reporting, which has no overall effect on the Group's EEV.

 

10 Reconciliation of movement in net worth and value of in-force for long-term business












Half year 2016 £m









Total







Value of


long-term



Free

Required

Total net


in-force


business



surplus

capital

 worth


business


operations



note  11




note (i)



Group*








Shareholders' equity at beginning of period:









As previously reported

5,642

4,705

10,347


22,430


32,777


Opening adjustments*

(1,473)

4,578

3,105


(3,233)


(128)



4,169

9,283

13,452


19,197


32,649

New business contribution

(502)

347

(155)


1,415


1,260

Existing business - transfer to net worth

1,437

(361)

1,076


(1,076)


-

Expected return on existing businessnote 5

48

108

156


642


798

Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 5

385

(115)

270


(35)


235

Solvency II and restructuring costs

(11)

-

(11)


-


(11)

Post-tax operating profit

1,357

(21)

1,336


946


2,282

Non-operating items

(812)

583

(229)


(471)


(700)

Profit after tax from long-term business

545

562

1,107


475


1,582

Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges

329

382

711


2,114


2,825

Intra-group dividends and investment in operations

(576)

-

(576)


-


(576)

Other movements

67

(1)

66


(1)


65

Shareholders' equity at end of period*

4,534

10,226

14,760


21,785


36,545










Asia operations








New business contribution

(237)

67

(170)


994


824

Existing business - transfer to net worth

559

(69)

490


(490)


-

Expected return on existing businessnote 5

15

24

39


345


384

Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 5

29

48

77


(70)


7

Post-tax operating profit

366

70

436


779


1,215

Non-operating items

(29)

167

138


(341)


(203)

Profit after tax from long-term business

337

237

574


438


1,012










US operations








New business contribution

(209)

189

(20)


331


311

Existing business - transfer to net worth

555

(97)

458


(458)


-

Expected return on existing businessnote 5

22

24

46


163


209

Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 5

124

(3)

121


53


174

Post-tax operating profit

492

113

605


89


694

Non-operating items

(242)

(132)

(374)


(412)


(786)

Profit after tax from long-term business

250

(19)

231


(323)


(92)










UK insurance operations*








New business contribution

(56)

91

35


90


125

Existing business - transfer to net worth

323

(195)

128


(128)


-

Expected return on existing businessnote 5

11

60

71


134


205

Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 5

232

(160)

72


(18)


54

Solvency II and restructuring costs

(11)

-

(11)


-


(11)

Post-tax operating profit

499

(204)

295


78


373

Non-operating items

(541)

548

7


282


289

Profit after tax from long-term business*

(42)

344

302


360


662

 

*     The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. Opening adjustments represent the impact of Solvency II for UK insurance operations at 1 January 2016 (as explained in note 2), together with the effect of a classification change, as discussed in note 9(v).

 

Notes

(i)     The value of in-force business comprises the value of future margins from current in-force business less the cost of holding required capital as shown below:

 




30 Jun 2016 £m




Asia

operations

US

operations

UK

insurance

operations*

Total

long-term

business

operations


Value of in-force business before deduction of cost







of capital and time value of guarantees

13,442

8,225

3,405

25,072


Cost of capital

(605)

(191)

(716)

(1,512)


Cost of time value of guaranteesnote (ii)

(168)

(1,607)

-

(1,775)


Net value of in-force business

12,669

6,427

2,689

21,785


Total net worth

3,651

3,723

7,386

14,760


Total embedded value

16,320

10,150

10,075

36,545











31 Dec 2015* £m




Asia

operations

US

operations

UK

insurance

operations

Total

long-term

business

operations


Value of in-force business before deduction of cost







of capital and time value of guarantees

11,279

7,355

3,043

21,677


Cost of capital

(438)

(229)

(713)

(1,380)


Cost of time value of guaranteesnote (ii)

(88)

(1,012)

-

(1,100)


Net value of in-force business

10,753

6,114

2,330

19,197


Total net worth

2,956

3,373

7,123

13,452


Total embedded value

13,709

9,487

9,453

32,649

 

*    The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The full year 2015 comparative results in the table above are presented after the adjustments for the impact of Solvency II for UK insurance operations at 1 January 2016 (see note 2 for details), together with the effect of a classification change, as discussed in note 9(v).

 

(ii)    The increase in the cost of time value of guarantees for US operations from £(1,012) million at 31 December 2015 to £(1,607) million at 30 June 2016 primarily relates to variable annuity business, mainly arising from the decrease in the expected long-term separate account rate of return following the 80 basis points decline in the US 10-year treasury bond yield and the level of equity market performance.

 

11  Analysis of movement in free surplus

 

For EEV covered business, free surplus is the excess of the regulatory basis net assets for EEV reporting purposes (net worth) over the capital required to support the covered business. Where appropriate, adjustments are made to the net worth so that backing assets are included at fair value rather than cost so as to comply with the EEV Principles. Free surplus for asset management operations and the UK general insurance commission is taken to be IFRS basis post-tax earnings and shareholders' equity, net of goodwill. Free surplus for other operations is taken to be EEV basis post-tax earnings and shareholders' equity for central operations net of goodwill, with subordinated debt recorded as free surplus to the extent that it is classified as available capital under Solvency II.

 

Free surplus for insurance and asset management operations and total free surplus, including other operations, are shown in the tables below.

 

(i)   Underlying free surplus generated - insurance and asset management operations

The 2015 comparative results are shown below on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) bases. The 2015 CER comparative results are translated at half year 2016 average exchange rates. 










Half year 2016 £m


Half year 2015 £m


% change




AER

CER


AER

CER

Asia operations








Underlying free surplus generated from

    in-force life business

603


519

529


16%

14%

Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a)

(237)


(213)

(217)


(11)%

(9)%

Long-term business

366


306

312


20%

17%

Eastspring Investmentsnote (iii)(b)

53


50

52


6%

2%

Total

419


356

364


18%

15%

US operations








Underlying free surplus generated from

    in-force life business

701


700

746


0%

(6)%

Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a)

(209)


(164)

(175)


(27)%

(19)%

Long-term business

492


536

571


(8)%

(14)%

Broker-dealer and asset managementnote (iii)(b)

(8)


8

8


(200)%

(200)%

Total

484


544

579


(11)%

(16)%

UK insurance operations*








Underlying free surplus generated from

    in-force life business

555


352

352


58%

58%

Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a)

(56)


(57)

(57)


2%

2%

Long-term business

499


295

295


69%

69%

General insurance commissionnote (iii)(b)

15


14

14


7%

7%

Total

514


309

309


66%

66%

M&Gnote (iii)(b)

181


203

203


(11)%

(11)%

Prudential Capitalnote (iii)(b)

11


6

6


83%

83%

Underlying free surplus generated from

    insurance and asset management operations

1,609


1,418

1,461


13%

10%









Representing:








Long-term business:*








Expected in-force cash flows (including

    expected return on net assets)

1,485


1,418

1,465


5%

1%

Effects of changes in operating assumptions,

    operating experience variances and

    other operating items

374


153

162


144%

131%

Underlying free surplus generated from

    in-force life business

1,859


1,571

1,627


18%

14%

Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a)

(502)


(434)

(449)


(16)%

(12)%

Total long-term business

1,357


1,137

1,178


19%

15%

Asset management and general insurance

    commissionnote (iii)(b)

252


281

283


(10)%

(11)%


1,609


1,418

1,461


13%

10%

 

*     The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

 

(ii) Underlying free surplus generated - total Group

 


Half year 2016 £m


Half year 2015 £m


% change




AER

CER


AER

CER









Underlying free surplus generated from insurance

   and asset management operationsnote (iii)(b)

1,609


1,418

1,461


13%

10%

Other income and expenditure net of restructuring

   and Solvency II costsnote (iii) (b)

(308)


(285)

(285)


(8)%

(8)%

Interest received from tax settlement

37


-

-


100%

100%

Total underlying free surplus generated, including

   other operations

1,338


1,133

1,176


18%

14%

 

(iii) Movement in free surplus

 


Half year 2016 £m

Long-term business and asset management operations*

 Long-term business


Asset management and UK general insurance commission


Total insurance and asset management operations


Central and other operations


Group total


note 10


note (b)




note (b)



Underlying free surplus generated

1,357


252


1,609


(271)


1,338

Other non-operating itemsnote (c)

(812)


(61)


(873)


(129)


(1,002)


545


191


736


(400)


336

Net cash flows to parent companynote (d)

(830)


(288)


(1,118)


1,118


-

External dividends

-


-


-


(935)


(935)

Exchange movements, timing differences and

   other itemsnote (e)

650


202


852


205


1,057

Net movement in free surplus

365


105


470


(12)


458

Balance at 1 January 2016:











Balance at beginning of period

5,642


1,124


6,766


1,224


7,990


Opening adjustments**

(1,473)


-


(1,473)


(345)


(1,818)


4,169


1,124


5,293


879


6,172

Balance at end of period

4,534


1,229


5,763


867


6,630











Representing:











Asia operations





2,120


-


2,120


US operations





1,937


-


1,937


UK operations





1,706


-


1,706


Other operationsnote (b)





-


867


867






5,763


867


6,630











Balance at 1 January 2016:











Asia operations





1,814


-


1,814


US operations





1,733


-


1,733


UK operations





1,746


-


1,746


Other operationsnote (b)





-


879


879






5,293


879


6,172

 

*       The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

**     Opening adjustments represent the impact of adopting Solvency II at 1 January 2016 (as explained in note 2), together with the effect of a reclassification between long-term business and other operations, as discussed in note 9(v).

 


Half year 2015 £m

Long-term business and asset management

operations*

 Long-term business


Asset management and UK general insurance commission


Total insurance and asset management operations


Central and other operations


Group total




note (b)




note (b)



Underlying free surplus generated

1,137


281


1,418


(285)


1,133

Disposal of Japan Life business

23


-


23


-


23

Other non-operating itemsnote (c)

(141)


(4)


(145)


37


(108)


1,019


277


1,296


(248)


1,048

Net cash flows to parent companynote (d)

(910)


(158)


(1,068)


1,068


-

External dividends

-


-


-


(659)


(659)

Exchange movements, timing differences and

other itemsnote (e)

27


(10)


17


456


473

Net movement in free surplus

136


109


245


617


862

Balance at beginning of period

4,193


866


5,059


1,439


6,498

Balance at end of period

4,329


975


5,304


2,056


7,360

 

*       The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

 


Full year 2015 £m

Long-term business and asset management

operations*

 Long-term business


Asset management and UK general insurance commission


Total insurance and asset management operations


Central and other operations


Group total




note (b)




note (b)



Underlying free surplus generated

2,544


506


3,050


(588)


2,462

Disposal of Japan Life business

23


-


23


-


23

Other non-operating itemsnote (c)

(407)


(53)


(460)


29


(431)


2,160


453


2,613


(559)


2,054

Net cash flows to parent companynote (d)

(1,271)


(354)


(1,625)


1,625


-

External dividends

-


-


-


(974)


(974)

Exchange movements, timing differences and

   other itemsnote (e)

560


159


719


(307)


412

Net movement in free surplus

1,449


258


1,707


(215)


1,492

Balance at beginning of period

4,193


866


5,059


1,439


6,498

Balance at end of period

5,642


1,124


6,766


1,224


7,990

 

*       The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been reported on a basis that reflects the Solvency regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

 

Notes

(a)   Free surplus invested in new business represents amounts set aside for required capital and acquisition costs.

(b)   Free surplus for asset management operations and the UK general insurance commission is taken to be IFRS basis post-tax earnings and shareholders' equity, net of goodwill. Free surplus for other operations is taken to be EEV basis post post-tax earnings and shareholders' equity net of goodwill, with subordinated debt recorded as free surplus to the extent that it is classified as available capital under Solvency II.

(c)   Non-operating items are principally short-term fluctuations in investment returns and the effect of changes in economic assumptions for long-term business operations.

(d)   Net cash flows to parent company for long-term business operations reflect the flows as included in the holding company cash flow at transaction rates.

(e)   Exchange movements, timing differences and other items represent:

 



Half year 2016 £m



Long-term

business

Asset management and UK general insurance commission

Total insurance and asset management operations


Central and other operations

Group total

 


Exchange movementsnote 10

329

55

384


50

434

 


Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capitalnote 9

138

-

138


-

138

 


Other itemsnote (f)

183

147

330


155

485

 



650

202

852


205

1,057

 









 



Half year 2015 £m

 



Long-term

business

Asset management and UK general insurance commission

Total insurance and asset management operations


Central and other operations

Group total

 


Exchange movements

(64)

(7)

(71)


(16)

(87)

 


Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital

(8)

-

(8)


-

(8)

 


Other itemsnote (f)

99

(3)

96


472

568

 



27

(10)

17


456

473

 









 



Full year 2015 £m

 



Long-term

business

Asset management and UK general insurance commission

Total insurance and asset management operations


Central and other operations

Group total

 


Exchange movements

67

3

70


10

80

 


Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital

(76)

-

(76)


-

(76)

 


Other itemsnote (f)

569

156

725


(317)

408

 



560

159

719


(307)

412

 









 

(f)    Other items include the effect of intra-group loans and non-cash items, together with movements in subordinated debt for Other operations. Full year 2015 also included the effect of a classification change of £702 million from Other operations to UK insurance operations in order to align with Solvency II segmental reporting, with no overall effect on the Group's EEV.

 

12 Sensitivity of results to alternative assumptions

 

(a)   Sensitivity analysis - economic assumptions

 

The tables below show the sensitivity of the embedded value as at 30 June 2016 and 31 December 2015 and the new business contribution after the effect of required capital for half year 2016 and full year 2015 to:

 

-    1 per cent increase in the discount rates;

-    1 per cent increase in interest rates, including all consequential changes (assumed investment returns for all asset classes, market values of fixed interest assets, risk discount rates);

-    0.5 per cent decrease in interest rates* (1 per cent decrease for full year 2015), including all consequential changes (assumed investment returns for all asset classes, market values of fixed interest assets, risk discount rates);

-    1 per cent rise in equity and property yields;

-    10 per cent fall in market value of equity and property assets (embedded value only);

-    The statutory minimum capital level (by contrast to EEV basis required capital), (for embedded value only); and

-    5 basis points increase in UK long-term expected defaults.

 

*       To reflect the current level of low interest rates, the sensitivity of new business and embedded value to a 0.5 per cent reduction in interest rates is shown for half year 2016.

 

In each sensitivity calculation, all other assumptions remain unchanged except where they are directly affected by the revised economic conditions.

 

New business contribution





























Half year 2016 £m


Full year 2015 £m



Asia operations


US operations


UK insurance operations*


Total

long-term

business

operations*


Asia operations

US operations

UK insurance operations

Total

long-term

business

operations

 

New business contributionnote 4

824


311


125


1,260


1,490

809

318

2,617

 

Discount rates - 1% increase

(160)


(16)


(14)


(190)


(260)

(38)

(40)

(338)

 

Interest rates - 1% increase

58


41


5


104


28

80

7

115

 

Interest rates - 1% decrease

-


-


-


-


(78)

(127)

(9)

(214)

 

Interest rates - 0.5% decrease

(87)


(31)


(7)


(125)


-

-

-

-

 

Equity/property yields - 1% rise

43


47


3


93


73

95

20

188

 

Long-term expected defaults - 5 bps increase

-


-


(1)


(1)


-

-

(8)

(8)

 

 

Embedded value of long-term business operations










 















 



30 Jun 2016 £m


31 Dec 2015 £m

 



Asia

operations


US

operations


UK

insurance

operations*


Total

long-term

business

operations*


Asia operations

US operations

UK insurance operations

Total

long-term

business

operations

Shareholders' equitynote 9

16,320


10,150


10,075


36,545


13,643

9,487

9,647

32,777

Discount rates - 1% increase

 (1,733)


 (266)


 (762)


 (2,761)


 (1,448)

 (271)

 (586)

 (2,305)

Interest rates - 1% increase

 (276)


 (145)


(252)


 (673)


 (380)

 (46)

 (328)

 (754)

Interest rates - 1% decrease

-


-


-


-


132

 (93)

426

465

Interest rates - 0.5% decrease

 (238)


 (53)


 126


 (165)


-

-

-

-

Equity/property yields - 1% rise

601


676


206


1,483


506

514

271

1,291

Equity/property market values - 10% fall

 (328)


 (69)


 (483)


 (880)


 (246)

 (411)

 (373)

 (1,030)

Statutory minimum capital

203


123


-


326


148

162

4

314

Long-term expected defaults - 5 bps increase

-


-


 (135)


 (135)


-

-

 (141)

 (141)

 

*       The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

 

The sensitivities shown above are for the impact of instantaneous changes on the embedded value of long-term business operations and include the combined effect on the value of in-force business and net assets at the balance sheet dates indicated. If the change in assumption shown in the sensitivities were to occur, then the effect shown above would be recorded within two components of the profit analysis for the following year. These are for the effect of economic assumption changes and short-term fluctuations in investment returns. In addition to the sensitivity effects shown above, the other components of the profit for the following year would be calculated by reference to the altered assumptions, for example new business contribution and unwind of discount, together with the effect of other changes such as altered corporate bond spreads. In addition for changes in interest rates, the effect shown above for Jackson would also be recorded within the fair value movements on assets backing surplus and required capital which are taken directly to shareholders' equity.

 

(b)   Effect of change in future UK corporate tax rate announced in March 2016

 

The Finance Bill announced on 24 March 2016, includes a reduction in the UK corporate tax rate from 18 per cent to 17 per cent effective from 1 April 2020 (see note 14). The impact of this change has not been factored in the EEV results or shareholders' equity at 30 June 2016 as it has not been substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. Had the half year 2016 EEV results been prepared on the basis of this new tax rate, the net of tax value of in-force business of UK insurance operations at 30 June 2016 would have been higher by around £25 million.

 

13 Methodology and accounting presentation

 

(a)Methodology

 

Overview

The embedded value is the present value of the shareholders' interest in the earnings distributable from assets allocated to covered business after sufficient allowance has been made for the aggregate risks in that business. The shareholders' interest in the Group's long-term business comprises:

 

-       the present value of future shareholder cash flows from in-force covered business (value of in-force business), less deductions for:

-     the cost of locked-in required capital; and

-     the time value of cost of options and guarantees;

-       locked-in required capital; and

-       the shareholders' net worth in excess of required capital (free surplus).

 

The value of future new business is excluded from the embedded value.

 

Notwithstanding the basis of presentation of results (as explained in note 13(b)(iii)) no smoothing of market or account balance values, unrealised gains or investment return is applied in determining the embedded value or profit. Separately, the analysis of profit is delineated between operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and other constituent items (as explained in note 13(b)(i)).

 

(i)Covered business

The EEV results for the Group are prepared for 'covered business', as defined by the EEV Principles. Covered business represents the Group's long-term insurance business, including the Group's investments in joint venture insurance operations, for which the value of new and in-force contracts is attributable to shareholders. The post-tax EEV basis results for the Group's covered business are then combined with the post-tax IFRS basis results of the Group's other operations. Under the EEV Principles, the results for covered business incorporate the projected margins of attaching internal asset management, as described in note 13(a)(vii).

 

The definition of long-term business operations comprises those contracts falling under the definition for regulatory purposes together with, for US operations, contracts that are in substance the same as guaranteed investment contracts (GICs) but do not fall within the technical definition.

 

Covered business comprises the Group's long-term business operations, with two exceptions:

 

-       the closed Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund (SAIF) which is excluded from covered business. SAIF is a ring-fenced sub-fund of the Prudential Assurance Company (PAC) long-term fund, established by a Court approved Scheme of Arrangement in October 1997. SAIF is closed to new business and the assets and liabilities of the fund are wholly attributable to the policyholders of the fund.

-       the presentational treatment of the Group's principal defined benefit pension scheme, the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (PSPS). The partial recognition of the surplus for PSPS is recognised in 'Other' operations.

 

A small amount of UK group pensions business is also not modelled for EEV reporting purposes.

 

(ii) Valuation of in-force and new business

The embedded value results are prepared incorporating best estimate assumptions about all relevant factors including levels of future investment returns, expenses, persistency, mortality and morbidity (as described in note 14). These assumptions are used to project future cash flows. The present value of the future cash flows is then calculated using a discount rate which reflects both the time value of money and the non-diversifiable risks associated with the cash flows that are not otherwise allowed for.

 

New business

In determining the EEV basis value of new business, premiums are included in projected cash flows on the same basis of

distinguishing annual and single premium business as set out for statutory basis reporting.

 

New business premiums reflect those premiums attaching to covered business, including premiums for contracts classified as

investment products for IFRS basis reporting. New business premiums for regular premium products are shown on an annualised basis. Internal vesting business is classified as new business where the contracts include an open market option.

 

The post-tax contribution from new business represents profits determined by applying operating assumptions as at the end of the period.

 

For UK immediate annuity business and single premium Universal Life products in Asia, primarily in Singapore, the new business contribution is determined by applying economic assumptions reflecting point-of-sale market conditions. This is consistent with how the business is priced as crediting rates are linked to yields on specific assets and the yield is locked in when the assets are purchased at the point of sale of the policy. For other business within the Group, end-of-period economic assumptions are used.

 

New business profitability is a key metric for the Group's management of the development of the business. In addition, post-tax new business margins are shown by reference to annual premium equivalents (APE) and the present value of new business premiums (PVNBP). These margins are calculated as the percentage of the value of new business profit to APE and PVNBP. APE is calculated as the aggregate of regular new business amounts and one-tenth of single new business amounts. PVNBP is calculated as equalling single premiums plus the present value of expected premiums of new regular premium business, allowing for lapses and other assumptions made in determining the EEV new business contribution.

 

Valuation movements on investments

With the exception of debt securities held by Jackson, investment gains and losses during the period (to the extent that changes in capital values do not directly match changes in liabilities) are included directly in the profit for the period and shareholders' equity as they arise.

 

The results for any covered business conceptually reflect the aggregate of the IFRS results and the movements on the additional shareholders' interest recognised on the EEV basis. Thus the start point for the calculation of the EEV results for Jackson, as for other businesses, reflects the market value movements recognised on the IFRS basis.

 

However, in determining the movements on the additional shareholders' interest, the basis for calculating the Jackson EEV result acknowledges that, for debt securities backing liabilities, the aggregate EEV results reflect the fact that the value of in-force business instead incorporates the discounted value of future spread earnings. This value is not affected generally by short-term market movements on securities that, broadly speaking, are held for the longer term.

 

Fixed income securities backing the free surplus and required capital for Jackson are accounted for at fair value. However, consistent with the treatment applied under IFRS for Jackson securities classified as available-for-sale, movements in unrealised appreciation (depreciation) on these securities are accounted for in equity rather than in the income statement, as shown in the movement in shareholders' equity.

 

(iii) Cost of capital

A charge is deducted from the embedded value for the cost of capital supporting the Group's long-term business. This capital is referred to as required capital. The cost is the difference between the nominal value of the capital and the discounted value of the projected releases of this capital allowing for investment earnings (post-tax) on the capital.

 

The annual result is affected by the movement in this cost from year to year which comprises a charge against new business profit and generally a release in respect of the reduction in capital requirements for business in force as this runs off.

 

Where required capital is held within a with-profits long-term fund, the value placed on surplus assets in the fund is already discounted to reflect its release over time and no further adjustment is necessary in respect of required capital.

 

(iv) Financial options and guarantees

 

Nature of financial options and guarantees in Prudential's long-term business

Asia operations

Subject to local market circumstances and regulatory requirements, the guarantee features described below in respect of UK business broadly apply to similar types of participating contracts principally written in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. Participating products have both guaranteed and non-guaranteed elements.

 

There are also various non-participating long-term products with guarantees. The principal guarantees are those for whole-of-life contracts with floor levels of policyholder benefits that accrue at rates set at inception and do not vary subsequently with market conditions.

 

US operations (Jackson)

The principal financial options and guarantees in Jackson are associated with the fixed annuity and variable annuity (VA) lines of business.

 

Fixed annuities provide that, at Jackson's discretion, it may reset the interest rate credited to policyholders' accounts, subject to a guaranteed minimum. The guaranteed minimum return varies from 1.0 per cent to 5.5 per cent for all periods, depending on the particular product, jurisdiction where issued, and date of issue. For half year 2016, 87 per cent (half year 2015: 86 per cent; full year 2015: 87 per cent) of the account values on fixed annuities are for policies with guarantees of 3 per cent or less. The average guarantee rate is 2.6 per cent (half year 2015: 2.7 per cent; full year 2015: 2.6 per cent).

 

Fixed annuities also present a risk that policyholders will exercise their option to surrender their contracts in periods of rapidly rising interest rates, possibly requiring Jackson to liquidate assets at an inopportune time.

 

Jackson issues VA contracts where it contractually guarantees to the contract holder either: a) return of no less than total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals; b) total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals plus a minimum return; or c) the highest contract value on a specified anniversary date adjusted for any withdrawals following the specified contract anniversary. These guarantees include benefits that are payable upon depletion of funds (Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit (GMWB)), as death benefits (Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefits (GMDB)) or as income benefits (Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefits (GMIB)). These guarantees generally protect the policyholder's value in the event of poor equity market performance. Jackson hedges the GMDB and GMWB guarantees through the use of equity options and futures contracts, and fully reinsures the GMIB guarantees.

 

Jackson also issues fixed index annuities that enable policyholders to obtain a portion of an equity-linked return while providing a guaranteed minimum return. The guaranteed minimum returns are of a similar nature to those described above for fixed annuities.

 

UK insurance operations

For covered business the only significant financial options and guarantees in the UK insurance operations arise in the with-profits fund.

 

With-profits products provide returns to policyholders through bonuses that are smoothed. There are two types of bonuses - annual and final. Annual bonuses are declared once a year and, once credited, are guaranteed in accordance with the terms of the particular product. Unlike annual bonuses, final bonuses are guaranteed only until the next bonus declaration. The PAC with-profits fund also held a provision on the Solvency II basis of £54 million at 30 June 2016 (Pillar I Peak 2 basis at 30 June 2015: £50 million; Pillar I Peak 2 basis at 31 December 2015: £47 million) to honour guarantees on a small number of guaranteed annuity option products.

 

The Group's main exposure to guaranteed annuity options in the UK is through the non-covered business of SAIF. A provision on the Solvency II basis of £575 million was held in SAIF at 30 June 2016 (Pillar I Peak 2 basis at 30 June 2015: £471 million; Pillar I Peak 2 basis at 31 December 2015: £412 million) to honour the guarantees. As described in note 13(a)(i), the assets and liabilities are wholly attributable to the policyholders of the fund. Therefore the movement in the provision has no direct impact on shareholders.

 

Time value

The value of financial options and guarantees comprises two parts. One is given by a deterministic valuation on best estimate assumptions (the intrinsic value). The other part arises from the variability of economic outcomes in the future (the time value). Where appropriate, a full stochastic valuation has been undertaken to determine the time value of the financial options and guarantees.

 

The economic assumptions used for the stochastic calculations are consistent with those used for the deterministic calculations. Assumptions specific to the stochastic calculations reflect local market conditions and are based on a combination of actual market data, historic market data and an assessment of long-term economic conditions. Common principles have been adopted across the Group for the stochastic asset models, for example, separate modelling of individual asset classes but with an allowance for correlation between the various asset classes. Details of the key characteristics of each model are given in notes 14(iv), (v) and (vi).

 

In deriving the time value of financial options and guarantees, management actions in response to emerging investment and fund solvency conditions have been modelled. Management actions encompass, but are not confined to investment allocation decisions, levels of reversionary and terminal bonuses and credited rates. Bonus rates are projected from current levels and varied in accordance with assumed management actions applying in the emerging investment and fund solvency conditions.

 

In all instances, the modelled actions are in accordance with approved local practice and therefore reflect the options actually available to management. For the PAC with-profits fund, the actions assumed are consistent with those set out in the Principles and Practices of Financial Management which explains how regular and final bonus rates within the discretionary framework are determined, subject to the general legislative requirements applicable.

 

(v) Level of required capital

In adopting the EEV Principles, Prudential has based required capital on its internal targets subject to it being at least the local statutory minimum requirements.

 

For with-profits business written in a segregated life fund, as is the case in Asia and the UK, the capital available in the fund is sufficient to meet the required capital requirements. Following the implementation of Solvency II which became effective on 1 January 2016, a portion of future shareholder transfers expected from the with-profits fund is recognised within net worth, together with the associated capital requirements.

 

For shareholder-backed business the following capital requirements apply:

 

-    Asia operations: the level of required capital has been set to an amount at least equal to the higher of local statutory requirements and the internal target;

-    US operations: the level of required capital has been set at 250 per cent of the risk-based capital required by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) at the Company Action Level (CAL); and

-    UK insurance operations: the capital requirements are set at the Solvency II Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR) for shareholder-backed business of UK insurance operations as a whole; for half year and full year 2015 the capital requirements were set to an amount at least equal to the higher of Solvency I Pillar I and Pillar II requirements for shareholder-backed business of UK insurance operations as a whole.

 

(vi) With-profits business and the treatment of the estate

The proportion of surplus allocated to shareholders from the PAC with-profits fund has been based on the present level of 10 per cent. The value attributed to the shareholders' interest in the estate is derived by increasing final bonus rates (and related shareholder transfers) so as to exhaust the estate over the lifetime of the in-force with-profits business. In any scenarios where the total assets of the life fund are insufficient to meet policyholder claims in full, the excess cost is fully attributed to shareholders. Similar principles apply, where appropriate, for other with-profits funds of the Group's Asia operations.

 

(vii) Internal asset management

The new business and in-force results from long-term business include the projected value of profits or losses from asset management and service companies that support the Group's covered insurance businesses. The results of the Group's asset management operations include the current period profits from the management of both internal and external funds. EEV basis shareholders' other income and expenditure is adjusted to deduct the unwind of the expected internal asset management profit margin for the period. The deduction is on a basis consistent with that used for projecting the results for covered insurance business. Group operating profit accordingly includes the variance between actual and expected profit in respect of management of the covered business assets.

 

(viii) Allowance for risk and risk discount rates

 

Overview

Under the EEV Principles, discount rates used to determine the present value of future cash flows are set by reference to risk-free rates plus a risk margin.

 

For Asia and US operations, the risk-free rate is based on a 10-year local government bond yields.

 

For UK insurance operations, following the implementation of Solvency II on 1 January 2016, the EEV risk-free rate is based on the full term structure of interest rates, ie a yield curve, rather than using a flat 15-year gilt rate (as for half year and full year 2015). This yield curve is used to determine the embedded value at the end of the reporting period.

 

The risk margin should reflect any non-diversifiable risk associated with the emergence of distributable earnings that is not allowed for elsewhere in the valuation. Prudential has selected a granular approach to better reflect differences in market risk inherent in each product group. The risk discount rate so derived does not reflect an overall Group market beta but instead reflects the expected volatility associated with the cash flows for each product category in the embedded value model.

 

Since financial options and guarantees are explicitly valued under the EEV methodology, discount rates under EEV are set excluding the effect of these product features.

 

The risk margin represents the aggregate of the allowance for market risk, additional allowance for credit risk where appropriate, and allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risk. No allowance is required for non-market risks where these are assumed to be fully diversifiable.

 

Market risk allowance

The allowance for market risk represents the beta multiplied by an equity risk premium. Except for UK shareholder-backed annuity business (as explained below) such an approach has been used for the Group's businesses.

 

The beta of a portfolio or product measures its relative market risk. The risk discount rates reflect the market risk inherent in each product group and hence the volatility of product cash flows. These are determined by considering how the profits from each product are affected by changes in expected returns on various asset classes. By converting this into a relative rate of return it is possible to derive a product-specific beta.

 

Product level betas reflect the most recent product mix to produce appropriate betas and risk discount rates for each major product grouping.

 

Additional credit risk allowance

The Group's methodology is to allow appropriately for credit risk. The allowance for total credit risk is to cover:

 

-       expected long-term defaults;

-       credit risk premium (to reflect the volatility in downgrade and default levels); and

-       short-term downgrades and defaults.

 

These allowances are initially reflected in determining best estimate returns and through the market risk allowance described above. However, for those businesses largely backed by holdings of debt securities these allowances in the projected returns and market risk allowances may not be sufficient and an additional allowance may be appropriate.

 

The practical application of the allowance for credit risk varies depending upon the type of business as described below:

 

Asia operations

For Asia operations, the allowance for credit risk incorporated in the projected rates of return and the market risk allowance are sufficient. Accordingly, no additional allowance for credit risk is required.

 

The projected rates of return for holdings of corporate bonds comprise the risk-free rate plus an assessment of long-term spread over the risk-free rate.

 

US operations (Jackson)

For Jackson business, the allowance for long-term defaults is reflected in the risk margin reserve (RMR) charge which is deducted in determining the projected spread margin between the earned rate on the investments and the policyholder crediting rate.

 

The risk discount rate incorporates an additional allowance for credit risk premium and short-term downgrades and defaults as shown in note 14(ii). In determining this allowance a number of factors have been considered. These factors, in particular, include:

 

-       How much of the credit spread on debt securities represents an increased credit risk not reflected in the RMR long-term default assumptions, and how much is liquidity premium (which is the premium required by investors to compensate for the risk of longer-term investments which cannot be easily converted into cash, and converted at the fair market value). In assessing this effect, consideration has been given to a number of approaches to estimating the liquidity premium by considering recent statistical data; and

-       Policyholder benefits for Jackson fixed annuity business are not fixed. It is possible in adverse economic scenarios to pass on a component of credit losses to policyholders (subject to guarantee features) through lower investment return rates credited to policyholders. Consequently, it is only necessary to allow for the balance of the credit risk in the risk discount rate.

 

The level of the additional allowance is assessed at each reporting period to take account of prevailing credit conditions and as the business in force alters over time. The additional allowance for variable annuity business has been set at one-fifth of the non-variable annuity business to reflect the proportion of the allocated holdings of general account debt securities.

 

The level of allowance differs from that for UK annuity business for investment portfolio differences and to take account of the management actions available in adverse economic scenarios to reduce crediting rates to policyholders, subject to guarantee features of the products.

 

UK operations

(1) Shareholder-backed annuity business

For Prudential's UK shareholder-backed annuity business, Prudential has used a market consistent embedded value (MCEV) approach to derive an implied risk discount rate which is then applied to the projected best estimate cash flows.

 

In the annuity MCEV calculations, as the assets are generally held to maturity to match liabilities, the future cash flows are discounted using the swap yield curve plus an allowance for liquidity premium based on the Solvency II allowance for credit risk. The Solvency II allowance is set by EIOPA using a prudent assumption that all future downgrades will be replaced annually, and allowing for the credit spread floor.

 

For the purposes of presentation in the EEV results, the results on this basis are reconfigured. Under this approach the projected earned rate of return on the debt securities held is determined after allowing for a best estimate credit risk allowance. The remaining elements of prudence within the Solvency II allowance are incorporated into the risk margin included in the discount rate, shown in note 14(iii).

 

In half year and full year 2015, the allowance for liquidity premium was based on Prudential's assessment of the expected return on the assets backing the annuity liabilities after allowing for:

 

-       expected long-term defaults, derived as a percentage of historical default experience based on Moody's data for the period 1970 to 2009, and the definition of the credit rating assigned to each asset held is the second highest credit rating published by Moody's, Standard & Poor's and Fitch;

-       a credit risk premium, derived as the excess over the expected long-term defaults, of the 95th percentile of historical cumulative defaults based on Moody's data for the period 1970 to 2009, and subject to a minimum margin over expected long-term defaults of 50 per cent;

-       an allowance for a 1-notch downgrade of the asset portfolio subject to credit risk; and

-       an allowance for short-term downgrades and defaults.

 

(2) With-profits fund non-profit annuity business

For UK non-profit annuity business including that attributable to the PAC with-profits fund, the basis for determining the aggregate allowance for credit risk is consistent with that applied for UK shareholder-backed annuity business (as described above). The allowance for credit risk for this business is taken into account in determining the projected cash flows to the with-profits fund, which are in turn discounted at the risk discount rate applicable to all of the projected cash flows of the fund.

 

(3) With-profits fund holdings of debt securities

The UK with-profits fund holds debt securities as part of its investment portfolio backing policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus. The assumed earned rate for with-profit holdings of corporate bonds is defined as the risk-free rate plus an assessment of the long-term spread over gilts, net of expected long-term defaults. This approach is similar to that applied for equities and properties for which the projected earned rate is defined as the risk-free rate plus a long-term risk premium.

     

Allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risks

The majority of non-market and non-credit risks are considered to be diversifiable. Finance theory cannot be used to determine the appropriate component of beta for non-diversifiable non-market risks since there is no observable risk premium associated with it that is akin to the equity risk premium. Recognising this, a pragmatic approach has been applied.

 

A base level allowance of 50 basis points is applied to cover the non-diversifiable non-market risks associated with the Group's businesses. For the Group's Asia operations in China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam, additional allowances are applied for emerging market risk ranging from 100 to 250 basis points. For the Group's US business and UK business, no additional allowance is necessary.

 

For UK shareholder-backed annuity business for half year and full year 2015, a further allowance of 50 basis points was used to reflect the longevity risk, which is covered by the solvency capital requirements following the implementation of Solvency II from 1 January 2016.

 

(ix) Foreign currency translation

Foreign currency profits and losses have been translated at average exchange rates for the period. Foreign currency assets and liabilities have been translated at period-end rates of exchange. The principal exchange rates are shown in note A1 of the IFRS statements.

 

(x) Taxation

In determining the post-tax profit for the period for covered business, the overall tax rate includes the impact of tax effects determined on a local regulatory basis. Tax payments and receipts included in the projected cash flows to determine the value of in-force business are calculated using rates that have been announced and substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

 

(xi) Inter-company arrangements

The EEV results for covered business incorporate annuities established in the PAC non-profit sub-fund from vesting pension polices in SAIF (which is not covered business). The EEV results also incorporate the effect of the reinsurance arrangement of non-profit immediate pension annuity liabilities of SAIF to PRIL. In addition, the EEV results are calculated after taking account of the impact of contingent loan arrangements between Group companies.

 

(b) Accounting presentation

 

(i) Analysis of post-tax profit

To the extent applicable, the presentation of the EEV post-tax profit for the period is consistent in the classification between operating and non-operating results with the basis that the Group applies for the analysis of IFRS basis results. Operating results reflect underlying results including longer-term investment returns (which are determined as described in note 13(b)(ii) below) and incorporate the following:

 

-       new business contribution, as defined in note 13(a)(ii);

-       unwind of discount on the value of in-force business and other expected returns, as described in note 13(b)(iii) below;

-       the impact of routine changes of estimates relating to non-economic assumptions, as described in note 13(b)(iv) below; and

-       non-economic experience variances, as described in note 13(b)(v) below.

 

Non-operating results comprise the recurrent items of:

 

-       short-term fluctuations in investment returns;

-       the mark to market value movements on core borrowings; and

-       the effect of changes in economic assumptions.

 

Total profit attributable to shareholders and basic earnings per share include these items, together with actual investment returns. The Group believes that operating profit, as adjusted for these items, better reflects underlying performance.

 

(ii) Investment returns included in operating profit

For the investment element of the assets covering the net worth of long-term insurance business, investment returns are recognised in operating results at the expected long-term rate of return. These expected returns are calculated by reference to the asset mix of the portfolio. For the purpose of calculating the longer-term investment return to be included in the operating result of the PAC with-profits fund of UK operations, where assets backing the liabilities and unallocated surplus are subject to market volatility, asset values at the beginning of the reporting period are adjusted to remove the effects of short-term market movements as explained in note 13(b)(iii) below.

 

For the purpose of determining the long-term returns for debt securities of US operations for fixed annuity and other general account business, a risk margin charge is included which reflects the expected long-term rate of default based on the credit quality of the portfolio. For Jackson, interest-related realised gains and losses are amortised to the operating results over the maturity period of the sold bonds and for equity-related investments, a long-term rate of return is assumed, which reflects the aggregation of end-of-period risk-free rates and equity risk premium. For US variable annuity separate account business, operating profit includes the unwind of discount on the opening value of in-force adjusted to reflect end-of-period projected rates of return with the excess or deficit of the actual return recognised within non-operating profit, together with the related hedging activity.

     

For UK annuity business, rebalancing of the asset portfolio backing the liabilities to policyholders may, from time to time, take place to align it more closely with the internal benchmark of credit quality that management applies. Such rebalancing will result in a change in the projected yield on the asset portfolio and the allowance for default risk. The net effect of these changes is included in the result for the period.

 

(iii) Unwind of discount and other expected returns

The unwind of discount and other expected returns is determined by reference to:

 

-      the value of in-force business at the beginning of the period (adjusted for the effect of current period economic and operating assumption changes); and

-      required capital and surplus assets.

 

UK operations

In applying this general approach, the unwind of discount included in operating profit is determined by reference to the following:

 

-      The unwind is determined by reference to an implied single risk discount rate for half year 2016. Following the implementation of Solvency II the EEV risk-free rate is based on a yield curve (as set out in note 13a(viii) above). This yield curve is used to derive a single implied discount rate which, if this rate had been used, would reproduce the same embedded value as that calculated by reference to the yield curve. The difference between the operating profit determined using the single implied discount rate and that derived using the yield curve is included within non-operating profit.

-      For with-profits business, the opening value of in-force, is adjusted for the effects of short-term investment volatility due to market movements (ie smoothed). In the summary statement of financial position and for total profit reporting, asset values and investment returns are not smoothed. At 30 June 2016 the shareholders' interest in the smoothed surplus assets used for this purpose only, were £21 million lower (30 June 2015: £104 million lower; 31 December 2015: £58 million lower) than the surplus assets carried in the statement of financial position.

 

(iv) Effect of changes in operating assumptions

Operating profit includes the effect of changes to non-economic assumptions on the value of in-force at the end of the period. For presentational purposes the effect of change is delineated to show the effect on the opening value of in-force as operating assumption changes, with the experience variance subsequently being determined by reference to the end-of-period assumptions (see note 13(b)(v) below).

 

(v) Operating experience variances

Operating profit includes the effect of experience variances on non-economic assumptions, such as persistency, mortality and morbidity, expenses and other factors, which are calculated with reference to the end-of-period assumptions.

 

(vi) Effect of changes in economic assumptions

Movements in the value of in-force business at the beginning of the period caused by changes in economic assumptions, net of the related change in the time value of cost of options and guarantees, are recorded in non-operating results. For UK insurance operations, the effect is after allowing for the recalculation of transitional measures on technical provisions.

 

14 Assumptions

 

Principal economic assumptions

The EEV basis results for the Group's operations have been determined using economic assumptions where the long-term expected rates of return on investments and risk discount rates are set by reference to period-end risk-free rates of return (defined below for each of the Group's insurance operations). Expected returns on equity and property asset classes and corporate bonds are derived by adding a risk premium, based on the Group's long-term view, to the risk-free rate.

     

The total profit that emerges over the lifetime of an individual contract as calculated using the embedded value basis is the same as that calculated under the IFRS basis. Since the embedded value basis reflects discounted future cash flows, under this methodology the profit emergence is advanced, thus more closely aligning the timing of the recognition of profit with the efforts and risks of current management actions, particularly with regard to business sold during the period.

 

(i) Asia operationsnotes (b), (c)

The risk-free rates of return for Asia operations are defined as 10-year government bond yields at the end of the period.

 


Risk discount rate %


New business


In-force business


2016


2015


2016


2015


30 Jun


30 Jun

31 Dec


30 Jun


30 Jun

31 Dec

China

9.4


10.2

9.4


9.4


10.2

9.4

Hong Kongnotes (b), (d)

3.0


3.9

3.7


2.9


3.9

3.7

Indonesia

11.5


12.5

12.8


11.5


12.5

12.8

Korea

5.9


6.4

6.1


4.0


5.8

5.7

Malaysianote (d)

6.3


6.5

6.6


6.4


6.6

6.7

Philippines

10.5


11.2

11.3


10.5


11.2

11.3

Singaporenote (d)

3.6


4.5

4.3


4.5


5.3

5.1

Taiwan

3.8


4.2

4.0


3.3


4.2

3.9

Thailand

8.7


9.7

9.3


8.7


9.7

9.3

Vietnam

13.7


13.6

13.8


13.7


13.6

13.8

Total weighted risk discount ratenote (a)

4.7


6.5

5.9


5.7


6.6

6.4












10-year government bond yield %


Expected long-term Inflation %


2016


2015


2016


2015


30 Jun


30 Jun

31 Dec


30 Jun


30 Jun

31 Dec

China

2.9


3.7

2.9


2.5


2.5

2.5

Hong Kongnotes (b), (d)

1.5


2.4

2.3


2.3


2.3

2.3

Indonesia

7.6


8.5

8.9


5.0


5.0

5.0

Korea

1.5


2.5

2.1


3.0


3.0

3.0

Malaysianote (d)

3.8


4.0

4.2


2.5


2.5

2.5

Philippines

3.7


4.5

4.6


4.0


4.0

4.0

Singaporenote (d)

1.9


2.7

2.6


2.0


2.0

2.0

Taiwan

0.8


1.5

1.0


1.0


1.0

1.0

Thailand

2.0


3.0

2.5


3.0


3.0

3.0

Vietnam

6.9


6.8

7.1


5.5


5.5

5.5

 

Notes

(a)   The weighted risk discount rates for Asia operations shown above have been determined by weighting each country's risk discount rates by reference to the post-tax EEV basis new business result and the closing value of in-force business. The changes in the risk discount rates for individual Asia territories reflect the movements in government bond yields, together with the effects of movements in the allowance for market risk and changes in product mix.

(b)   For Hong Kong the assumptions shown are for US dollar denominated business. For other territories, the assumptions are for local currency denominated business.

(c)   Equity risk premiums in Asia range from 3.5 per cent to 8.7 per cent (half year 2015: 3.5 per cent to 8.7 per cent; full year 2015: from 3.5 per cent to 8.6 per cent).

(d)   The mean equity return assumptions for the most significant equity holdings of the Asia operations are:

 



2016 %


2015 %



30 Jun


30 Jun

31 Dec


Hong Kong

5.5


6.4

6.3


Malaysia

9.8


10.0

10.2


Singapore

7.9


8.7

8.6

 

(ii) US operations

The risk-free rates of return for US operations are defined as 10-year treasury bond yields at the end of the period.










2016 %


2015 %





30 Jun


30 Jun

31 Dec

Assumed new business spread margins:*






Fixed annuity business:**







January to June issues 

1.25


1.25

1.25



July to December issues

n/a


n/a

1.50


Fixed index annuity business:







January to June issues 

1.50


1.50

1.50



July to December issues

n/a


n/a

1.75


Institutional business

0.50


0.70

0.70

Allowance for long-term defaults included in projected spreadnote 13(a)(viii)

0.21


0.24

0.24

Risk discount rate:






Variable annuity:







Risk discount rate

6.0


7.0

6.8



Additional allowance for credit risk included in risk discount ratenote 13(a)(viii)

0.2


0.2

0.2


Non-variable annuity:







Risk discount rate

3.1


4.1

3.9



Additional allowance for credit risk included in risk discount ratenote 13(a)(viii)

1.0


1.0

1.0


Weighted average total:







New business

5.7


6.9

6.7



In-force business

5.4


6.4

6.2

US 10-year treasury bond rate at end of period

1.5


2.4

2.3

Pre-tax expected long-term nominal rate of return for US equities

5.5


6.4

6.3

Expected long-term rate of inflation

2.7


2.9

2.8

Equity risk premium

4.0


4.0

4.0

S&P equity return volatilitynote (v)

18.0


18.0

18.0

 

*       including the proportion of variable annuity business invested in the general account and fixed index annuity business, the assumed spread margin grades up linearly by 25 basis points to a long-term assumption over five years.

**     including the proportion of variable annuity business invested in the general account.

 

(iii) UK insurance operations

 

Effective from 1 January 2016, following the implementation of Solvency II, the EEV risk-free rate is based on the full term structure of interest rates, ie a yield curve, which is used to determine the embedded value at the end of the reporting period. For half year 2016, these yield curves are used to derive pre-tax expected long-term nominal rates of investment return and discount rates. For the purpose of determining the unwind of discount in the analysis of operating profit, these yield curves are used to derive a single risk discount rate, as explained in note 13(a)(viii).

 

For half year and full year 2015, risk-free rates of return and discount were based on a flat 15-year gilt rate at the end of the period.

 

The key economic assumptions are shown below for all periods, for half year 2016 the single risk discount rate is shown, along with the 15-year nominal rate of return based on the yield curve. For half and full year 2015 the long-term nominal rates of return are shown.


2016 %


2015* %


30 Jun


30 Jun

31 Dec

Shareholder-backed annuity business:





Risk discount rate:note (a)





 


New business

4.5


6.4

5.7


In-force business

4.2


7.1

7.4

Pre-tax expected 15-year / long-term nominal rates of investment return:note (b)






New business

3.4


3.4

3.5


In-force business

2.9


3.7

3.5

With-profits and other business:





Risk discount rate:






New business

4.6


5.9

5.6


In-force business

4.6


6.1

5.7

Pre-tax expected 15-year / long-term nominal rates of investment return:note (b)






Overseas equities

5.5 to 8.8


6.4 to 8.9

6.3 to 9.4


Property

4.3


5.3

5.2


15-year gilt rate

1.5


2.5

2.4


Corporate bonds

3.2


4.1

4.1

Expected 15-year / long-term rate of inflation

3.1


3.3

3.1

Equity risk premium

4.0


4.0

4.0

 

*        The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

 

Note

(a)   For shareholder-backed annuity business, the movements in the pre-tax long-term nominal rates of return and risk discount rates for new and in-force businesses reflect the effect of changes in asset yields (based on average yields for new business).

(b)   The table below shows the pattern of the UK risk-free Solvency II spot yield curve at the end of 30 June 2016:

 





30 Jun 2016 %



Year


1

5

10

15

20

Risk-free rate


0.4

0.5

0.9

1.1

1.1

 

 

Stochastic assumptions

Details are given below of the key characteristics of the models used to determine the time value of the financial options and guarantees as referred to in note 13(a)(iv).

 

(iv) Asia operations

 

-    The stochastic cost of guarantees is primarily of significance for the Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan operations.

-    The principal asset classes are government and corporate bonds.

-    The asset return models are similar to the models as described for UK insurance operations below.

-    The volatility of equity returns ranges from 18 per cent to 35 per cent, and the volatility of government bond yields ranges from 0.9 per cent to 2.3 per cent for all periods shown.

 

(v)   US operations (Jackson)

 

-    Interest rates and equity returns are projected using a log-normal generator reflecting historical market data.

-    Corporate bond returns are based on treasury yields plus a spread that reflects current market conditions.

-    The volatility of equity returns ranges from 18 per cent to 27 per cent for all periods shown, and the standard deviation of interest rates ranges from 2.3 per cent to 2.6 per cent (half year and full year 2015: from 2.2 per cent to 2.5 per cent).

 

(vi)  UK insurance operations

 

-    Interest rates are projected using a stochastic interest rate model calibrated to the current market yields.

-    Equity returns are assumed to follow a log-normal distribution.

-    The corporate bond return is calculated based on a risk-free return plus a mean-reverting spread.

-    Property returns are also modelled on a risk-free return plus a risk premium with a stochastic process reflecting total property returns.

-    The standard deviation of equities and property ranges from 15 per cent to 20 per cent for all periods shown.

 

Operating assumptions

 

Best estimate assumptions

Best estimate assumptions are used for the cash flow projections, where best estimate is defined as the mean of the distribution of future possible outcomes. The assumptions are reviewed actively and changes are made when evidence exists that material changes in future experience are reasonably certain.

 

Assumptions required in the calculation of the value of options and guarantees, for example relating to volatilities and correlations, or dynamic algorithms linking liabilities to assets, have been set equal to the best estimates and, wherever material and practical, reflect any dynamic relationships between the assumptions and the stochastic variables.

 

Demographic assumptions

Persistency, mortality and morbidity assumptions are based on an analysis of recent experience, but also reflect expected future experience. Where relevant, when calculating the time value of financial options and guarantees, policyholder withdrawal rates vary in line with the emerging investment conditions according to management's expectations.

 

Expense assumptions

Expense levels, including those of service companies that support the Group's long-term business operations, are based on internal expense analysis investigations and are appropriately allocated to acquisition of new business and renewal of in-force business. Exceptional expenses are identified and reported separately. For mature business, it is Prudential's policy not to take credit for future cost reduction programmes until the savings have been delivered. For businesses which are currently sub-scale (China, Malaysia Takaful and Taiwan), expense overruns are reported where these are expected to be short-lived.

 

For Asia operations, the expenses comprise costs borne directly and recharged costs from the Asia regional head office, that are attributable to covered business. The assumed future expenses for these operations also include projections of these future recharges. Development expenses are charged as incurred.

 

Corporate expenditure, which is included in other income and expenditure, comprises:

-    expenditure for Group head office, to the extent not allocated to the PAC with-profits funds, together with Solvency II implementation and restructuring costs, which are charged to the EEV basis results as incurred; and

-    expenditure of the Asia regional head office that is not allocated to the covered business or asset management operations which is charged as incurred. These costs are primarily for corporate related activities and are included within corporate expenditure.

 

Tax rates

The assumed long-term effective tax rates for operations reflect the incidence of taxable profits and losses in the projected cash flows as explained in note 13(a)(x).

 

The local standard corporate tax rates applicable for the most significant operations for 2015 and half year 2016 are as follows:

 

Standard corporate tax rates


%

Asia operations:



Hong Kong

 

16.5 per cent on 5 per cent of premium income

Indonesia


25.0

        Malaysia 


2015: 25.0; from 2016: 24.0

Singapore


17.0

US operations


35.0

UK operations*


2015: 20.0; from 2017: 19.0; from 2020: 18.0

 

 *      The sensitivity of the embedded value as at 30 June 2016 to the effect of the future reduction in the UK corporate tax rate announced in March 2016 is shown in note 12(b).

 

15 Total insurance and investment products new businessnote (i)

 


Single


Regular


Annual premium and contribution equivalents (APE)


 Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP)














note 13(a)(ii)


note 13(a)(ii)


2016 £m


2015 £m


2016 £m


2015 £m


2016 £m


2015 £m


2016 £m


2015* £m


Half year


Half

year


Full

year


Half year


Half year


Full

year


Half year


Half year


Full

year


Half year


Half year


Full

year

Insurance operations
























Asia

1,045


1,241


2,120


1,551


1,242


2,641


1,655


1,366


2,853


8,955


7,340


15,208

US

7,816


8,574


17,286


-


-


-


782


857


1,729


7,816


8,574


17,286

UK retail**

4,936


3,022


6,955


99


91


179


593


393


874


5,267


3,355


7,561

Group total excluding bulk annuities

13,797


12,837


26,361


1,650


1,333


2,820


3,030


2,616


5,456


22,038


19,269


40,055

UK bulk annuities**

-


1,169


1,508


-


-


-


-


117


151


-


1,169


1,508

Group Total

13,797


14,006


27,869


1,650


1,333


2,820


3,030


2,733


5,607


22,038


20,438


41,563

























Asia insurance operations
























Cambodia

 -  


-


-


6


3


8


6


3


8


30


17


38

Hong Kong

506


242


546


817


495


1,158


868


519


1,213


5,045


3,015


7,007

Indonesia

84


147


230


117


168


303


125


183


326


486


762


1,224

Malaysia

52


53


100


104


100


201


109


105


211


630


630


1,208

Philippines

36


79


146


26


21


44


30


29


59


118


146


287

Singapore

174


276


454


125


125


264


142


153


309


1,063


1,097


2,230

Thailand

36


34


69


39


45


88


43


48


95


197


207


422

Vietnam

3


3


6


44


34


82


44


34


83


182


140


343

SE Asia operations

    including Hong Kong

891


834


1,551


1,278


991


2,148


1,367


1,074


2,304


7,751


6,014


12,759

Chinanote (ii)

74


259


308


102


63


111


109


89


142


452


487


739

Korea

42


102


182


46


64


123


50


74


141


276


398


780

Taiwan

14


27


45


55


58


127


56


61


131


205


209


442

Indianote (iii)

24


19


34


70


66


132


73


68


135


271


232


488

Total Asia insurance

    operations

1,045


1,241


2,120


1,551


1,242


2,641


1,655


1,366


2,853


8,955


7,340


15,208

US insurance operations
























Variable annuities

4,995


6,065


11,977


  -   


-


-


500


606


1,198


4,995


6,065


11,977

Elite Access

    (variable annuity)

990


1,656


3,144


  -   


-


-


99


166


314


990


1,656


3,144

Fixed annuities

285


233


477


  -   


-


-


28


23


48


285


233


477

Fixed index annuities

277


210


458


  -   


-


-


28


21


46


277


210


458

Wholesale

1,269


410


1,230


  -   


-


-


127


41


123


1,269


410


1,230

Total US insurance

    operations

7,816


8,574


17,286


-


-


-


782


857


1,729


7,816


8,574


17,286

UK and Europe insurance

    operations
























Individual annuities

327


279


565


  -   


-


-


33


28


57


327


279


565

Bonds

1,956


1,558


3,327


  -   


-


-


196


156


333


1,957


1,559


3,328

Corporate pensions

60


51


175


68


71


135


74


76


152


258


300


600

Individual pensions

1,137


480


1,185


21


14


32


134


62


150


1,212


536


1,295

Income drawdown

808


386


1,024


  -   


-


-


81


39


102


808


386


1,024

Other products

648


268


679


10


6


12


75


32


80


705


295


749

Total Retail

4,936


3,022


6,955


99


91


179


593


393


874


5,267


3,355


7,561

Bulk annuities

 -  


1,169


1,508


-


-


-


-


117


151


-


1,169


1,508

Total UK and Europe

    insurance operations

4,936


4,191


8,463


99


91


179


593


510


1,025


5,267


4,524


9,069

Group Total

13,797


14,006


27,869


1,650


1,333


2,820


3,030


2,733


5,607


22,038


20,438


41,563

























Group total excluding UK bulk annuities

13,797


12,837


26,361


1,650


1,333


2,820


3,030


2,616


5,456


22,038


19,269


40,055

 

*       For half year 2016, the risk discount rates used to calculate PVNBP for UK insurance operations are on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective on 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details).

**     Following Prudential's withdrawal from the UK bulk annuity market, the 2015 comparative results for UK bulk annuities new business have been presented separately.







Investment products - funds under managementnotes (iv), (v), (vi)







Half year 2016 £m


1 January 2016

Market

gross

inflows

Redemptions

Market exchange translation and other movements

30 Jun 2016

Eastspring Investments

30,281

6,163

(6,575)

2,859

32,728

M&G

126,405

9,731

(16,697)

10,217

129,656

Group Total

156,686

15,894

(23,272)

13,076

162,384








Half year 2015 £m


1 January 2015

Market

gross

inflows

Redemptions

Market exchange translation

and other movements

30 Jun 2015

Eastspring Investments

25,333

11,653

(7,092)

194

30,088

M&G

137,047

20,425

(22,800)

(1,272)

133,400

Group Total

162,380

32,078

(29,892)

(1,078)

163,488

 

Notes

(i)    The tables shown above are provided as an indicative volume measure of transactions undertaken in the reporting period that have the potential to generate profits for shareholders. The amounts shown are not, and not intended to be, reflective of premium income recorded in the IFRS income statement.

 

        The format of the tables shown above is consistent with the distinction between insurance and investment products as applied for previous financial reporting periods. With the exception of some US institutional business, products categorised as 'insurance' refer to those classified as contracts of long-term insurance business for regulatory reporting purposes, ie falling within one of the classes of insurance specified in Part II of schedule 1 to the Regulated Activities Order under PRA regulations.

 

        The details shown above for insurance products include contributions for contracts that are classified under IFRS 4 'Insurance Contracts' as not containing significant insurance risk. These products are described as investment contracts or other financial instruments under IFRS. Contracts included in this category are primarily certain unit-linked and similar contracts written in UK insurance operations and Guaranteed Investment Contracts and similar funding agreements written in US operations.

(ii)    New business in China is included at Prudential's 50 per cent interest in the China life operation.

(iii)   New business in India is included at Prudential's 26 per cent interest in the India life operation.

(iv)   Investment products referred to in the tables for fund under management above are unit trust, mutual funds and similar types of retail fund management arrangements. These are unrelated to insurance products that are classified as 'investment contracts' under IFRS 4, although similar IFRS recognition and measurement principles apply to the acquisition costs and fees attaching to this type of business.

(v)   Investment flows for the half year exclude Eastspring Money Market Funds gross inflows of £62,302 million (half year 2015: inflows of £45,072 million) and net inflows of £656 million (half year 2015: net inflows of £609 million).

(vi)   New business and market gross inflows and redemptions have been translated at an average exchange rate for the period applicable.  Funds under management at points in time are translated at the exchange rate applicable to those dates.

 

Additional EEV financial information*

 

A   New Business

 

BASIS OF PREPARATION

 

The format of the schedules is consistent with the distinction between insurance and investment products as applied for previous financial reporting periods. With the exception of some US institutional business, products categorised as 'insurance' refer to those classified as contracts of long-term insurance business for regulatory reporting purposes, ie falling within one of the classes of insurance specified in part II of Schedule 1 to the Regulated Activities Order under Prudential Regulation Authority regulations.

 

The details shown for insurance products include contributions for contracts that are classified under IFRS 4 'Insurance Contracts' as not containing significant insurance risk. These products are described as investment contracts or other financial instruments under IFRS. Contracts included in this category are primarily certain unit-linked and similar contracts written in UK Insurance Operations, and Guaranteed Investment Contracts and similar funding agreements written in US Operations.

 

New business premiums for regular premium products are shown on an annualised basis. Internal vesting business is classified as new business where the contracts include an open market option. New business premiums reflect those premiums attaching to covered business, including premiums for contracts designed as investment products for IFRS reporting.

 

Investment products referred to in the tables for funds under management are unit trusts, mutual funds and similar types of retail fund management arrangements. These are unrelated to insurance products that are classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4, as described in the preceding paragraph, although similar IFRS recognition and measurement principles apply to the acquisition costs and fees attaching to this type of business.

 

Post-tax New Business Profit has been determined using the European Embedded Value (EEV) methodology set out in our EEV basis results supplement. The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods.

 

In determining the EEV basis value of new business written in the period policies incept, premiums are included in projected cash flows on the same basis of distinguishing annual and single premium business as set out for statutory basis reporting.

 

Annual premium equivalent (APE) sales are subject to rounding.

 

Notes to Schedules A(i) to A(v)

 

(1)   Prudential plc reports its results using both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) so as to eliminate the impact of exchange translation.

 


Local currency: £


Half year 2016**

Half year 2015**

Half year 2016 vs half year 2015

appreciation (depreciation) of

local currency against GBP


China

Average Rate

9.37

9.48

1%



Closing Rate

8.88

9.75

9%


Hong Kong

Average Rate

11.13

11.81

6%



Closing Rate

10.37

12.19

15%


India

Average Rate

96.30

95.76

(1)%



Closing Rate

90.23

100.15

10%


Indonesia

Average Rate

19,222.95

19,760.02

3%



Closing Rate

17,662.47

20,968.02

16%


Malaysia

Average Rate

5.87

5.55

(6)%



Closing Rate

5.39

5.93

9%


Singapore

Average Rate

1.98

2.06

4%



Closing Rate

1.80

2.12

15%


Thailand

Average Rate

50.81

50.21

(1)%



Closing Rate

46.98

53.12

12%


US

Average Rate

1.43

1.52

6%



Closing Rate

1.34

1.57

15%


Vietnam

Average Rate

31,996.45

32,832.81

3%



Closing Rate

29,815.99

34,345.42

13%

**   Average rate is for the 6 month period to 30 June.

 

*       The additional financial information is not covered by the KPMG independent review opinion

 


 Local currency: £


Half year 2016**

Full year 2015

Half year 2016 vs Full year 2015  appreciation (depreciation) of local currency against GBP


Average Rate

9.37

9.61

2%


Closing Rate

8.88

9.57

7%


Average Rate

11.13

11.85

6%


Closing Rate

10.37

11.42

9%


Average Rate

96.30

98.08

2%


Closing Rate

90.23

97.51

7%


Average Rate

19,222.95

20,476.93

6%


Closing Rate

17,662.47

20,317.71

13%


Average Rate

5.87

5.97

2%


Closing Rate

5.39

6.33

15%


Average Rate

1.98

2.10

6%


Closing Rate

1.80

2.09

14%


Average Rate

50.81

52.38

3%


Closing Rate

46.98

53.04

11%


Average Rate

1.43

1.53

6%


Closing Rate

1.34

1.47

9%


Average Rate

31,996.45

33,509.21

5%


Closing Rate

29,815.99

33,140.64

10%

**    Average rate is for the 6 month period to 30 June.

 

(1a)  Insurance new business for overseas operations are converted using the year-to-date average exchange rate applicable at the time (AER). The sterling results for the individual second half period in 2015 represent the difference between the year-to-date reported sterling results at the 2015 year end and the results for the first half year of 2015. The second half 2015 results therefore include foreign exchange movements from the first half period.

(1b)  Insurance new business for overseas operations for 2015 has been calculated using constant exchange rates (CER).

(2)    Annual Equivalents, calculated as regular new business contributions plus 10 per cent of single new business contributions, are subject to rounding. Present value of new business premiums (PVNBPs) are calculated as equalling single premiums plus the present value of expected premiums of new regular premium business. In determining the present value, allowance is made for lapses and other assumptions applied in determining the EEV new business profit. For half year 2016, the risk discount rates used to calculate PVNBP for UK insurance operations are on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective on 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods.

(3)    Balance includes segregated and pooled pension funds, private finance assets and other institutional clients. Other movements reflect the net flows arising from the cash component of a tactical asset allocation fund managed by PPM South Africa.

(4)    New business in India is included at Prudential's 26 per cent interest in the India life operation. 

(5)    Balance Sheet figures have been calculated at the closing exchange rate.

(6)    New business in China is included at Prudential's 50 per cent interest in the China life operation. 

(7)    Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) product sales in Hong Kong are included at Prudential's 36 per cent interest in Hong Kong MPF operation.

(8)    Investment flows for the period exclude year-to-date Eastspring Money Market Funds (MMF) gross inflows of £62,302 million (half year 2015: £45,072 million; full year 2015: £89,553 million) and net inflows of £656 million (half year 2015: net inflows £609 million; full year 2015: net inflows £1,066 million).

(9)    Total Group Investment Operations funds under management exclude MMF funds under management of £7,421 million at 30 June 2016 (30 June 2015: £5,428 million; 31 December 2015: £6,006 million).

(10)  The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods.

(11)  Following Prudential's withdrawal from the UK bulk annuity market, the 2015 comparative results for UK bulk annuities new business have been presented separately.

 

Schedule A(i) - New Business Insurance Operations (Actual Exchange Rates)

















Single

Regular

Annual Equivalents(2)

PVNBP(2)



2016

2015


2016

2015


2016

2015


2016

2015




Half year

Half year

+/- (%)

Half year

Half year

+/- (%)

Half year

Half year

+/- (%)

Half year

Half year

+/- (%)



£m

£m


£m

£m


£m

£m


£m

£m


Group Insurance Operations














Asia (1a)


1,045

1,241

(16)%

1,551

1,242

25%

1,655

1,366

21%

8,955

7,340

22%

US(1a)


7,816

8,574

(9)%

-

-

N/A

782

857

(9)%

7,816

8,574

(9)%

UK retail(11)


4,936

3,022

63%

99

91

9%

593

393

51%

5,267

3,355

57%

Group total excluding UK bulk annuities


13,797

12,837

7%

1,650

1,333

24%

3,030

2,616

16%

22,038

19,269

14%

UK bulk annuities(11)


-

1,169

N/A

-

-

N/A

-

117

N/A

-

1,169

N/A

Group Total


13,797

14,006

(1)%

1,650

1,333

24%

3,030

2,733

11%

22,038

20,438

8%















Asia Insurance Operations(1a)














Cambodia


-

-

N/A

6

3

100%

6

3

100%

30

17

76%

Hong Kong


506

242

109%

817

495

65%

868

519

67%

5,045

3,015

67%

Indonesia


84

147

(43)%

117

168

(30)%

125

183

(32)%

486

762

(36)%

Malaysia


52

53

(2)%

104

100

4%

109

105

4%

630

630

-

Philippines


36

79

(54)%

26

21

24%

30

29

3%

118

146

(19)%

Singapore


174

276

(37)%

125

125

-

142

153

(7)%

1,063

1,097

(3)%

Thailand


36

34

6%

39

45

(13)%

43

48

(10)%

197

207

(5)%

Vietnam


3

3

-

44

34

29%

44

34

29%

182

140

30%

SE Asia Operations


891

834

7%

1,278

991

29%

1,367

1,074

27%

7,751

6,014

29%

 inc. Hong Kong














China(6)


74

259

(71)%

102

63

62%

109

89

22%

452

487

(7)%

Korea


42

102

(59)%

46

64

(28)%

50

74

(32)%

276

398

(31)%

Taiwan


14

27

(48)%

55

58

(5)%

56

61

(8)%

205

209

(2)%

India(4)


24

19

26%

70

66

6%

73

68

7%

271

232

17%

Total Asia Insurance Operations


1,045

1,241

(16)%

1,551

1,242

25%

1,655

1,366

21%

8,955

7,340

22%















US Insurance Operations(1a)














Variable annuities


4,995

6,065

(18)%

-

-

N/A

500

606

(17)%

4,995

6,065

(18)%

Elite Access (variable annuity)


990

1,656

(40)%

-

-

N/A

99

166

(40)%

990

1,656

(40)%

Fixed annuities


285

233

22%

-

-

N/A

28

23

22%

285

233

22%

Fixed index annuities


277

210

32%

-

-

N/A

28

21

33%

277

210

32%

Wholesale


1,269

410

210%

-

-

N/A

127

41

210%

1,269

410

210%

Total US Insurance Operations


7,816

8,574

(9)%

-

-

N/A

782

857

(9)%

7,816

8,574

(9)%















UK & Europe Insurance Operations














Individual annuities


327

279

17%

 -  

 -  

N/A

33

28

18%

327

279

17%

Bonds


1,956

1,558

26%

 -  

 -  

N/A

196

156

26%

1,957

1,559

26%

Corporate pensions


60

51

18%

68

71

(4%)

74

76

(3)%

258

300

(14)%

Individual pensions


1,137

480

137%

21

14

50%

134

62

116%

1,212

536

126%

Income drawdown


808

386

109%

 -  

 -  

N/A

81

39

108%

808

386

109%

Other products


648

268

142%

10

6

67%

75

32

134%

705

295

139%

Total UK Retail


4,936

3,022

63%

99

91

9%

593

393

51%

5,267

3,355

57%

UK bulk annuities


 -  

1,169

N/A

 -  

 -  

N/A

 -  

117

N/A

 -  

1,169

N/A

Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations


4,936

4,191

18%

99

91

9%

593

510

16%

5,267

4,524

16%

Group Total


13,797

14,006

(1)%

1,650

1,333

24%

3,030

2,733

11%

22,038

20,438

8%















Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(11)


13,797

12,837

7%

1,650

1,333

24%

3,030

2,616

16%

22,038

19,269

14%

 

Schedule A(ii) - New Business Insurance Operations (Constant Exchange Rates)

 

Note:    In schedule A(ii) constant exchange rates have been used to calculate insurance new business for overseas operations for 2015.

















Single


Regular

Annual Equivalents(2)


PVNBP(2)


2016

2015



2016

2015


2016

2015



2016

2015



Half year

Half year

+/- (%)


Half year

Half year

+/- (%)

Half year

Half year

+/- (%)


Half year

Half year

+/- (%)


£m

£m



£m

£m


£m

£m



£m

£m


Group Insurance Operations















Asia (1a) (1b)

1,045

1,270

(18)%


1,551

1,277

21%

1,655

1,404

18%


8,955

7,560

18%

US(1a) (1b)

7,816

9,117

(14)%


-

-

N/A

782

912

(14)%


7,816

9,117

(14)%

UK retail(11)

4,936

3,022

63%


99

91

9%

593

393

51%


5,267

3,355

57%

Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(11)

13,797

13,409

3%


1,650

1,368

21%

3,030

2,709

12%


22,038

20,032

10%

UK bulk annuities

-

1,169

N/A


-

-

N/A

-

117

N/A


-

1,169

N/A

Group Total

13,797

14,578

(5)%


1,650

1,368

21%

3,030

2,826

7%


22,038

21,201

4%
















Asia Insurance Operations(1a) (1b)















Cambodia

 -  

 -  

N/A


6

4

50%

6

3

100%


30

18

67%

Hong Kong

506

256

98%


817

524

56%

868

550

58%


5,045

3,200

58%

Indonesia

84

151

(44)%


117

172

(32)%

125

187

(33)%


486

783

(38)%

Malaysia

52

50

4%


104

94

11%

109

99

10%


630

595

6%

Philippines

36

80

(55)%


26

21

24%

30

29

3%


118

147

(20)%

Singapore

174

288

(40)%


125

130

(4)%

142

159

(11)%


1,063

1,140

(7)%

Thailand

36

33

9%


39

45

(13)%

43

49

(12)%


197

205

(4)%

Vietnam

3

3

0%


44

35

26%

44

35

26%


182

144

26%

SE Asia Operations

891

861

3%


1,278

1,025

25%

1,367

1,111

23%


7,751

6,232

24%

inc. Hong Kong















China(6)

74

262

(72)%


102

64

59%

109

90

21%


452

493

(8)%

Korea

42

101

(58)%


46

63

(27)%

50

73

(32)%


276

394

(30)%

Taiwan

14

27

(48)%


55

59

(7)%

56

62

(10)%


205

211

(3)%

India(4)

24

19

26%


70

66

6%

73

68

7%


271

230

18%

Total Asia Insurance Operations

1,045

1,270

(18)%


1,551

1,277

21%

1,655

1,404

18%


8,955

7,560

18%
















US Insurance Operations(1a) (1b)















Variable annuities

4,995

6,449

(23)%


 -  

 -  

N/A

500

645

(22)%


4,995

6,449

(23)%

Elite Access (variable annuity)

990

1,761

(44)%


 -  

 -  

N/A

99

176

(44)%


990

1,761

(44)%

Fixed annuities

285

248

15%


 -  

 -  

N/A

28

25

12%


285

248

15%

Fixed index annuities

277

223

24%


 -  

 -  

N/A

28

22

27%


277

223

24%

Wholesale

1,269

436

191%


 -  

 -  

N/A

127

44

189%


1,269

436

191%

Total US Insurance Operations

7,816

9,117

(14)%


-

-

N/A

782

912

(14)%


7,816

9,117

(14)%
















UK & Europe Insurance Operations















Individual annuities

327

279

17%


 -  

 -  

N/A

33

28

18%


327

279

17%

Bonds

1,956

1,558

26%


 -  

 -  

N/A

196

156

26%


1,957

1,559

26%

Corporate pensions

60

51

18%


68

71

(4)%

74

76

(3)%


258

300

(14)%

Individual pensions

1,137

480

137%


21

14

50%

134

62

116%


1,212

536

126%

Income drawdown

808

386

109%


 -  

 -  

N/A

81

39

108%


808

386

109%

Other products

648

268

142%


10

6

67%

75

32

134%


705

295

139%

Total UK Retail

4,936

3,022

63%


99

91

9%

593

393

51%


5,267

3,355

57%

UK bulk annuities

 -  

1,169

N/A


 -  

 -  

N/A

 -  

117

N/A


 -  

1,169

N/A

Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations

4,936

4,191

18%


99

91

9%

593

510

16%


5,267

4,524

16%

Group Total

13,797

14,578

(5)%


1,650

1,368

21%

3,030

2,826

7%


22,038

21,201

4%
















Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(11)

13,797

13,409

3%


1,650

1,368

21%

3,030

2,709

12%


22,038

20,032

10%

 

Schedule A(iii) - Total Insurance New Business APE (Actual and Constant Exchange Rates)

 

Note: In schedule A(iii) amounts for the first half (H1) and second half (H2) of 2015 are presented on both actual exchange rate and constant exchange rate. The half year 2016 amounts are presented on actual exchange rate.

 


2015


2016


Actual exchange rates

Constant exchange rates


Actual exchange rates


H1

H2

H1

H2


H1


£m

£m

£m

£m


£m

Group Insurance Operations







Asia (1a)

1,366

1,487

1,404

1,594


1,655

US(1a)

857

872

912

932


782

UK retail(11)

393

481

393

481


593

Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(11)

2,616

2,840

2,709

3,007


3,030

UK bulk annuities

117

34

117

34


-

Group Total

2,733

2,874

2,826

3,041


3,030








Asia Insurance Operations(1a)







Cambodia

3

5

3

4


6

Hong Kong

519

694

550

741


868

Indonesia

183

143

187

161


125

Malaysia

105

106

99

116


109

Philippines

29

30

29

32


30

Singapore

153

156

159

169


142

Thailand

48

47

49

49


43

Vietnam

34

49

35

52


44

SE Asia Operations inc. Hong Kong

1,074

1,230

1,111

1,324


1,367

China(6)

89

53

90

56


109

Korea

74

67

73

71


50

Taiwan

61

70

62

74


56

India(4)

68

67

68

69


73

Total Asia Insurance Operations

1,366

1,487

1,404

1,594


1,655








US Insurance Operations(1a)







Variable annuities

606

592

645

632


500

Elite Access (variable annuity)

166

148

176

159


99

Fixed annuities

23

25

25

26


28

Fixed index annuities

21

25

22

27


28

Wholesale

41

82

44

88


127

Total US Insurance Operations

857

872

912

932


782








UK & Europe Insurance Operations







Individual annuities

28

29

28

29


33

Bonds

156

177

156

177


196

Corporate pensions

76

76

76

76


74

Individual pensions

62

88

62

88


134

Income drawdown

39

63

39

63


81

Other products

32

48

32

48


75

Total UK Retail

393

481

393

481


593

UK bulk annuities

117

34

117

34


-

Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations

510

515

510

515


593

Group Total

2,733

2,874

2,826

3,041


3,030

Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(11)

2,616

2,840

2,709

3,007


3,030

 

Schedule A(iv) - Investment Operations (Actual Exchange Rates)










2015


2016




H1

H2


H1




£m

£m


£m


Group Investment Operations







Opening FUM


162,380

163,488


156,686


Net Flows:(8)


2,186

(3,223)


(7,378)


 - Gross Inflows


32,078

22,392


15,894


 - Redemptions


(29,892)

(25,615)


(23,272)


Other Movements


(1,078)

(3,579)


13,076


Total Group Investment Operations(10)


163,488

156,686


162,384









M&G







Retail







Opening FUM


74,289

69,158


60,801


Net Flows:


(3,418)

(7,440)


(6,122)


 - Gross Inflows


14,264

6,836


6,160


 - Redemptions


(17,682)

(14,276)


(12,282)


Other Movements


(1,713)

(917)


4,538


Closing FUM


69,158

60,801


59,217









Comprising amounts for:







   UK


38,701

35,738


34,308


   Europe (excluding UK)


28,726

23,524


23,020


   South Africa


1,731

1,539


1,889




69,158

60,801


59,217









Institutional(3)







Opening FUM


62,758

64,242


65,604


Net Flows:


1,043

2,807


(844)


 - Gross Inflows


6,161

6,365


3,571


 - Redemptions


(5,118)

(3,558)


(4,415)


Other Movements


441

(1,445)


5,679


Closing FUM


64,242

65,604


70,439









Total M&G Investment Operations


133,400

126,405


129,656









PPM South Africa FUM included in Total M&G


5,108

4,365


5,354









Eastspring - excluding MMF(8)







Third Party Retail(7)







Opening FUM


21,893

26,017


25,541


Net Flows:


4,235

616


(787)


 - Gross Inflows


11,089

8,165


5,650


 - Redemptions


(6,854)

(7,549)


(6,437)


Other Movements


(111)

(1,092)


2,401


Closing FUM(5)


26,017

25,541


27,155









Third Party Institutional Mandates







Opening FUM


3,440

4,071


4,740


Net Flows:


326

794


375


 - Gross Inflows


564

1,026


513


 - Redemptions


(238)

(232)


(138)


Other Movements


305

(125)


458


Closing FUM(5)


4,071

4,740


5,573









Total Eastspring Investment Operations


30,088

30,281


32,728









US







Curian - FUM(5) (9)


8,078

1,891


-


 

Schedule A(v) - Total Insurance New Business Profit (Actual and Constant Exchange Rates)

 

Note: In schedule A(v) amounts for half year (HY) and full year (FY) 2015 are presented on both actual exchange rates and constant exchange rates basis. The half year 2016 amounts are presented on actual exchange rates.

 


2015


2016



Actual exchange rates

Constant exchange rates


Actual exchange rates



HY

FY

HY

FY


HY



£m

£m

£m

£m


£m










New Business Profit(1a) (b)








Total Asia Insurance Operations

664

1,490

688

1,576


824


Total US Insurance Operations

371

809

394

863


311


Total UK retail(10) (11)

80

201

80

201


125


Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(10) (11)

1,115

2,500

1,162

2,640


1,260


UK bulk annuities

75

117

75

117


-


Group Total

1,190

2,617

1,237

2,757


1,260










Annual Equivalent(1a) (b) (2)








Total Asia Insurance Operations

1,366

2,853

1,404

2,998


1,655


Total US Insurance Operations

857

1,729

912

1,844


782


Total UK retail(11)

393

874

393

874


593


Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(11)

2,616

5,456

2,709

5,716


3,030


UK bulk annuities

117

151

117

151


-


Group Total

2,733

5,607

2,826

5,867


3,030










New Business Margin (NBP as % of APE)








Total Asia Insurance Operations

49%

52%

49%

53%


50%


Total US Insurance Operations

43%

47%

43%

47%


40%


Total UK retail(10) (11)

20%

23%

20%

23%


21%


Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(10) (11)

43%

46%

43%

46%


42%


UK bulk annuities

64%

77%

64%

77%


-


Group Total

44%

47%

44%

47%


42%










PVNBP(1a) (b) (2)








Total Asia Insurance Operations

7,340

15,208

7,560

16,002


8,955


Total US Insurance Operations

8,574

17,286

9,117

18,437


7,816


Total UK retail(10) (11)

3,355

7,561

3,355

7,561


5,267


Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(10) (11)

19,269

40,055

20,032

42,000


22,038


UK bulk annuities

1,169

1,508

1,169

1,508


-


Group Total

20,438

41,563

21,201

43,508


22,038










New Business Margin (NBP as % of PVNBP)








Total Asia Insurance Operations

9.0%

9.8%

9.1%

9.8%


9.2%


Total US Insurance Operations

4.3%

4.7%

4.3%

4.7%


4.0%


Total UK retail(10) (11)

2.4%

2.7%

2.4%

2.7%


2.4%


Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(10) (11)

5.8%

6.2%

5.8%

6.3%


5.7%


UK bulk annuities

6.4%

7.8%

6.4%

7.8%


-


Group Total

5.8%

6.3%

5.8%

6.3%


5.7%


 

B Foreign currency source of key metrics

 

The tables below show the Group's key free surplus, IFRS and EEV metrics analysis by contribution by currency group:

 

Free surplus and IFRS half year 2016 results




 

Underlying free surplus generated for total insurance and asset management operations

Pre-tax

operating profit

Shareholders'

funds


%

%

%


note (2)

notes (2),(3),(4)

notes (2),(3),(4)

US$ linkednote(1)

15

19

18

Other Asia currencies

11

17

18

Total Asia

26

36

36

UK sterlingnotes (3),(4)

44

21

42

US$ note (4)

30

43

22

Total

100

100

100

 

EEV half year 2016 results





 Post-tax new

business profits

Post-tax

operating profit

Shareholders'

funds


%

%

%



notes (2),(3),(4)

notes (2),(3),(4)

US$ linkednote (1)

54

42

34

Other Asia currencies

11

14

14

Total Asia

65

56

48

UK sterlingnotes (3),(4)

10

14

22

US$note (4)

25

30

30

Total

100

100

100

 

Notes

(1)  US$ linked comprising the Hong Kong and Vietnam operations where the currencies are pegged to the US dollar and the Malaysia and Singapore operations where the currencies are managed against a basket of currencies including the US dollar.

(2)           Includes long-term, asset management business and other businesses.

(3)           For operating profit and shareholders' funds, UK sterling includes amounts in respect of central operations as well as UK insurance operations and M&G.

(4)           For shareholders' funds, the US$ grouping includes US$ denominated core structural borrowings. Sterling operating profits include all interest payable as sterling denominated, reflecting interest rate currency swaps in place.

 

C Reconciliation between IFRS and EEV shareholders' funds

 

The table below shows the reconciliation of EEV shareholders' funds and IFRS shareholders' funds at the end of the period:

 


2016 £m


2015 £m


30 June


30 June

31 Dec

EEV shareholders' funds

34,981


30,074

32,359

Less: Value of in-force business of long-term businessnote (a)

(21,785)


(21,003)

(22,431)

Deferred acquisition costs assigned zero value for EEV purposes

8,068


6,003

7,010

Othernote (b), (c)

(6,659)


(2,970)

(3,983)

IFRS shareholders' funds

14,605


12,104

12,955

 

Notes

(a)  The EEV shareholders' funds comprises the present value of the shareholders' interest in the value in-force business, net worth of long-term business operations and IFRS shareholders' funds of asset management and other operations. The value of in-force business reflects the present value of future shareholder cash flows from long-term in-force business which are not captured as shareholders' interest on an IFRS basis. Net worth represents the net assets for EEV reporting purposes that reflect the regulatory basis position, sometimes with adjustments to achieve consistency with the IFRS treatment of certain items.

(b)  Other adjustments represent asset and liability valuation differences between IFRS and the local regulatory reporting basis used to value net worth for long-term insurance operations. It also includes the mark to market of the Group's core borrowings which are fair valued under EEV but not IFRS. The most significant valuation differences relate to changes in the valuation of insurance liabilities. For example, in Jackson where IFRS liabilities are higher than the local regulatory basis as they are principally based on policyholder account balances (with a deferred acquisition costs recognised as an asset) whereas the local regulatory basis used for EEV is based on future cash flows due to the policyholder on a prudent basis with consideration of an expense allowance as applicable, but with no separate deferred acquisition cost asset.

(c)  The half year 2016 EEV results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime, effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 EEV results for UK insurance operations were prepared on a basis reflecting the Solvency I regime. As noted in (b) above, "other adjustments" represent asset and liability valuation differences between IFRS and the local regulatory basis used to value net worth for long-term insurance operations. At 30 June 2016 for the UK this would be the difference between IFRS and Solvency II, and at 30 June 2015 and 31 December 2015 the difference between IFRS and Solvency I.

 

D Reconciliation of APE new business sales to earned premiums

 

The Group reports annual premium equivalent (APE) new business sales as a measure of the new policies sold in the period. This differs to the IFRS measure of premiums earned as shown below:

 


2016 £m


2015 £m


30 June


30 June

31 Dec

Annual premium equivalents (APE) as published

3,030


2,733

5,607

Adjustment to include 100% of single premiums on new business sold in the periodnote (a)

12,417


12,606

25,082

Premiums from in-force business and other adjustmentsnote (b)

2,891


3,067

5,974

Gross premiums earned

18,338


18,406

36,663

Outward reinsurance premiums

(944)


(522)

(1,157)

Earned premiums, net of reinsurance as shown in the IFRS financial statements

17,394


17,884

35,506

 

Notes

(a)  APE new business sales only include one tenth of single premiums, recorded on policies sold in the period. Gross premiums earned include 100 per cent of such premiums.

(b)  Other adjustments principally include amounts in respect of the following:

-     Gross premiums earned includes premiums from existing in-force business as well as new business. The most significant amount is recorded in Asia, where a significant portion of regular premium business is written. Asia in-force premiums form the vast majority of the other adjustment amount;

-     APE includes new policies written in the period which are classified as investment contracts without discretionary participation features under IFRS 4, arising mainly in Jackson for guaranteed investment contracts and in the UK for certain unit-linked savings and similar contracts. These are excluded from gross premiums earned and recorded as deposits;

-       APE new business sales are annualised while gross premiums earned are recorded only when revenues are due;

-       For the purpose of reporting APE new business sales, we include the Group's share of amounts sold by the Group's insurance joint ventures. Under IFRS, joint ventures are equity accounted and so no amounts are included within gross premiums earned.

 


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