IFRS Consolidated FS and Auditors’ Report 2023

The Board of Directors presents its report together with the audited consolidated financial statements
of ROS AGRO PLC (the "Company") and its subsidiaries (collectively the "Group") for the year ended
31 December 2023. The Group's consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") as adopted by International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB").

Principal activities

The principal activities of the Group are the agricultural production (cultivation of sugar beet, grain
and other agricultural crops), cultivation of pigs, processing of raw sugar and production of sugar
from sugar beet, vegetable oil production and processing.

Review of developments, position and performance of the Group's business

In 2023 revenue increased by RR 37,098,057 thousand or 15%. All segments except for Oil and Fat segment demonstrated an increase in revenue. The major contributor to the sales increase was the Agricultural segment where turnover was higher by RR 24,925,720 thousand or 78% comparing to the previous year. Revenue in the Sugar segment increased by 31%, in Meat segment increased by 11%. Revenue in Oil and Fat segment decreased by 18% comparing to the previous year. Consolidation of Nizhegorodskyi Maslozhirovoy Kombinat Group of companies (hereinafter - NMGK) contributed RR 31,201,619 thousand to Group's revenue.

In 2023 Adjusted EBITDA increased by RR 11,544,715 thousand or 26% with positive dynamics in all segments except for Oil and Fat. The highest increase demonstrated the Agricultural division (by RR 7,205,645 thousand or 74%) due to the increase in gross profits. Adjusted EBITDA in the Sugar division was higher by RR 3,476,151 thousand or 22%. Adjusted EBITDA in the Meat division doubled and reached RR 3,388,548 thousand. Adjusted EBITDA in the Oil and Fat segment decreased by 15%. Consolidation of NMGK contributed RR 5,191,417 thousand to Group's adjusted EBITDA.

In 2023 the Group investments in property, plant and equipment and inventories intended for construction amounted to RR 18,350,662 thousand on a cash basis. The Agricultural segment invested RR 8,380,912 thousand in acquisition of land, new agricultural machinery and equipment. Investments of RR 4,419,081 thousand were made in the Meat segment and were mainly related to pig farm construction in Primorsky Krai. Investments in the Oil and Fat division amounted to RR 3,227,142 thousand mainly related to purchases of machinery and equipment for production facilities renewal and maintenance. The Sugar segment invested RR 2,006,359 thousand in modernization of the sugar plants. Investments in property, plant and equipment and inventories intended for construction in NMGK amounted to RR 317,168 thousand.

Changes in the Group's structure

On 14 February 2023 LLC Vozrozhdenie was liquidated.

On 14 April 2023 the Group obtained 60.99% of ownership interest in JSC Astreya.

On 30 June 2023 the Group obtained 50% of ownership interest and control in Sethal Holdings Limited (Cyprus).

In September and October 2023 the Group obtained 100% of ownership interest in JSC Biotekhnologii (treated as an acquisition of assets).

For more details regarding the Group structure refer to Note 1 and Note 31 of the consolidated financial statements.

Principal risks and uncertainties

The Group's critical estimates and judgments and financial risk management are disclosed in Notes 2
and 32 to the consolidated financial statements. The Group's operating environment is disclosed
in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements.

The Group's contingencies are disclosed in Note 33 to the consolidated financial statements.

Future developments

In 2023 and beyond, the Group plans to continue modernization and expansion of its production and storage facilities in all business segments. The Group plans to make further developments in the Far East region in agricultural and meat businesses.

Results

The Group's results for the year are set out on page 2 of the consolidated financial statements.

Human resources management and environmental protection

The Group offers its employees opportunities to realize their professional potential, improve their knowledge and skills, work on interesting innovative projects and be part of a cohesive team. Group management believes that one of the keys to a successful business is maintaining a balance between the high quality and efficient work of all employees who share common values and principles on one hand, and the Company's commitment to providing opportunities for career growth on the other. Group business divisions annually prepare and implement employee training and development plans based on the business's strategic and current objectives, as well as needs identified by comprehensive assessment. Based on the results of a comprehensive assessment, every employee draws up an individual development plan for a period of one to two years that lists all training and development activities that are intended to advance the employee's skills or pass on the knowledge they have gained.

The Group is committed to protecting the environment and minimizing the environmental impact of its operations in regions where it has a presence. All of the Group's divisions constantly monitor wastewater runoff and air quality, and are equipped with treatment facilities that meet all the standards of applicable environmental legislation. The Group has implemented guidelines for maximum allowable emissions and guidelines for waste generation and established sanitary buffer zones for warehouses storing crop protection agents. The Group also returns packaging from crop protection agents and fertilizer to counterparties and performs soil deacidification efforts on farmland.

The composition and diversity information of the Board of Directors of the Group

The authority and responsibilities of the Board of Directors are described in the Internal Rules of the Board of Directors.

On behalf of all shareholders and on the proposal or advice of the Management Board, the Board of Directors lays down the strategy and general policy of the Group. It also sets the Group's standards and monitors the implementation of that strategy.

It controls and gives direction to the management of the company and the Group and provides monitoring of risks.

It also ensures that the principles of good governance are respected.

The Board's acts are guided solely by a concern for the interests of the Company in relation to its shareholders, its customers and staff.

The Board of Directors is the decision-making body of our Group. Its role is to define the Group's strategic vision, assisted by a specialized committee (the Audit Committee). It is composed of 4 Directors, including 2 independent Directors and 1 managing Director. The Board offers a diverse and synergistic range of experience, nationalities and cultures and enables us to consider the interests of all our shareholders.

The Board has determined that, as a whole, it has the appropriate skills and experience necessary to discharge its functions. Directors have the experience required to contribute meaningfully to the Board's deliberations and resolutions. Independent Directors assist the Board by constructively challenging and helping develop strategy proposals.

Dividends

Pursuant to its Articles of Association the Company may pay dividends out of its profits. In August 2013 the Board of Directors has approved a dividend policy with payout ratio of at least 25% of the Group's profit for the year applicable starting from the year ended 31 December 2013. On 13 September 2021 the Board of Directors has approved a new dividend policy with increased payout ratio to at least 50% of the Group's profit for the year. To the extent that the Company declares and pays dividends, owners of Global Depositary Receipts (hereafter also referred as "GDRs") on the relevant record date will be entitled to receive dividends payable in respect of Ordinary Shares underlying the GDRs, subject to the terms of the Deposit Agreement.

The Company is a holding company and thus its ability to pay dividends depends on the ability of its subsidiaries to pay dividends to the Company in accordance with the relevant legislation and contractual restrictions. The payment of such dividends by its subsidiaries is contingent upon the sufficiency of their earnings, cash flows and distributable reserves. The maximum dividend payable by the Company`s subsidiaries is restricted to the total accumulated retained earnings of the relevant subsidiary, determined according to the Russian law.

In 2023 the Company didn't distribute any dividends.

Share capital

There were no changes in the share capital of the Company during 2023 and 2022.

The role of the Board of Directors

The Company is governed by its Board of Directors (hereafter also referred as the "Board") which is collectively responsible to the shareholders for the successful performance of the Group.

The Board sets corporate strategic objectives, ensuring that the necessary financial and human resources are in place for the Group to meet its objectives and reviewing management performance.
The Board of Directors sets the Group's values and standards and ensures all obligations
to shareholders are understood and met. The Board believes it maintains a sound system of internal control to safeguard the Group's assets and shareholders' investments in the Group.

Significant direct/indirect holdings

For the significant direct and indirect shareholdings held by the Company, please refer to Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements.

Members of the Board of Directors

The members of the Board of Directors at 31 December 2023 and at the date of this report are shown in the beginning of these consolidated financial statements.

In accordance with the Company's Articles of Association, one third of the Directors shall retire by rotation and seek re-election at each Annual General Meeting.

The Company's Directors' remuneration is disclosed in Note 29. There were no any significant changes to the Directors' remuneration during the year ended 31 December 2023.

Directors' Interests

As at 31 December 2023 directors had no interest in the Company.

Audit Committee

The Board of Directors has established an Audit Committee. The Audit Committee is primarily responsible for (i) ensuring the integrity of our consolidated financial statements, (ii) ensuring our compliance with legal
and regulatory requirements, (iii) evaluating our internal control and risk management procedures, (iv) assuring the qualification and independence of our independent auditors and overseeing the audit process and (v) resolving matters arising during the course of audits and coordinating internal audit functions. The Audit Committee consists of three members appointed by the Board of Directors.
The current members are Ms. Axana Mansourian, Ms. Mariia Egorova and Mr. Alexey Smagin.

Internal control and risk management systems in relation to the financial reporting process

The internal control and risk management systems relating to financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The Audit Committee of the Board of directors of the Company reviews high-risk areas at least once a quarter. Reporting from various Group entities to the central office is supervised on an ongoing basis and procedures have been established for control and checking of such reporting. With each acquisition the Group seeks to adapt and incorporate the financial reporting system of the acquired operations quickly and efficiently.

Corporate Governance

Since 2011, the Company adopted the following codes: Code of Conduct on insider information and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. In addition, since May 2014 the Company together with its subsidiaries and affiliates adopted a new edition of the Codes for mandatory compliance by all employees. In 2017 the Company adopted a new Code of Conduct and Business Ethics.

Non-Financial Information

The Group publishes its non-financial information Statement together with the Annual report on the Company's website, www.rusagrogroup.ru.

Events after the reporting date

The material events after the reporting date are disclosed in Note 35 to the consolidated financial statements.

Branches

The Company operated through its branches in the United Arab Emirates and Hong Kong during the year.

Treasury shares

On 25 August 2011 the Board unanimously resolved that it is in the best interest of the Company to buy back GDRs from the market for the total amount of up to USD 10 million increased to up to USD 30 million via subsequent Board's decision on 17 July 2012.

At 31 December 2023 and 2022, the Company held 2,135,313 of its own GDRs (approximately 427,063 shares) that is equivalent to RR 490,607 thousand, representing 1.6% of its issued share capital. The GDRs are held as 'treasury shares'.

No GDRs were transferred to the employees under the share option incentive scheme during 2023 and 2022.

During 2023 and 2022 the Company did not buy back any of its own GDRs from the market.

Research and development activities

The Group launched research and development projects in the fields of IT, automation, and biotechnology for internal use that are presenting opportunities to reduce costs, improve product quality, and generate additional income.

By Order of the Board

___________________________

Axana Mansourian

Director of ROS AGRO PLC

Nicosia

1 March 2024

The Company's Board of Directors is responsible for the preparation of the consolidated financial statements that give a true and fair view in accordance with IFRS as adopted by IASB, and for such internal control as the Board of Directors determines is necessary to enable the preparation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. This responsibility includes selecting appropriate accounting policies and applying them consistently; and making accounting estimates and judgements that are reasonable in the circumstances.

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, the Board of Directors is also responsible for assessing the Company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the Board of Directors either intends to liquidate the Company or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so.

Those charged with governance are responsible for overseeing the Company's financial reporting process.

Each of the Directors confirms to the best of his or her knowledge that the consolidated financial statements, which are presented on pages 1 to 62, have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as adopted by IASB, give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and profit or loss of the Company.

Further, the Board of Directors confirms that, to the best of its knowledge:

(i) adequate accounting records have been maintained which disclose with reasonable accuracy the financial position of the Company and explain its transactions;

(ii) all information of which it is aware that is relevant to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements, such as accounting records and all other relevant records and documentation, has been made available to the Company's auditors;

(iii) the consolidated financial statements disclose the information required by IFRS as adopted by IASB in the manner so required; and

(iv) the Management Report has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Disclosure Rules as issued by the Financial Services Authority of United Kingdom have been entered into, and the information given therein is consistent with the consolidated financial statements.

By Order of the Board

___________________________

Axana Mansourian

Director of ROS AGRO PLC

Nicosia

1 March 2024

Independent Auditors' Report

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of ROS AGRO PLC

Opinion

We have audited the consolidated financial statements of ROS AGRO PLC (the "Company") and its subsidiaries (the "Group"), which comprise the consolidated statement of financial position as at 31 December 2023, the consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the year then ended, and notes, including material accounting policy information and other explanatory information.

In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Group as at 31 December 2023, and its consolidated financial performance and its consolidated cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).

Basis for Opinion

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (ISAs). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditors' Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements section of our report. We are independent of the Group in accordance with the independence requirements that are relevant to our audit of the consolidated financial statements in the Russian Federation and with the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (including International Independence Standards) (IESBA Code), and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with the requirements in the Russian Federation and the IESBA Code. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

Key Audit Matters

Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgment, were of most significance in our audit of the consolidated financial statements of the current period. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of the consolidated financial statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters.

Assessment of fair value of investment in LLC GK Agro-Belogorie
Please refer to the Note 11 in the consolidated financial statements.
The key audit matter	How the matter was addressed in our audit
At 31 December 2023, the carrying amount of investment in LLC GK Agro-Belogorie at fair value through other comprehensive income amounted to RUB 8,556,556 thousand. The fair value of this investment was measured using a discounted cash flow model based primarily on Level 3 inputs, involving significant management judgment. Given the significance of the amounts and the subjective nature of the valuation, we consider this to be a key audit matter.	We assessed the appropriateness of classifying the investment in LLC GK Agro-Belogorie as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income rather than as an investment in an associate by analysing respective shareholder rights and other indicators. We involved our own valuation specialists to assist us in evaluating the assumptions and methodologies used by the Group. Among others, our audit procedures included: - evaluating the principles and the integrity of the Group's discounted cash flow model; - a comparison by our valuation specialists of the Group's assumptions on projected EBITDA margins and discount rates to the market and industry trends using externally derived data as well as our own assessments; - assessing the historical accuracy of the Group's previous forecasts to support evaluation of forecasts incorporated in the discounted cash flow model. We also considered the adequacy of the Group's disclosures with regard to fair value measurement of this investment.

Acquisition of Nizhegorodskyi Maslozhirovoy Kombinat Group of companies (hereinafter - NMGK)
Please refer to the Note 26 in the consolidated financial statements.
The key audit matter	How the matter was addressed in our audit
On 28 June 2023 the Group acquired 50% of the shares and voting interests of NMGK group of companies (NMGK). The accounting for this transaction is complex and due to significant judgements and estimates that are required to identify and measure the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Due to the size and complexity of the acquisition, we considered this to be a key audit matter.	We assessed whether determination of a transaction as a business combination made by management is appropriate. We also assessed if acquisition method was appropriately applied by management. Our audit procedures in this area included, among others: · involving our own valuation specialists to support us in challenging the valuations produced by the Group and the methodology used to identify the assets and liabilities acquired; in particular: - the methodologies adopted and key assumptions used in valuing the tangible fixed assets by comparing them with quoted market prices for similar items when available, and depreciated replacement cost when appropriate; - the methodologies adopted and key assumptions used to determine the fair value of the trademarks, which considers the discounted estimated royalty payments that are expected to be avoided as a result of the trademarks being owned; · evaluating the adequacy of the financial statement disclosures, including disclosures of key assumptions, judgements and sensitivities.

Other Information

Management is responsible for the other information. The other information comprises the information included in the Annual report, but does not include the consolidated financial statements and our auditors' report thereon. The Annual report is expected to be made available to us after the date of this auditors' report.

Our opinion on the consolidated financial statements does not cover the other information and we will not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon.

In connection with our audit of the consolidated financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information identified above when it becomes available and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the consolidated financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated.

Responsibilities of Management and Audit Committee of the Board of Directors for the Consolidated Financial Statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS, and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is responsible for assessing the Group's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless management either intends to liquidate the Group or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so.

Audit Committee of the Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing the Group's financial reporting process.

Auditors' Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditors' report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these consolidated financial statements.

As part of an audit in accordance with ISAs, we exercise professional judgment and maintain professional scepticism throughout the audit. We also:

· Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control.

· Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Group's internal control.

· Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by management.

· Conclude on the appropriateness of management's use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Group's ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditors' report to the related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditors' report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Group to cease to continue as a going concern.

· Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the consolidated financial statements, including the disclosures, and whether the consolidated financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.

· Plan and perform the group audit to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the financial information of the entities or business units within the Group as a basis for forming an opinion on the group financial statements. We are responsible for the direction, supervision and review of the audit work performed for purposes of the group audit. We remain solely responsible for our audit opinion.

We communicate with Audit Committee of the Board of Directors regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit.

We also provide Audit Committee of the Board of Directors with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regarding independence, and communicate with them all relationships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, actions taken to eliminate threats or safeguards applied.

From the matters communicated with Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, we determine those matters that were of most significance in the audit of the consolidated financial statements of the current period and are therefore the key audit matters. We describe these matters in our auditors' report unless law or regulation precludes public disclosure about the matter or when, in extremely rare circumstances, we determine that a matter should not be communicated in our report because the adverse consequences of doing so would reasonably be expected to outweigh the public interest benefits of such communication.

The engagement partner on the audit resulting in this independent auditors' report is:

Valentina Vladimirovna Gnatovskaya

Principal registration number of the entry in the Register of Auditors and Audit Organizations No. 21906100181, acts on behalf of the audit organization based on the power of attorney No. 376/22 as of 1 July 2022

JSC "Kept"

Principal registration number of the entry in the Register of Auditors and Audit Organizations No. 12006020351

Moscow, Russia

1 March 2024

	Note	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	3	25,936,781	21,473,030
Short-term investments	4	2,288,852	91,382,536
Trade and other receivables	5	47,861,374	24,176,680
Prepayments	6	10,814,811	13,435,149
Current income tax receivable		132,186	832,423
Other taxes receivable	7	9,006,784	8,360,935
Inventories	8	93,863,345	68,886,207
Short-term biological assets	10	6,754,488	9,694,110
Other current assets	9	2,718,720	4,126,715
Total current assets		199,377,341	242,367,785

Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment	12	141,897,092	121,165,803
Inventories intended for construction	12	465,830	864,550
Right-of-use assets	13	6,392,885	6,916,539
Goodwill	27	3,840,150	2,364,942
Advances paid for property, plant and equipment	6	2,867,735	5,482,770
Long-term biological assets	10	2,736,644	3,240,959
Long-term investments	11	42,527,657	42,527,657
Investments in associates		562,323	455,916
Deferred income tax assets	28	2,532,975	5,964,527
Intangible assets	14	7,765,853	1,284,263
Other non-current assets		-	190,978
Total non-current assets		211,589,144	190,458,904
Total assets		410,966,485	432,826,689

Liabilities and EQUITY
Current liabilities
Short-term borrowings	16	68,034,977	172,351,514
Lease liabilities	13	1,098,135	863,452
Trade and other payables	17	39,452,813	17,024,472
Current income tax payable		555,913	76,061
Other taxes payable	18	5,458,529	8,149,780
Provisions for other liabilities and charges		123,212	137,542
Total current liabilities		114,723,579	198,602,821

Non-current liabilities
Long-term borrowings	16	59,498,119	61,038,393
Government grants	19	12,860,211	11,153,211
Lease liabilities	13	4,325,136	5,086,897
Deferred income tax liabilities	28	2,502,074	2,283,752
Total non-current liabilities		79,185,540	79,562,253
Total liabilities		193,909,119	278,165,074

EQUITY
Share capital	15	12,269	12,269
Treasury shares	15	(490,607)	(490,607)
Share premium	15	26,964,479	26,964,479
Share-based payment reserve	29	1,313,691	1,313,691
Fair value reserve		49,486	49,486
Retained earnings		173,344,692	126,843,525
Equity attributable to owners of ROS AGRO PLC		201,194,010	154,692,843
Non-controlling interest		15,863,356	(31,228)
Total equity		217,057,366	154,661,615
Total liabilities and equity		410,966,485	432,826,689

Approved for issue and signed on behalf of the Board of Directors on 1 March 2024.

___________________________________ ___________________________________

Axana Mansourian Sergei Koltunov

Director of ROS AGRO PLC Director of ROS AGRO PLC

	Note	Year ended 31 December 2023	Year ended 31 December 2022

Sales	20	277,328,308	240,230,251
Net gain/(loss) on revaluation of biological assets and agricultural produce	10	3,698,693	(8,542,435)
Cost of sales	21	(204,970,260)	(184,436,046)
Net loss from trading derivatives	31	(205)	-
Gross profit		76,056,536	47,251,770

Distribution and selling expenses	22	(20,379,110)	(16,851,961)
General and administrative expenses	23	(11,143,940)	(9,071,112)
Reversal of provision/provision for impairment of loans issued	16	7,983	(74,356)
Other operating income/(expenses), net	24	3,386,834	(2,194,559)
Operating profit		47,928,303	19,059,782

Interest expense	25	(7,172,633)	(7,865,190)
Interest income		10,322,249	9,397,651
Net gain from bonds held for trading		-	1,063
Other finance income/(costs), net	25	5,790,190	(12,187,973)
Profit before income tax		56,868,109	8,405,333

Income tax expense	28	(8,161,660)	(1,618,793)
Profit for the year		48,706,449	6,786,540

Total comprehensive income for the year		48,706,449	6,786,540

Profit is attributable to:
- Owners of ROS AGRO PLC		46,501,167	6,763,338
- Non-controlling interest		2,205,282	23,202
Profit for the year		48,706,449	6,786,540

Total comprehensive income is attributable to:
- Owners of ROS AGRO PLC		46,501,167	6,763,338
- Non-controlling interest		2,205,282	23,202
Total comprehensive income for the year		48,706,449	6,786,540

Earnings per ordinary share for profit attributable to the owners of ROS AGRO PLC, basic and diluted (in RR per share)	30	1,728.27	251.37

		Equity attributable to owners of ROS AGRO PLC
	Note	Share Capital	Treasury shares	Share premium	Share-based payment reserve	Fair value reserve*	Retained earnings*	Total	Non-controlling interest	Total equity
Balance at 1 January 2022		12,269	(490,607)	26,964,479	1,313,691	49,486	120,080,307	147,929,625	(54,430)	147,875,195
Total comprehensive income for the year		-	-	-	-	-	6,763,338	6,763,338	23,202	6,786,540
Profit for the year		-	-	-	-	-	6,763,338	6,763,338	23,202	6,786,540
Dividends to non-controlling interest shareholders		-	-	-	-	-	(120)	(120)	-	(120)
Balance at 31 December 2022		12,269	(490,607)	26,964,479	1,313,691	49,486	126,843,525	154,692,843	(31,228)	154,661,615
Balance at 1 January 2023		12,269	(490,607)	26,964,479	1,313,691	49,486	126,843,525	154,692,843	(31,228)	154,661,615
Total comprehensive income for the year		-	-	-	-	-	46,501,167	46,501,167	2,205,282	48,706,449
Profit for the year		-	-	-	-	-	46,501,167	46,501,167	2,205,282	48,706,449

Recognition of non-controlling interests on acquisition of subsidiaries	15	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	19,489,302	19,489,302
Other changes of Non-controlling interest		-	-	-	-	-	-	-	(5,800,000)	(5,800,000)
Balance at 31 December 2023		12,269	(490,607)	26,964,479	1,313,691	49,486	173,344,692	201,194,010	15,863,356	217,057,366

*Retained earnings and Fair value reserve in the separate financial statements of the Company are the only reserves that are available for distribution in the form of dividends.

	Note	Year ended 31 December 2023	Year ended 31 December 2022

Cash flows from operating activities
Profit before income tax		56,868,109	8,405,333
Adjustments for:
Depreciation and amortization	21, 22, 23	16,451,751	14,161,546
Interest expense	25	18,911,361	20,783,744
Reimbursement of interest expense (government grants)	24,25	(13,831,969)	(14,935,568)
Interest income		(10,322,249)	(9,397,651)
Net gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets	24	(170,144)	(340,308)
Net (gain)/loss on revaluation of biological assets and agricultural produce	10	(3,698,693)	8,542,435
(Reversal of provision)/provision for impairment of loans issued		(7,983)	74,356
Change in provision for net realizable value of inventory		1,203,415	657,857
Interest expense on leases	13	638,821	690,914
Change in provision for impairment of receivables and prepayments	5, 6	2,007,296	23,385
Foreign exchange (gain)/loss, net	24, 25	(9,775,893)	13,066,836
Lost harvest write-off	21	1,090,868	598,041
Change in provision for impairment of advances paid for property, plant and equipment		33,454	32,076
Change in other provisions		(14,330)	(357,167)
Gain on other investments	24	(2,009,374)	(397,362)
Loss/(gain) on disposal of other assets	24	18,768	(21,698)
Gain on SolPro loans redemption	24	(325,851)	(563,487)
Settlement of loans and accounts receivable previously written-off		(31,906)	-
Net gain from bonds held for trading		-	(1,063)
Other non-cash and non-operating expenses, net		167,233	51,701
Operating cash flows before working capital changes		57,202,685	41,073,920

Change in trade and other receivables and prepayments		(14,929,809)	(21,003,370)
Change in other taxes receivable		155,779	(39,742)
Change in inventories		(13,096,201)	(6,763,581)
Change in biological assets		5,672,714	(3,078,151)
Change in trade and other payables		23,606,148	1,414,887
Change in other taxes payable		(2,253,880)	993,307
Change in other current assets		3,046,663	(5,727,866)
Cash generated from operations		59,404,099	6,869,404

Income taxes paid		(6,074,116)	(2,446,340)
Net cash from operating activities		53,329,983	4,423,064

Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property, plant and equipment		(18,040,526)	(11,718,704)
Purchases of intangible assets		(807,252)	(925,855)
Purchases of land lease rights		(23,229)	(358,879)
Proceeds from sales of property, plant and equipment		712,005	486,542
Purchases of inventories intended for construction		(310,135)	(254,665)
Proceeds from cash withdrawals from deposits		162,979,157	18,000,000
Cash placed on bank deposits		(63,278,975)	(76,841,928)
Purchases of associates		(106,407)	(96,134)
Investments in subsidiaries, net of cash acquired	26	(6,625,627)	-
Proceeds from sales of bonds with maturity over three months		-	141,804
Purchases of loan issued	4	(10,854)	(24,866,023)
Loans repaid	4	740,000	15,504,119
Interest received		11,495,107	8,692,280
Dividends received		2,009,374	722,768
Other investing activities		376,894	178,281
Net cash from/(used in) investing activities		89,109,532	(71,336,394)

Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from borrowings	16	105,049,123	151,465,684
Repayment of borrowings	16	(244,195,528)	(93,010,994)
Interest and other finance cost paid	16	(6,095,409)	(7,028,058)
Proceeds from government grants		2,147,322	1,837,714
Repayment of lease liabilities-principal	16	(572,322)	(466,795)
Other financial activities		-	(119)
Net cash (used in)/from financing activities		(143,666,814)	52,797,432

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		5,691,050	(10,873,251)
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		4,463,751	(24,989,149)
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year	3	21,473,030	46,462,179
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year	3	25,936,781	21,473,030

1. Background

Description of the business

These consolidated financial statements were prepared for ROS AGRO PLC (hereinafter the "Company") and its subsidiaries (hereinafter collectively with the Company, the "Group"). The Company does not have either the ultimate controlling party or the immediate parent in accordance with the definitions of control described in IFRS 10 Consolidated financial statements.

The principal activities of the Group are:

· agricultural production (cultivation of sugar-beet, grain and other agricultural crops);

· cultivation of pigs and meat processing;

· processing of raw sugar and production of sugar from sugar-beet;

· vegetable oil extraction and processing.

The registered office of ROS AGRO PLC is at 25 Aphrodite Street, CY-1060, Nicosia, Cyprus.

The Group mainly operates in the Russian Federation except for goods trading activity. The subsidiaries of the Group were incorporated and are domiciled in the Russian Federation except for Ros Agro Trading Limited, Ros Agro China Limited, Hangzhou E Nong Maoyi Ltd which are incorporated in Hong Kong and LLP Agropromkomplectatsiya KZ incorporated in Kazakhstan.

Principal subsidiaries of the Group included into these consolidated financial statements are listed below. The Group's ownership share is the same as the voting share.

Entity	Principal activity	Group's share in the share capital,%
Entity	Principal activity	31 December 2023	31 December 2022
JSC Rusagro Group	Investment holding, financing	100	100
LLC Group of Companies Rusagro	Investment holding, financing	100	100
Ros Agro Trading Limited	Trading operations with goods for all principal segments	100	100
LLC RusagroTechnologii	IT services	100	100
	Sugar segment
LLC Rusagro-Sakhar	Sugar division trading company, sales operations	100	100
LLC Rusagro-Belgorod	Beet and raw sugar processing	100	100
LLC Rusagro-Tambov	Beet and raw sugar processing	100	100
JSC Krivets-Sakhar	Beet and raw sugar processing	100	100
JSC Kshenskiy Sugar Plant	Beet and raw sugar processing	100	100
JSC Otradinskiy Sugar Plant	Beet and raw sugar processing	100	100
JSC Hercules	Buckwheat processing plant	100	100
	Oil and Fat segment
JSC Fats and Oil Integrated Works	Oil processing	100	100
JSC Samaraagroprompererabotka	Oil extraction	100	100
LLC Primorskaya Soya	Oil extraction and processing	100	100
LLC Rusagro-Saratov	Oil processing	100	100
LLC Rusagro-Atkarsk	Oil extraction	100	100
LLC Rusagro-Balakovo	Oil extraction	100	100
LLC Rusagro-Zakupki	Oil and Fat raw materials procurement	100	100
	Meat segment
LLC Tambovsky Bacon	Cultivation of pigs	100	100
LLC Rusagro-Primorie	Cultivation of pigs	100	100

1. Background (continued)

Entity	Principal activity	Group's share in the share capital,%
Entity	Principal activity	31 December 2023	31 December 2022
	Agriculture segment
LLC Rusagro-Invest	Agriculture	100	100
LLC Agrotehnology	Agriculture	100	100
JSC Primagro	Agriculture	100	100
LLC Kshenagro	Agriculture	100	100
LLC Otradaagroinvest	Agriculture	100	100
LLC Vozrozhdenie	Agriculture	-*	100
LLC Agromeliorant	Production of fertilizers	100	100
LLC Biotekhnologii**	Agriculture	100	-
JSC Astreya	Agriculture	61	-
	NMGK segment***
Profit PCF LLC	Holding shares or other equity instruments	50	-
Trading House NMGK JSC	Sales, Marketing or Distribution	50	-
NMGK JSC	Oil processing	50	-
Samara Plant JSC	Oil processing	50	-
Borskiy Elevator LLC	Storage and Safekeeping of seeds	50	-
Balashovskaya Khlebnaya Baza JSC	Storage and Safekeeping of seeds	50	-
Ermolaevskiy Khleb JSC	Storage and Safekeeping of seeds	50	-
Glushitsa Station JSC	Storage and Safekeeping of seeds	50	-
Pestravska Station JSC	Storage and Safekeeping of seeds	50	-
Orenburg Plant JSC	Oil extraction	50	-
Ekaterinovskiy Elevator JSC	Storage and Safekeeping of seeds	50	-
Uryupinsk Oil Extraction Plant JSC	Oil extraction	50	-
Uryupinskiy Elevator JSC	Storage and Safekeeping of seeds	50	-
Sorochinsk Oil Extraction Plant LLC	Oil extraction	50	-
Sorochinskiy Elevator LLC	Storage and Safekeeping of seeds	50	-
Energoset NN LLC	Provision of Services to unrelated parties	50	-
NMGK-Logistic LLC	Provision of Services to unrelated parties	50	-
NMGK-Infotech LLC	Administrative, Management or Support Services	50	-
Sethal Holdings Limited	Holding shares or other equity instruments	50	-

* Liquidated during the year 2023.

** Treated as an acquisition of assets.

*** Note 2.2, Note 26

1. Background (continued)

Russian Federation. The Group's operations are primarily located in the Russian Federation. Consequently, the Group is exposed to the economic and financial markets of the Russian Federation, which display the characteristics of an emerging market. The legal, tax and regulatory frameworks continue development, but are subject to varying interpretations and frequent changes which contribute together with other legal and fiscal impediments to the challenges faced by entities operating in the Russian Federation.

Starting in 2014, the United States of America, the European Union and some other countries have imposed and gradually expanded economic sanctions against a number of Russian individuals and legal entities. Since February 2022, after the start of a special military operation in Ukraine by the Russian Federation and the incorporation of the territories of republics of Donetsk and Lugansk, as well as Zaporozhye and Kherson regions into the Russian Federation after referendums in the second half of 2022, the above countries have imposed additional tough sanctions against the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as large financial institutions, legal entities and individuals in Russia. In particular, restrictions were imposed on the export and import of goods, including capping the price of certain types of raw materials, restrictions were introduced on the provision of certain types of services to Russian enterprises, the assets of a number of Russian individuals and legal entities were blocked, a ban on maintaining correspondent accounts was established, certain large banks were disconnected from the SWIFT international financial messaging system, and other restrictive measures were implemented. Also, in the context of the imposed sanctions, a number of large international companies from the United States, the European Union and other countries discontinued, significantly reduced or suspended their own activities in the Russian Federation, as well as doing business with Russian citizens and legal entities.

In response to the increasing pressure on the Russian economy, the Government of the Russian Federation and Central Bank of the Russian Federation have introduced a set of measures, which are counter-sanctions, currency control measures, a number of key interest rate decisions and other special economic measures to ensure the security and maintain the stability of the Russian economy, financial sector and citizens.

The imposition and subsequent strengthening of sanctions resulted in elevated economic uncertainty, including reduced liquidity and high volatility in the capital markets, volatility of the Rouble exchange rate and the key interest rate, a decrease in foreign and domestic direct investments, difficulties in making payments for Russian Eurobond issuers, and also a significant reduction in the availability of sources of debt financing.

In addition, Russian companies have virtually no access to the international stock market, the debt capital market and other development opportunities, which may lead to their increased dependence on the governmental support. The Russian economy is in the process of adaptation associated with the replacement of retiring export markets, a change in supply markets and technologies, as well as changes in logistics, supply and production chains.

It is difficult to assess the consequences of the imposed and possible additional sanctions in the long term, however, sanctions can have a significant negative impact on the Russian economy.

The consolidated financial statements reflect management's assessment of the impact of the Russian business environment on the operations and the financial position of the Group. The future business environment may differ from management's assessment.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies

2.1 Basis of preparation

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as adopted by IASB. These consolidated financial statements have not been prepared in accordance with IFRS as adopted by the European Union and the requirements of the Cyprus Companies Law, Cap.113. As such, these financial statements are not the statutory financial statements of the Group and are not intended for the purposes of filing with the Cyprus Registrar of Companies or other regulatory filings, where the statutory financial statements may be required to. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention, as modified by the initial recognition of financial instruments based on fair value, financial instruments categorized at fair value through profit or loss and at fair value through other comprehensive income, biological assets that are presented at fair value less point-of-sale costs and agricultural produce which is measured at fair value less point-of-sale costs at the point of harvest. The Group entities registered in Russia keep their accounting records in Russian Roubles (RR) in accordance with Russian accounting regulations (RAR). These consolidated financial statements significantly differ from the financial statements prepared for statutory purposes under RAR in that they reflect certain adjustments, which are necessary to present the Group's consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows in accordance with IFRS as adopted by IASB.

The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the periods presented unless otherwise stated.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS as adopted by IASB requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Group's accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed below in Note 2.2.

2.2 Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgements in Applying Accounting Policies

The Group makes estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts recognised in the consolidated financial statements and the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year. Estimates and judgements are continually evaluated and are based on management's experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Management also makes certain judgements, apart from those involving estimations, in the process of applying the accounting policies. Judgements that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the consolidated financial statements and estimates that can cause a significant adjustment to the carrying amount of assets and liabilities within the next financial year include:

Useful lives of property, plant and equipment

The estimation of the useful lives of items of property, plant and equipment is a matter of judgement based on the experience with similar assets. The future economic benefits embodied in the assets are consumed principally through use. However, other factors, such as technical or commercial obsolescence and wear and tear, often result in the diminution of the economic benefits embodied in the assets. Management assesses the remaining useful lives in accordance with the current technical conditions of the assets and estimated period during which the assets are expected to earn benefits for the Group. The following primary factors are considered: (a) expected usage of the assets; (b) expected physical wear and tear, which depends on operational factors and maintenance programme; and (c) technical or commercial obsolescence arising from changes in market conditions.

Were the estimated useful lives to differ by 10% from management's estimates, the impact on depreciation for the year ended 31 December 2023 would be to increase it by RR 1,246,718 or decrease it by RR 1,523,767 (2022: increase by RR 1,296,599 or decrease by RR 1,584,733).

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

2.2 Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgements in Applying Accounting Policies (continued)

Fair value of livestock and agricultural produce

The fair value less estimated point-of-sale costs of livestock at the end of each reporting period is determined using the physiological characteristics of the animals, management expectations concerning the potential productivity and market prices of animals with similar characteristics. The fair value of the Group's bearer livestock is determined by using valuation techniques, as there were no observable market prices near the reporting date for pigs of the same physical conditions, such as weight and age. The fair value of the bearer livestock was determined based on the expected quantity of remaining farrows for pigs and the market prices of the young animals. The fair value of mature animals is determined based on the expected cash flow from the sale of the animals at the end of the production usage. The cash flow was calculated based on the actual prices of sales of culled animals from the Group's entities to independent processing enterprises taking place near the reporting date, and the expected weight of the animals. Future cash flows were discounted to the reporting date at a current market-determined pre-tax rate. In the fair value calculation of the immature animals of bearer livestock management considered the expected culling rate.

Key inputs used in the fair value measurement of bearer livestock of the Group were as follows:

	31 December 2023		31 December 2022
	Pigs (sows)	Pigs (boars)	Pigs (sows)	Pigs (boars)

Length of production usage in farrows	6	-	6	-
Market prices for comparable bearer livestock in the same region (in Russian Roubles/kg, excl. VAT)	242	631	246	607

Should the key assumptions used in determination of fair value of bearer livestock have been 10% higher/lower with all other variables held constant, the fair value of the bearer livestock as at the reporting dates would be higher or lower by the following amounts:

	31 December 2023		31 December 2022
	10% increase	10% decrease	10% increase	10% decrease

Pigs
Length of production usage in farrows	66,765	(50,811)	94,949	(78,841)
Market prices for comparable bearer livestock in the same region	222,718	(222,718)	258,477	(258,477)

The fair value of consumable livestock (pigs) is determined based on the market prices multiplied by
the livestock weight at the end of each reporting period, adjusted for the expected culling rates.
The average market price of consumable pigs being the key input used in the fair value measurement was 108.3 Russian Roubles per kilogram, excluding VAT, as at 31 December 2023 (31 December 2022: 98.5 Russian Roubles per kilogram, excluding VAT).

Should the market prices used in determination of fair value of consumable livestock have been 10% higher/lower with all other variables held constant, the fair value of the consumable livestock
as at 31 December 2023 would be higher/lower by RR 565,856 (31 December 2022: RR 610,160).

The fair value less estimated point-of-sale costs for agricultural produce at the time of harvesting was calculated based on quantities of crops harvested and the prices on deals that took place in the region
of location on or about the moment of harvesting and was adjusted for estimated point-of-sale costs
at the time of harvesting.

The average market prices (Russian Roubles/tonne, excluding VAT) used for fair value measurement
of harvested crops were as follows:

	2023	2022

Sugar beet	4,336	3,526
Wheat	8,858	9,576
Barley	8,805	10,000
Sunflower	25,202	25,076
Corn	17,388	14,283
Soya bean	39,238	31,760
Rapeseed	34,981	26,430

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

2.2 Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgements in Applying Accounting Policies (continued)

Should the market prices used in determination of fair value of harvested crops have been 10% higher/lower with all other variables held constant, the fair value of the crops harvested in 2023 would be higher/lower by RR 4,103,162 (2022: RR 2,911,137).

The fair value less estimated point-of-sale costs for unharvested crops are calculated based on expected yield, degree of readiness for each crop and the forward market prices.

The average forward market prices (Russian Roubles/tonne, excluding VAT) used for fair value measurement of unharvested crops were as follows:

	2023	2022

Winter wheat	10,610	10,089
Winter rapeseed	27,670	25,728

Should the forward market prices used in determination of fair value of unharvested crops have been 10% higher/lower with all other variables held constant, the fair value of the unharvested crops as at 31 December 2023 would be higher/lower by RR 105,667 (2022: RR 87,868).

Assessment of existence of control over the Group of companies NMGK

Management assessed the existence of control over Group of companies NMGK in terms of control criteria set out in IFRS 10. The Group has the ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee, manage its operational performance and key management personnel, therefore the Group has power over the investee. The Group has control over the relevant activities of NMGK, due to ability to approve operational budgets and appoint the decision making bodies.

Additionally, the Group being the shareholder with 50% shares in the investee has legal rights to receive variable returns from its involvement with the investee and use its power in order to affect the returns. All criteria for control existence over the NMGK are met.

Measurement of fair values of NMGK assets acquired and consideration transferred

The valuation techniques used for measuring the fair value of material assets acquired were as follows.

Assets acquired	Valuation technique
Property, plant and equipment	Market comparison technique and cost technique: The valuation model considers quoted market prices for similar items when available, and depreciated replacement cost when appropriate. Depreciated replacement cost reflects adjustments for physical deterioration as well as functional and economic obsolescence.
Intangible assets	Relief-from-royalty method and cost technique: The relief-from-royalty method considers the discounted estimated royalty payments that are expected to be avoided as a result of the trademarks being owned. Depreciated replacement cost reflects adjustments for functional and economic obsolescence.
Inventories	Market comparison technique: The fair value is determined based on the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and sale, and a reasonable profit margin based on the effort required to complete and sell the inventories.
Consideration transferred	Consideration was paid in cash and was measured in RR at the dates of cash transfer operations.

Fair value of investment in LLC GK Agro-Belogorie

Key inputs and assumptions used in the fair value measurement of investment in LLC GK Agro-Belogorie are disclosed in Note 11 and Note 32. Change in fair value of investment in LLC GK Agro-Belogorie is accounted within Fair value reserve line of Statement of financial position.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

2.2 Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgements in Applying Accounting Policies (continued)

Estimated impairment of goodwill

The Group tests goodwill for impairment at least annually. The recoverable amounts of cash-generating units ("CGUs") have been determined based on value-in-use calculations. These calculations require the use of estimates as further detailed in Note 27.

Deferred income tax asset recognition

The recognised deferred income tax asset represents income taxes recoverable through future deductions from taxable profits and is recorded in the consolidated statement of financial position. Deferred income tax assets are recorded to the extent that realisation of the related tax benefit is probable and in relation to losses carried forward it is also based on management judgement about deductibility of expenses included in the related profit tax base. The future taxable profits and the amount of tax benefits that are probable in the future are based on a medium-term business plan prepared by management and extrapolated results thereafter. The business plan is based on management expectations that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

Tax legislation

Russian tax, currency and customs legislation is subject to varying interpretations (Note 33).

Assessment of existence of control over the Group of companies Solnechnye producty

Management assessed the existence of control over Group of companies Solnechnye producty (hereinafter - "Solnechnye producty" or SolPro) in terms of control criteria set out in IFRS 10. The Group's rights in relation to Solnechnye producty being in the stage of bankruptcy are by nature protective and do not result in power over investee. Additionally, the Group has no ability to exercise its rights in order to influence variable returns from Solnechnye producty, meaning that at least two essential control existence criteria are not met. Thus, management of the Group believes that control over Solnechnye producty does not exist.

Estimated credit loss measurement of loans issued to Solnechnye producty

Key inputs and assumptions used in the estimated credit loss measurement of loans issued to Solnechnye producty are disclosed in Note 16.

Depreciation of right-of-use assets

Extension and termination options. In determining the lease term, management considers all facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive to exercise an extension option, or not exercise a termination option. Extension options (or periods after termination options) are only included in the lease term if the lease is reasonably certain to be extended (or not terminated). For leases of buildings, machinery, equipment and vehicles, the following factors are normally the most relevant:

· If there are significant penalties to terminate (or not extend), the Group is typically reasonably certain to extend (or not terminate) the lease.

· If any leasehold improvements are expected to have a significant remaining value, the Group is typically reasonably certain to extend (or not terminate) the lease.

Otherwise, the Group considers other factors including historical lease durations and the costs and business disruption required to replace the leased asset.

As for the land leases historical lease durations were used in determining the terms of right-of-use assets depreciation. Based on the management assessment and previous experience, lease term was set as 10 years as a minimum for the contracts with prolongation option.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

2.2 Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgements in Applying Accounting Policies (continued)

Discount rates used for determination of lease liabilities

The Group uses its incremental borrowing rate as a base for calculation of the discount rate because the interest rate implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined. The Group's incremental borrowing rate is the rate that the Group would have to pay to borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of similar value to the right-of-use asset in a similar economic environment with similar terms, collateral and conditions.

10% increase in discount rate at 31 December 2023 would result in a decrease in lease liabilities of RR 251,692 (31 December 2022: RR 264,458). 10% decrease in discount rate at 31 December 2023 would result in an increase in lease liabilities of RR 282,587 (31 December 2022: RR 291,979).

2.3 Foreign currency and translation methodology

Functional and presentation currency

The functional currency of the Group's consolidated entities is the Russian Rouble (RR), which is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Group operates. The Russian Rouble has been chosen as the presentation currency for these consolidated financial statements.

Translation of foreign currency items into functional currency

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated to Russian Roubles at the official exchange rate
of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (CBRF) at the date of the transaction.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate ruling at that date. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of the transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities at year-end exchange rates are recognised in profit or loss.

Foreign exchange gains and losses that relate to borrowings and cash and cash equivalents are presented in the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income within 'finance income or costs'. All other foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income within 'Other operating income/(expenses), net'. Translation at year-end rates does not apply to non-monetary items that are measured at historical cost. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency, including equity investments, are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined. Effects of exchange rate changes on non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are recorded as part of the fair value gain or loss.

2.4 Group accounting

Consolidation

Subsidiaries are those investees, including structured entities, that the Group controls because the Group (i) has power to direct relevant activities of the investees that significantly affect their returns, (ii) has exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investees, and (iii) has the ability to use its power over the investees to affect the amount of investor's returns.

Goodwill is measured by deducting the fair value of net assets of the acquiree from the aggregate
of the fair value of the consideration transferred for the acquiree, the amount of non-controlling interest
in the acquiree and fair value of an interest in the acquiree held immediately before the acquisition date.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealised gains on transactions between group companies are eliminated; unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the cost cannot be recovered. The Company
and all of its subsidiaries use uniform accounting policies consistent with the Group's policies.

Non-controlling interest is that part of the net results and of the equity of a subsidiary attributable to interests which are not owned, directly or indirectly, by the Company. Non-controlling interest forms a separate component of the Group's equity.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

2.4 Group accounting (continued)

Associates

Associates are entities over which the Group has significant influence (directly or indirectly), but not control, generally accompanying a shareholding of between 20 and 50 percent of the voting rights. Investments in associates are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and are initially recognised at cost, and the carrying amount is increased or decreased to recognise the investor's share of changes in net asset of investee after the date of acquisition. Dividends received from associates reduce the carrying value of the investment in associates.

2.5 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and provision for impairment, if any.

Assets under construction are accounted for at purchase cost less provision for impairment, if required.

Costs of minor repairs and maintenance are expensed when incurred. Cost of replacing a major part or component of property, plant and equipment items is capitalized and the replaced part is retired.

Upon sale or retirement, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the consolidated financial statements. Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing proceeds with the carrying amount and are included in operating profit or loss for the year within other operating income and expenses.

2.6 Depreciation

Depreciation on property, plant and equipment other than land and assets under construction is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost to the residual values over their estimated useful lives:

Asset category	Useful life, years
Buildings	15-50
Constructions	5-50
Machinery, vehicles and equipment	2-20
Other	4-6

Assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis from the month following the date they are ready for use.

2.7 Biological assets and agricultural produce

Biological assets of the Group consist of unharvested crops (grain crops, sugar beets and other plant crops) and pigs livestock.

Livestock is measured at their fair value less estimated point-of-sale costs. Fair value at initial recognition is assumed to be approximated by the purchase price incurred. Point-of-sale costs include all costs that would be necessary to sell the assets. All the gains or losses arising from initial recognition of biological assets and from changes in fair-value-less-cost-to-sell of biological assets less the amounts of these gains or losses related to the realised biological assets are included in a separate line "Net gain/ (loss)
on revaluation of biological assets and agricultural produce" above the gross profit line.

At the year-end unharvested crops are measured at fair value less estimated point-of-sale costs. A gain
or loss from the changes in the fair value less estimated point-of-sale costs of unharvested crops less the amount of such gain or loss related to the realisation of agricultural products is included as a separate line "Net gain/ (loss) on revaluation of biological assets and agricultural produce" above the gross profit line.

Upon harvest, grain crops, sugar beets and other plant crops are included into inventory for further processing or for sale and are initially measured at their fair value less estimated point-of-sale costs at the time of harvesting. A gain or loss arising on initial recognition of agricultural produce at fair value less estimated point-of-sale costs of unharvested crops less the amount of such gain or loss related to the realisation of agricultural products is recognised in profit or loss in the period in which it arises.

Bearer livestock is classified as non-current assets; consumable livestock and unharvested crops are classified as current assets in the consolidated statement of financial position.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

2.8 Goodwill

Goodwill on acquisitions of subsidiaries is presented separately in the consolidated statement of financial position. Goodwill is carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses, if any. The Group tests goodwill for impairment at least annually and whenever there are indications that goodwill may be impaired. Goodwill is allocated to the cash-generating units, or groups of cash-generating units, that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination. Such units or groups of units represent the lowest level at which the Group monitors goodwill and are not larger than an operating segment. Gains or losses on disposal of an operation within a cash-generating unit to which goodwill has been allocated include the carrying amount of goodwill associated with the operation disposed of, generally measured on the basis of the relative values of the operation disposed of and the portion of the cash-generating unit which is retained.

2.9 Intangible assets

The Group's intangible assets other than goodwill have definite useful lives and primarily include capitalised computer software, trademarks and licences. Acquired computer software licences and trademarks are capitalised on the basis of the costs incurred to acquire and bring them to use.

Intangible assets are amortised using the straight-line method over their useful lives:

Asset category	Useful life, years
Trademarks	5-12
Software licences	1-3
Capitalised internal software development costs	3-5
Other licences	1-3

If impaired, the carrying amount of intangible assets is written down to the higher of value in use and fair value less costs to sell.

2.10 Impairment of non-current assets

The Group's non-current assets except for deferred income tax, biological assets and financial assets are tested for impairment in accordance with the provisions of IAS 36, Impairment of Assets. The Group makes an assessment whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired at each reporting date, except for goodwill which is tested at least annually regardless of whether there are any indications
of impairment. If any such indication exists, an estimate of the recoverable amount of the asset is made. IAS 36 requires an impairment loss to be recognised whenever the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of an asset is the higher of the asset's fair value less costs to sell and its value in use. Value in use is the present value of estimated future cash flows expected to arise from the continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its life.

2.11 Financial instruments

Initial recognition and measurement of financial instruments

A financial instrument is recognised when the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions
of the instrument. The Group's financial assets and liabilities are initially recorded at fair value. Fair value at initial recognition is best evidenced by the transaction price.

Financial assets impairment - credit loss allowance for expected credit loss

The Group assesses, on a forward-looking basis, the expected credit loss for debt instruments measured at amortised cost and fair value through other comprehensive income and for the exposures arising from loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, for contract assets. The Group measures expected credit loss and recognises Net impairment losses on financial and contract assets at each reporting date. The measurement of expected credit loss reflects: (i) an unbiased and probability weighted amount that is determined by evaluating a range of possible outcomes, (ii) time value of money and (iii) all reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost and effort at the end of each reporting period about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future conditions.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

2.11 Financial instruments (continued)

Debt instruments measured at amortised cost and contract assets are presented in the consolidated statement of financial position net of the allowance for expected credit loss. For loan commitments and financial guarantees, a separate provision for expected credit loss is recognised as a liability in the consolidated statement of financial position. For debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income, changes in amortised cost, net of allowance for expected credit loss, are recognised in profit or loss and other changes in carrying value are recognised in other comprehensive income as gains less losses on debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income.

The Group applies a three-stage model for impairment, based on changes in credit quality since initial recognition. A financial instrument that is not credit-impaired on initial recognition is classified in Stage 1. Financial assets in Stage 1 have their expected credit loss measured at an amount equal to the portion of lifetime expected credit loss that results from default events possible within the next 12 months or until contractual maturity, if shorter. If the Group identifies a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, the asset is transferred to Stage 2 and its expected credit loss is measured based on expected credit loss on a lifetime basis, that is, up until contractual maturity but considering expected prepayments, if any. Refer to Note 32 for a description of how the Group determines when a significant increase in credit risk has occurred. If the Group determines that a financial asset is credit-impaired, the asset is transferred to Stage 3 and its expected credit loss is measured as a Lifetime expected credit loss. The Group's definition of credit impaired assets and definition of default is explained in Note 32. For financial assets that are purchased or originated credit-impaired, the expected credit loss is always measured as a Lifetime expected credit loss. Note 32 provides information about inputs, assumptions and estimation techniques used in measuring expected credit loss, including an explanation of how the Group incorporates forward-looking information in the expected credit loss models.

The Group applies the IFRS 9 simplified approach to measuring expected credit losses which uses a lifetime expected loss allowance for all trade and other receivables.

To measure the expected credit losses, trade and other receivables have been grouped based on shared credit risk characteristics and the days past due.

The expected loss rates are based on the payment profiles of sales over a period of 36 month before each reporting date and the corresponding historical credit losses experienced within this period. The historical loss rates are adjusted to reflect current and forward-looking information on macroeconomic factors affecting the ability of the customers to settle the receivables. The Group has identified the GDP and the unemployment rate of the countries in which it sells its goods and services to be the most relevant factors, and accordingly adjusts the historical loss rates based on expected changes in these factors.

Presentation of results from sugar trading derivatives

The Group was engaged in raw sugar derivative trading transactions through an agent on ICE Futures US primarily in order to manage the raw sugar purchase price risk (Note 32). As such transactions are directly related to the core activity of the Group, their results are presented above gross profit as 'Net gain from trading derivatives' in the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income. Management believes that the presentation above gross profit line appropriately reflects the nature of derivative operations of the Group.

2.12 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash in hand, cash held on demand with banks, bank deposits with original maturity of less than three months, other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at amortised cost because: (i) they are held for collection of contractual cash flows and those cash flows represent SPPI, and (ii) they are not designated at fair value through profit and loss.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

2.13 Investments

Bank deposits with original maturities of more than three months and less than twelve months are classified as short-term investments and are carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

Bank deposits with original maturity of more than twelve months are classified as long-term and are carried at amortised cost.

2.14 Prepayments

Prepayments classified as current assets represent advance payments to suppliers for goods and services. Prepayments for construction or acquisition of property, plant and equipment and prepayments for intangible assets are classified as non-current assets. Prepayments are carried at cost less provisions for impairment, if any. If there is an indication that the assets, goods or services relating to a prepayment will not be received, the carrying value of the prepayment is written down accordingly and a corresponding impairment loss is recognised in profit or loss for the year.

2.15 Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realisable value. Cost is determined on the weighted average basis. The cost of finished goods and work in progress comprises raw materials, direct labour, other direct costs and related production overheads (based on normal operating capacity) but excludes borrowing costs. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less selling expenses.

Raw materials intended for the operating activities of the Group, finished goods and work in progress are classified as current assets. Materials intended for construction are classified as non-current assets as "Inventories intended for construction".

2.16 Borrowings

Borrowings are recognised initially at their fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. In subsequent periods, borrowings are stated at amortised cost using the effective interest method; any difference between the amount at initial recognition and the redemption amount is recognised as interest expense over the period of the borrowings.

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of assets that necessarily take a substantial time to get ready for intended use or sale (qualifying assets) are capitalised as part of the costs of those assets.

Capitalisation of borrowing costs continues up to the date when the assets are substantially ready
for their use or sale.

The Group capitalises borrowing costs that could have been avoided if it had not made capital expenditure on qualifying assets. Borrowing costs capitalised are calculated at the Group's average funding cost (the weighted average interest cost is applied to the expenditures on the qualifying assets), except to the extent that funds are borrowed specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset. Where this occurs, actual borrowing costs incurred less any investment income on the temporary investment of those borrowings are capitalised.

2.17 Trade and other payables

Trade and other payables are recognised when the counterparty has performed its obligations under
the contract, and are carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

2.18 Value added tax

Output value added tax related to sales is payable to tax authorities on the earlier of (a) collection of the receivables from customers or (b) delivery of the goods or services to customers. Input VAT is generally recoverable against output VAT upon receipt of the VAT invoice. The tax authorities permit the settlement of VAT on a net basis. VAT related to purchases where all the specified conditions for recovery have not been met yet is recognised in the consolidated statements of financial position and disclosed separately within other taxes receivable, while input VAT that has been claimed is netted off with the output VAT payable. Where provision has been made for impairment of receivables, impairment loss is recorded for the gross amount of the debtor, including VAT.

2.19 Other taxes payable

Other taxes payable comprises liabilities for taxes other than on income outstanding at the reporting date, accrued in accordance with legislation enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

2.20 Income tax

Income taxes have been provided for in the consolidated financial statements in accordance with legislation enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. The income tax charge or credit comprises current tax and deferred income tax and is recognised in profit or loss for the year.

Current tax

Current tax is the amount expected to be paid to or recovered from the taxation authorities in respect
of taxable profits or losses for the current and prior periods.

Deferred income tax

Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the balance sheet liability method, on tax losses carry forward and temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. In accordance with the initial recognition exemption, deferred income taxes are not recorded for temporary differences on initial recognition of an asset or a liability in a transaction other than a business combination if the transaction, when initially recorded, affects neither accounting nor taxable profit. Deferred income tax balances are measured at tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period, which are expected to apply to the period when the temporary differences will reverse or the tax loss carry forwards will be utilised.

Deferred income tax assets for deductible temporary differences and tax loss carry forwards are recorded only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary difference will reverse in the future and there is sufficient future taxable profit available against which the deductions can be utilised.

Deferred income tax is provided on temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries
and associates, except where the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference is controlled by
the Group and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets against current tax liabilities and when the deferred income taxes assets and liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity or different taxable entities where there is an intention to settle the balances on a net basis. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are netted only within the individual companies of the Group.

The Group's uncertain tax positions are reassessed by management at the end of each reporting period. Liabilities are recorded for income tax positions that are determined by management as more likely than not to result in additional taxes being levied if the positions were to be challenged by the tax authorities. The assessment is based on the interpretation of tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period and any known court or other rulings on such issues. Liabilities for penalties, interest and taxes other than on income are recognised based on management's best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligations at the end of the reporting period.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

2.21 Employee benefits

Payroll costs and related contributions

Wages, salaries, contributions to the Russian Federation state pension and social insurance funds, paid annual leave and sick leave, bonuses, and non-monetary benefits are accrued in the year, in which
the associated services are rendered by the employees of the Group.

Pension costs

The Group contributes to the Russian Federation state pension fund on behalf of its employees and has no obligation beyond the payments made. The contribution was approximately 15.6% (2022: 18.8%) of the employees' gross pay and is expensed in the same period as the related salaries and wages.

The Group does not have any other legal or constructive obligation to make pension or other similar benefit payments to its employees.

Share-based payment transactions

The Group accounts for share-based compensation in accordance with IFRS 2, Share-based Payment. The fair value of the employee services received in exchange for the grant of the equity instruments is recognized as an expense. The total amount to be expensed over the vesting period is determined
by reference to the fair value of the instruments granted measured at the grant date. For share-based compensation made to employees by shareholders, an increase to share-based payment reserve in equity is recorded equal to the associated compensation expense each period.

2.22 Provisions for liabilities and charges

Provisions for liabilities and charges are non-financial liabilities of uncertain timing or amount. They are accrued when the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate of the amount of the obligation can be made. Provisions are measured at the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation using a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the obligation. The increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as an interest expense within finance costs. Where the Group expects a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognised as a separate asset but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain.

2.23 Revenue recognition

Revenue is income arising in the course of the Group's ordinary activities. Revenue is recognised in the amount of transaction price. Transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring control over promised goods or services to a customer, excluding the amounts collected on behalf of third parties. Revenue is recognised net of discounts and value added taxes.

Sales of goods. Sales are recognised when control of the good has transferred, being when the goods are delivered to the customer, the customer has full discretion over the goods, and there is no unfulfilled obligation that could affect the customer's acceptance of the goods. Delivery occurs when the goods have been shipped to the specific location, the risks of obsolescence and loss have been transferred to the customer, and either the customer has accepted the goods in accordance with the contract, the acceptance provisions have lapsed, or the Group has objective evidence that all criteria for acceptance have been satisfied.

Revenue from the sales with discounts is recognised based on the price specified in the contract, net of the estimated discounts. Accumulated experience is used to estimate and provide for the discounts, using the expected value method, and revenue is only recognised to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal will not occur.

A receivable is recognised when the goods are delivered as this is the point in time that the consideration is unconditional because only the passage of time is required before the payment is due.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

2.23 Revenue recognition (continued)

If the Group provides any additional services to the customer after control over goods has passed, revenue from such services is considered to be a separate performance obligation and is recognised over the time of the service rendering.

Contract assets and liabilities are not separately presented in the consolidated statement of financial position as they are not material.

Commodity loans. The Group provides and obtains commodity loans from other grain traders at the point of transhipment by entering into sales and purchase agreements. Commodity loans are usually returned within several months by reverse transactions between the same parties on identical terms.

These transactions are in substance commodity loans, rather than sale and purchase transactions. Therefore, revenue and cost of sales attributable to these transactions are eliminated from the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income.

Revenue and cost of sales were eliminated in the amount of RR 223,541 in 2023 (2022: RR 1,815,884).

Sales of transportation services.

Revenue from providing transportation services is recognised in the accounting period in which these services are rendered. For fixed-price contracts, revenue is recognised based on the actual service provided to the end of the reporting period as a proportion of the total services to be provided because the customer receives and uses the benefits simultaneously.

Where the contracts include multiple performance obligations, the transaction price is allocated to each separate performance obligation based on the stand-alone selling prices. Where these are not directly observable, they are estimated based on expected cost-plus margin.

Interest income. Interest income is recorded for all debt instruments, other than those at fair value through profit and loss on an accrual basis using the effective interest method. This method defers, as part of interest income, all fee received between the parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective interest rate. Interest income on debt instruments at fair value through profit and loss calculated at nominal interest rate is presented within 'finance income' line in profit or loss.

2.24 Segment reporting

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided
to the Group's chief operating decision maker. Segments whose revenue, result or assets are ten percent or more of all the segments are reported separately.

2.25 Government grants

Government grants comprise compensation of interest expense under bank loans and government grants relating to costs and property, plant and equipment.

Government grants relating to property, plant and equipment are included in non-current liabilities
as deferred government grants and are credited to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the expected lives of the related assets. Government grants relating to costs are deferred and recognised in profit
or loss as other operating income over the period necessary to match them with the costs that they are intended to compensate.

Compensation of interest expense under bank loans is credited to profit or loss over the periods
of the related interest expense unless this interest was capitalised into the carrying value of assets
in which case it is included in non-current liabilities as government grants and credited to profit or loss
on a straight-line basis over the expected lives of the related assets.

The benefit of a government loan at a below-market rate of interest is treated as a government grant.
The loan is recognised and measured in accordance with IFRS 9 Financial Instruments: Recognition
and Measurement. The benefit of the below-market rate of interest is measured as the difference between the initial carrying value of the loan determined in accordance with IFRS 9 and the proceeds received.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

2.25 Government grants (continued)

The differences between nominal and market interest rate is recognized as interest expenses and government grants in the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income or in the consolidated statement of financial position.

Government grants are recognized at their fair value when there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received, and the Group will comply with all attached conditions.

Government grants cash inflows are presented in the financing activities section of the consolidated statement of cash flows.

2.26 Dividends

Dividends are recorded as a liability and deducted from equity in the period in which they are declared and approved, appropriately authorised and are no longer at the discretion of the Group. Any dividends declared after the reporting period and before the consolidated financial statements are authorised for issue are disclosed in the subsequent events note.

2.27 Share capital and share premium

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds. Any excess of the fair value of consideration receivable over the par value of shares issued is recorded as share premium in equity. Share premium can only be resorted to for limited purposes, which do not include the distribution of dividends, and is otherwise subject to the provisions of the Cyprus Companies Law on reduction of share capital.

2.28 Treasury shares

Where the Company or its subsidiaries purchase the Company's equity instruments, the consideration paid, including any directly attributable incremental costs, net of income taxes, is deducted from equity attributable to the Company's owners until the equity instruments are cancelled, reissued or disposed of. Where such equity instruments are subsequently sold or reissued, any consideration received, net of any directly attributable incremental transaction costs and the related income tax effects, is included in equity attributable to the Company's owners.

2.29 Amendments of the consolidated financial statements after issue

Any changes to these consolidated financial statements after issue require approval of the Group's management and the Board of Directors who authorised these consolidated financial statements for issue.

2.30 Right-of-use assets

The Group leases various land, buildings, machinery, equipment and vehicles. Assets arising from a lease are initially measured on a present value basis.

Right-of-use assets are measured at cost comprising the following:

· the amount of the initial measurement of lease liability,

· any lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received,

· any initial direct costs.

Right-of-use assets are generally depreciated over the shorter of the asset's useful life and the lease term on a straight-line basis. If the Group is reasonably certain to exercise a purchase option, the right-of-use asset is depreciated over the underlying assets' useful lives. Useful lives of right-of-use of land is limited by contract terms but are not less than 10 years for contracts with prolongation option (Note 13). Depreciation on the items of the right-of-use assets is calculated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives as follows:

	Useful lives in years

Land	1 to 50
Buildings	1 to 20
Machinery and equipment	1 to 7
Vehicles	1 to 5

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

2.31 Lease liabilities

Liabilities arising from a lease are initially measured on a present value basis. Lease liabilities include the net present value of the following lease payments:

· fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments), less any lease incentives receivable,

· variable lease payment that are based on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date,

· the exercise price of a purchase option if the Group is reasonably certain to exercise that option, and

· payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Group exercising that option.

Extension and termination options are included in a number of land plots, buildings, machinery, equipment and vehicles across the Group. These terms are used to maximise operational flexibility in terms of managing the assets used in the Group's operations. The majority of extension and termination options held are exercisable only by the Group and not by the respective lessor. Extension options (or period after termination options) are only included in the lease term if the lease is reasonably certain to be extended (or not terminated). Lease payments to be made under reasonably certain extension options are also included in the measurement of the liability.

The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease. If that rate cannot be readily determined, which is generally the case for leases of the Group, the Group's incremental borrowing rate is used, being the rate that the Group would have to pay to borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of similar value to the right-of-use asset in a similar economic environment with similar terms, collateral and conditions.

To determine the incremental borrowing rate, the Group:

· where possible, uses recent third-party financing received by the individual lessee as a starting point, adjusted to reflect changes in financing conditions since third party financing was received,

· makes adjustments specific to the lease, e.g. term, country, currency and collateral.

The Group is exposed to potential future increases in variable lease payments based on an index or rate, which are not included in the lease liability until they take effect. When adjustments to lease payments based on an index or rate take place, the lease liability is reassessed and adjusted against the right-of-use asset.

Lease payments are allocated between principal and finance costs. The finance costs are charged to profit or loss over the lease period so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability for each period.

Payments associated with short-term leases of equipment and vehicles and all leases of low-value assets are recognised on a straight-line basis as an expense in profit or loss. Short-term leases are leases with a lease term of 12 months or less. Low-value assets comprise IT equipment and small items of office furniture with value of RR 300 or less.

2.32 Adoption of new or revised standards and interpretations

During the current year the Group adopted all the new and revised International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) that are relevant to its operations and are effective for accounting periods beginning on 1 January 2023.

The following amended standard became effective from 1 January 2023, but did not have any material impact on the Group:

Deferred tax related to assets and liabilities arising from a single transaction

The Group has adopted Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction (Amendments to IAS 12) from 1 January 2023.The amendments narrow the scope of the initial recognition exemption to exclude transactions that give rise to equal and offsetting temporary differences - e.g. leases and decommissioning liabilities. For leases and decommissioning liabilities, an entity is required to recognise the associated deferred tax assets and liabilities from the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented, with any cumulative effect recognised as an adjustment to retained earnings or other components of equity at that date. For all other transactions, an entity applies the amendments to transactions that occur on or after the beginning of the earliest period presented.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

2.32 Adoption of new or revised standards and interpretations (continued)

The Group previously accounted for deferred tax on leases as a separate deferred tax asset in relation to its lease liabilities and a deferred tax liability in relation to its right-of-use assets. There was no change of accounting in relation to the amendment.

Global minimum top-up tax

The Group has adopted International Tax Reform - Pillar Two Model Rules (Amendments to IAS 12) upon their release on 23 May 2023.The amendments provide a temporary mandatory exception from deferred tax accounting for the top-up tax, which is effective immediately, and require new disclosures about the Pillar Two exposure.

The mandatory exception applies retrospectively. However, because no new legislation to implement the top-up tax was enacted or substantively enacted at 31 December 2023 in any jurisdiction in which the Group operates and no related deferred tax was recognised at that date, the retrospective application has no impact on the Group's consolidated financial statements.

Material accounting policy information

The Group also adopted Disclosure of Accounting Policies (Amendments to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2) from 1 January 2023. Although the amendments did not result in any changes to the accounting policies themselves, they impacted the accounting policy information disclosed in the financial statements.

The amendments require the disclosure of "material", rather than "significant", accounting policies. The amendments also provide guidance on the application of materiality to disclosure of accounting policies, assisting entities to provide useful, entity-specific accounting policy information that users need to understand other information in the financial statements.

IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts and amendments to IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts

In May 2017, the International Accounting Standards Board issued IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts, which was subsequently amended in June 2020. IFRS 17 supersedes IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts.

IFRS 17 establishes principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of insurance contracts issued. It also requires similar principles to be applied to reinsurance contracts held and investment contracts with discretionary participation features issued. The objective is to ensure that entities provide relevant information in a way that faithfully represents those contracts. This information gives a basis for users of financial statements to assess the effect that contracts within the scope of IFRS 17 have on the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity. IFRS 17 focuses on types of contracts, rather than types of entities. Therefore, it applies to all entities, whether they are regulated as insurance entities or not.

IFRS 17 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023. The new Standard had no impact on the Group's consolidated financial statements.

New standards and interpretations not yet adopted

A number of new standards are effective for annual periods beginning after 1 January 2023 and earlier application is permitted; however, the Group has not early adopted the new or amended standards in preparing these consolidated financial statements.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

2.32 Adoption of new or revised standards and interpretations (continued)

Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-Current and Non-current Liabilities with Covenants (Amendments to IAS 1)

The amendments, as issued in 2020 and 2022, aim to clarify the requirements on determining whether a liability is current or non-current, and require new disclosures for non-current liabilities that are subject to future covenants. The amendments apply for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024.

The Group has a secured bank loans that are subject to specific covenants. While liabilities are classified as non-current at 31 December 2023, a future breach of the related covenants may require the Group to repay the liabilities earlier than the contractual maturity dates. The Group is in the process of assessing the potential impact of the amendments on the classification of these liabilities and the related disclosures.

Other standards

The following new and amended standards are not expected to have a significant impact on the Group's consolidated financial statements.

- Supplier Finance Arrangements (Amendments to IAS 7 and IFRS 7)

- Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback (Amendments to IFRS 16)

- Lack of Exchangeability (Amendments to IAS 21).

The new standards and interpretations are not expected to affect significantly the Group's consolidated financial statements.

3. Cash and cash equivalents

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Bank deposits with original maturity of less than three months	22,875,942	11,383,841
Bank balances receivable on demand	3,059,345	10,088,147
Cash in hand	1,494	1,042
Total cash and cash equivalents	25,936,781	21,473,030

The Group had the following currency positions:

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022
Russian Roubles	20,256,646	2,756,992
Chinese yuan	5,270,860	141,821
Euro	358,854	411,869
US Dollars	43,629	18,124,985
Other	6,792	37,363
Total	25,936,781	21,473,030

The weighted average interest rate on cash at bank balances in Russian Roubles presented within cash and cash equivalents was 14.52% at 31 December 2023 (31 December 2022: 5.79%).

The weighted average interest rate on cash at bank balances in Chinese yuan presented within cash and cash equivalents was 7.32% at 31 December 2023. The Group had no interest income on balances in Chinese yuan presented within cash and cash equivalents at 31 December 2022.

The Group had no interest income on balances in US Dollars presented within cash and cash equivalents at 31 December 2023 (31 December 2022: 1.10%).

4. Short-term investments

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Loans issued to third parties	1,139,294	13,086,402
Bank deposits with original maturity over three months	931,531	78,005,015

Interest receivable on long-term bonds held to collect (Note 11)	218,027	218,035
Other short-term investments	-	73,084
Total	2,288,852	91,382,536

As at 31 December 2023 the bank deposits within short-term investments are denominated in following currencies:

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Russian Roubles	931,531	77,545,064
USD	-	459,951
Total	931,531	78,005,015

As at 31 December 2023 the interest rate on bank deposit denominated in Russian Roubles within short-term investments is 13.75% (31 December 2022: interest rates varied between 7.45% and 8.75%). As at 31 December 2022 the weighted average interest rate on the bank deposits equals 8.07%. As at 31 December 2023 the Group had no bank deposits denominated in USD within short-term investments (31 December 2022: the interest rate equaled 3.95%).

As at 31 December 2023 bank deposit in the amount of RR 900,000 was pledged as collateral for the Group's borrowings.

As at 31 December 2023 loans issued to third parties within short-term investments are denominated in following currencies:

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Russian Roubles	1,139,294	5,664,430
Euro	-	7,421,972
Total	1,139,294	13,086,402

Loans issued to third parties within short-term investments denominated in Russian Roubles include loans issued to Group of companies Solnechnye producty and its subsidiaries and related companies in the amount of RR 503,237 (31 December 2022: RR 698,563) (Note 16).

As at 31 December 2022 the Group had loans issued to a third party trading company for financing of working capital comprises.

The weighted average interest rate on Loans issued to third parties within short-term investments denominated in Russian Roubles is 7.74% (31 December 2022: 2.6%). As at 31 December 2022 the weighted average interest rate on Loans issued to third parties within short-term investments denominated in Euro was 0.1%.

5. Trade and other receivables

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Trade receivables	46,998,892	22,798,391
Other	3,046,695	827,278
Less: credit loss allowance (Note 32)	(2,925,774)	(701,418)
Total financial assets within trade and other receivables	47,119,813	22,924,251

Other receivables	741,561	1,252,429
Total trade and other receivables	47,861,374	24,176,680

5. Trade and other receivables (continued)

The above financial assets within trade and other receivables are denominated in the following currencies:

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Russian Roubles	17,645,191	8,756,127
US dollars	27,241,078	9,613,779
Euro	1,130,002	4,554,345
China Yuan	1,103,542	-
Total	47,119,813	22,924,251

The credit loss allowance for trade and other receivables is determined according to the provision matrix presented in the table below. The provision matrix is based the number of days that an asset is past due.

		31 December 2023			31 December 2022
	Loss rate	Gross carrying amount	Lifetime expected credit loss	Gross carrying amount		Lifetime expected credit loss
Trade receivables - current	-	43,022,421	-	21,684,885		-
- less than 90 days overdue	57%	1,084,814	611,993	73,808		42,427
- 91 to 180 days overdue	43%	399,191	172,718	14,016		14,016
- 181 to 360 days overdue	27%	39,317	10,488	129,144		129,144
- over 360 days overdue	99%	2,141,457	2,122,660	469,969		469,969
Total trade receivables (gross carrying amount)		46,687,200	2,917,859	22,371,822		655,556

Credit loss allowance		2,917,859		655,556
Total trade receivables from contracts with customers (carrying amount)		43,769,341		21,716,266
Other receivables - current	-	3,034,728	-	781,416		-
- less than 90 days overdue	43%	7,146	3,094	3,279		3,279
- 91 to 180 days overdue	100%	147	147	402		402
- 181 to 360 days overdue	100%	3,856	3,856	31,873		31,873
- over 360 days overdue	100%	818	818	10,308		10,308
Total other receivables		3,046,695	7,915	827,278		45,862

Credit loss allowance		7,915		45,862
Total other receivables (carrying amount)		3,038,780		781,416

The Group did not recognise any expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables due from SolPro in the amount of RR 311,692 because of excess of collateral value over the gross carrying value of these receivables as at 31 December 2023 (Note 16) (31 December 2022: RR 426,569).

The following table explains the changes in the credit loss allowance for trade and other receivables under the simplified expected credit loss model between the beginning and the end of the annual period:

	Trade receivables	Other receivables

As at 1 January 2023	655,556	45,862
Accrued	2,262,687	140,128
Utilised	(384)	(178,075)
As at 31 December 2023 (Note 32)	2,917,859	7,915
	Trade receivables	Other receivables

As at 1 January 2022	747,171	95,204
Accrued	24,413	(48,189)
Utilised	(116,028)	(1,153)
As at 31 December 2022 (Note 32)	655,556	45,862

The majority of the Group's trade debtors are proven counterparties with whom the Group has long-lasting sustainable relationships.

6. Prepayments

Prepayments classified as current assets represent the following advance payments:

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Prepayments for raw and other materials	7,147,756	9,597,992
Prepayments for transportation services	1,172,031	1,064,552
Prepayments for fuel and energy	817,683	918,258
Prepayments under insurance contracts	337,462	282,620
Prepayments for rent	172,773	49,641
Prepayments for advertising expenses	103,731	125,122
Prepayments to customs	89,651	365,906
Prepayments for animals	18,702	52,732
Other prepayments	1,268,252	1,212,369
Less: provision for impairment	(313,230)	(234,043)
Total	10,814,811	13,435,149

Reconciliation of movements in the prepayments' impairment provision:

	2023	2022
As at 1 January	234,043	187,643
Accrued	79,219	47,161
Utilised	(32)	(761)
As at 31 December	313,230	234,043

As at 31 December 2023 prepayments classified as non-current assets and included in the "Advances paid for property, plant and equipment" line in the consolidated statement of financial position in the amount of RR 2,867,735 (31 December 2022: RR 5,482,770) and represent advance payments for construction works and purchases of production equipment.

7. Other taxes receivable

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Value added tax receivable	7,916,100	8,303,086
Excess profit tax	997,936	-
Other taxes receivable	92,748	57,849
Total	9,006,784	8,360,935

8. Inventories

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Raw materials	54,296,103	27,392,018
Finished goods	36,699,548	38,602,676
Work in progress	5,006,124	4,166,753
Less: provision for write-down to net realisable value	(2,138,430)	(1,275,240)
Total	93,863,345	68,886,207

9. Other current assets

Other current assets at 31 December 2023 and 31 December 2022 relate to cash in transit temporarily blocked by foreign banks.

Other current assets are denominated in the following currencies:

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

US dollars	2,380,255	3,868,562
Euro	338,465	258,153
Total	2,718,720	4,126,715

10. Biological assets

The fair value of biological assets belongs to level 3 measurements in the fair value hierarchy. Pricing model is used as a valuation technique for biological assets fair value measurement. There were no changes in the valuation technique during the years ended 31 December 2023 and 2022. The reconciliation of changes in biological assets between the beginning and the end of the year can be presented as follows:

Short-term biological assets

	Consumable livestock, pigs	Unharvested crops	Total

As at 1 January 2022	6,120,356	1,632,314	7,752,670

Increase due to purchases and gain arising from cost inputs	41,366,536	25,970,057	67,336,593
Gain on initial recognition of agricultural produce	-	5,248,615	5,248,615
Lost harvest written-off (Note 21)	-	(598,041)	(598,041)
Decrease due to harvest and sales of the assets	(39,291,215)	(29,398,236)	(68,689,451)
Loss arising from changes in fair value less estimated point-of-sale costs	(1,772,669)	416,393	(1,356,276)
As at 31 December 2022	6,423,008	3,271,102	9,694,110

Increase due to purchases and gain arising from cost inputs	34,844,941	26,609,117	61,454,058
Gain on initial recognition of agricultural produce	-	13,290,095	13,290,095
Lost harvest written-off (Note 21)	-	(1,090,868)	(1,090,868)
Decrease due to harvest and sales of the assets	(37,246,135)	(40,373,896)	(77,620,031)
Gain arising from changes in fair value less estimated point-of-sale costs	1,636,744	(609,620)	1,027,124
As at 31 December 2023	5,658,558	1,095,930	6,754,488

Long-term biological assets

	Bearer livestock (pigs)

As at 1 January 2022	2,744,863
Increases due to purchases and breeding costs of growing livestock	1,631,730
Decreases due to sales	(434,452)
Loss arising from changes in fair value less estimated point-of-sale costs	(701,182)
As at 31 December 2022	3,240,959
Decrease due to pigs' diseases exceeding increase due to purchase and breeding costs of growing livestock	(1,726,903)
Decreases due to sales	(243,671)
Gain arising from changes in fair value less estimated point-of-sale costs	1,466,259
As at 31 December 2023	2,736,644

In 2023 the aggregate gain on initial recognition of agricultural produce and from the change in fair value less estimated point-of-sale costs of biological assets amounted to RR 15,783,478 (2022: RR 3,191,157).

Included in the above amounts there are losses related to realised biological assets and agricultural produce amounting to RR 12,084,785 (2022: loss RR 11,733,592).

The amount of net gain/ (loss) on revaluation of biological assets and agricultural produce was recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income in 2023 in the amount of RR 3,698,693 (2022: loss RR 8,542,435), which includes the aggregate gain on initial recognition of agricultural produce in the amount RR 15,783,478 (2022: RR 3,191,157) less losses related to realised biological assets and agricultural produce in the amount of RR 12,084,785 (2022: loss RR 11,733,592).

10. Biological assets (continued)

Livestock population were as follows:

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022
Pigs within bearer livestock (heads)	121,179	145,254
Pigs within consumable livestock (tonnes)	61,059	73,327

In 2023 total area of arable land amounted to 597 thousand ha (2022: 567 thousand ha).

The main crops of the Group's agricultural production and output were as follows (in thousands
of tonnes):

	2023	2022

Sugar beet	4,900	3,916
Wheat	730	858
Barley	31	0
Sunflower	73	51
Corn	116	150
Soya bean	355	234

Key inputs in the fair value measurement of the livestock and the agricultural crops harvested together with sensitivity to reasonably possible changes in those inputs are disclosed in Note 2.2.

As at 31 December 2023 biological assets with a carrying value of RR 2,137,344 (2022: RR 421,903) were pledged as collateral for the Group's borrowings (Note 16).

The Group is exposed to financial risks arising from changes in meat and crops prices. The Group does not anticipate that crops and meat prices will decline significantly in the foreseeable future except some seasonal fluctuations and, therefore, has not entered into derivative or other contracts to manage the risk of a decline in respective prices. The Group reviews its outlook for meat and crops prices regularly in considering the need for active financial risk management.

11. Long-term investments

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Bonds held to collect (Note 16)	19,900,000	19,900,000
Bank deposits with maturity over twelve months	14,071,101	14,071,101
Investments in third parties	8,556,556	8,556,556
Total	42,527,657	42,527,657

The above long-term investments are denominated in Russian Roubles. Interest receivable on bonds to collect is disclosed in Note 4.

As at 31 December 2023 bank deposits in the amount of RR 13,900,000 (31 December 2022:
RR 13,900,000) were pledged as collateral for the Group's borrowings.

Bank deposits include a restricted deposit in Vnesheconombank in the amount of RR 13,900,000 which could not be withdrawn till 27 November 2028 (Note 16).

Bonds held to collect include restricted bonds in Rosselkhozbank in the amount of RR 19,900,000 which could not be withdrawn till 22 November 2038 (Note 16).

11. Long-term investments (continued)

On 20 August 2019 the Group acquired 22.5% of ownership interest in LLC GK Agro-Belogorie, one of the largest pork producers in Russia and a large landholder in Belgorod region. Total cash consideration transferred under the deal amounted to RR 8,500,000.

Key business areas of investee include industrial pig farming and meat processing, milk livestock, crop and feed production.

Investment in LLC GK Agro-Belogorie is classified as investment at fair value through other
comprehensive income. The management considers that the Group does not have significant influence over LLC GK Agro-Belogorie due the following:

· The Group has no power to appoint the members of the board of directors or equivalent governing body of LLC GK Agro-Belogorie;

· Group management does not participate in the policy-making processes, including decisions about dividends or other distributions;

· There were no material transactions or interchange of managerial personnel between the Group and LLC GK Agro-Belogorie since the share acquisition date;

· No essential technical information was interchanged between the Group and LLC GK Agro-Belogorie.

The fair value of the investment determined applying the level 3 valuation model amounted to RR 8,500,000 at acquisition date.

Subsequent to the initial recognition this investment is measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. As at 31 December 2023 the fair value of the acquired investment amounted to RR 8,556,556 (31 December 2022: RR 8,556,556). The fair value of the investment has not changed significantly since 2020.

The fair value of the investment has been determined based on discounted cash flow calculation using the actual financial data and budgets of LLC GK Agro-Belogorie covering a five-year period and the expected market prices for the key products for the same period according to leading industry publications. Cash flows beyond the five-year period were projected with a long-term growth rate of 4% per annum (2022: 4% per annum).

The assumptions used for calculation and sensitivity of fair value measurement are presented in Note 32.

Bonds held to collect were denominated in Russian Roubles and mature in 2038. Nominal interest rate on bonds equals 10.5%.

The table below shows the rating and balances of bonds held to collect:

	31 December 2023			31 December 2022
	Rating agency	Rating	Balance	Rating agency	Rating	Balance

Rosselkhozbank	AKRA	aa	19,900,000	AKRA	aa	19,900,000
Total bonds (Note 16)			19,900,000			19,900,000

12. Property, plant and equipment

Movements in the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment were as follows:

	Land	Machinery, vehicles and equipment	Buildings and constructions	Assets under construction	Other	Total
Cost (Note 2.5)
As at 1 January 2022	9,498,037	83,957,844	65,372,492	27,816,133	372,941	187,017,447
Additions	592,206	2,669,505	(1,182,237)	15,312,760	10,709	17,402,943
Transfers	-	4,133,285	3,848,706	(8,012,690)	30,699	-
Disposals	(7,537)	(1,105,724)	(56,794)	(601,252)	(764)	(1,772,071)
As at 31 December 2022	10,082,706	89,654,910	67,982,167	34,514,951	413,585	202,648,319

Accumulated depreciation (Note 2.6)
As at 1 January 2022	-	(47,743,169)	(19,891,628)	-	(223,238)	(67,858,035)
Charge for the year	-	(9,787,585)	(4,437,761)	-	(37,248)	(14,262,594)
Disposals	-	618,584	18,806	-	723	638,113
As at 31 December 2022	-	(56,912,170)	(24,310,583)	-	(259,763)	(81,482,516)
Net book value as at 31 December 2022	10,082,706	32,742,740	43,671,584	34,514,951	153,822	121,165,803
	Land	Machinery, vehicles and equipment	Buildings and constructions	Assets under construction	Other	Total
Cost (Note 2.5)
As at 1 January 2023	10,082,706	89,654,910	67,982,167	34,514,951	413,585	202,648,319
Additions as the result of subsidiary acquired (Note 26)	1,024,326	4,741,258	6,891,927	840,939	11,347	13,509,797
Additions	1,116,302	2,566,596	2,178,955	15,679,139	4,426	21,545,418
Transfers	-	5,531,147	2,092,101	(7,648,179)	24,932	-
Disposals	(30,668)	(694,259)	(66,879)	(307,645)	(3,406)	(1,102,857)
As at 31 December 2023	12,192,666	101,799,652	79,078,271	43,079,205	450,884	236,600,678

Accumulated depreciation (Note 2.6)
As at 1 January 2023	-	(56,912,170)	(24,310,583)	-	(259,763)	(81,482,516)
Charge for the year	-	(9,327,454)	(4,352,703)	-	(33,746)	(13,713,903)
Disposals	-	461,429	28,315	-	3,089	492,833
As at 31 December 2023	-	(65,778,195)	(28,634,971)	-	(290,420)	(94,703,586)
Net book value as at 31 December 2023	12,192,666	36,021,457	50,433,300	43,079,205	160,464	141,897,092

As at 31 December 2023 property, plant and equipment with a net book value of RR 49,092,399
(31 December 2022 RR 39,931,738) was pledged as collateral for the Group's borrowings (Note 16).

As at 31 December 2023 and 2022 the assets under construction related mainly to the pig farm construction in the Primorsky Krai and Tambov region. During the reporting period, the Group capitalised borrowing costs within assets under construction in the amount of RR 2,117,113 (2022: RR 2,791,538). The average capitalisation rate in 2023 was 10.31% (2022: 11.02%).

At 31 December 2023 and 2022, inventories intended for construction related mainly to the inventories which will be used for the pig farm construction in the Primorsky Krai.

12. Property, plant and equipment (continued)

Movements in the carrying amount of inventories intended for construction were as follows:

As at 1 January 2022	1,604,570
Additions	231,605
Disposals	(971,625)
As at 31 December 2022	864,550

As at 1 January 2023	864,550
Additions	273,039
Disposals	(671,759)
As at 31 December 2023	465,830

13. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities

The Group leases various lands, buildings, machinery, equipment and vehicles. Rental contracts are typically made for fixed periods of 12 months to 49 years but may have extension options as described below.

Leases are recognised as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding liability from the date when the leased asset becomes available for use by the Group.

As for the land lease, contracts include monetary agreements in which payments do not depend on an index or a rate and non-monetary agreements based on a fixed volume of harvested crops. Based on management's assessment and previous experience, the lease term was set as 10 years as a minimum for contracts with prolongation option. This term is justified by payback period of particular investment projects, which depend on the time to analyse composition of the land and the roll-out and purchase price of necessary fertilizers and equipment.

Extension and termination options are included in a number of property and equipment leases across the Group. These are used to maximise operational flexibility in terms of managing the assets used in the Group's operations. The majority of extension and termination options held are exercisable only by the Group and not by the respective lessor. For not tacitly renewable leases with contractual terms less than 12 months the lease term (and lease enforceability) is not considered to go beyond initial contract term. The Group applies the exemption for short-term leases for such agreements.

The Group recognised right-of-use asset as follows:

	Land	Buildings	Equipment	Other	Total
Carrying amount at 1 January 2022	5,769,222	1,530,328	44,170	2,818	7,346,538
Additions and modifications	72,249	575,645	16,884	5,698	670,476
Disposals	(177,723)	(63,481)	-	-	(241,204)
Depreciation charge (Notes 21,22,23)	(584,975)	(240,291)	(27,397)	(6,608)	(859,271)
Carrying amount at 31 December 2022	5,078,773	1,802,201	33,657	1,908	6,916,539
	Land	Buildings	Equipment	Other	Total
Carrying amount at 1 January 2023	5,078,773	1,802,201	33,657	1,908	6,916,539
Additions as the result of subsidiary acquired (Note 26)	8,486	136,033	152,258	-	296,777
Additions and modifications	152,478	253,508	90,467	-	496,453
Disposals	(93,228)	(317,129)	(9,819)	-	(420,176)
Depreciation charge (Notes 21,22,23)	(585,061)	(225,183)	(85,621)	(843)	(896,708)
Carrying amount at 31 December 2023	4,561,448	1,649,430	180,942	1,065	6,392,885

Interest expense included in finance costs for 2023 was RR 638,821 (2022: RR 690,914) (Note 25).

As at 31 December 2023, future cash outflows of RR 1,008,903 (undiscounted) (31 December 2022: RR 2,285,901) to which the Group is potentially exposed to during the lease term have not been included in the lease liability because they include variable lease payments that are linked to cadastral value.

13. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities (continued)

Variable lease payments that depend on cadastral value are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which the condition that triggers those payments occurs.

Expenses relating to short-term leases and expenses related to contracts in which variable payments do not depend on index or rate (included in cost of sales and general and administrative expenses):

	2023	2022

Expenses related to contracts in which variable payments do not depend on an index or a rate	68,389	175,529
Expenses relating to short-term leases	534,900	165,499

Total outflow for leases in 2023 was RR 1,404,114 (2022: RR 1,157,708), including RR 193,633 (2022: RR 111,555) settled in agricultural products.

The reconciliation of lease liabilities and the movements is presented in Note 16.

14. Intangible assets

	Trademarks	Software licenses	Internally developed software	Other	Total
Cost (Note 2.9)
As at 1 January 2022	197,032	1,409,078	46,585	566,785	2,219,480
Additions	109,364	510,523	55,093	250,875	925,855
Disposals	(8,556)	(486,868)	(1,149)	(1,217)	(497,790)
As at 31 December 2022	297,840	1,432,733	100,529	816,443	2,647,545

Accumulated amortisation (Note 2.9)
As at 1 January 2022	(138,229)	(637,569)	(33,065)	(266,560)	(1,075,423)
Charge for the year	(17,369)	(623,040)	(5,841)	(28,324)	(674,574)
Disposals	7,931	377,438	1,149	197	386,715
As at 31 December 2022	(147,667)	(883,171)	(37,757)	(294,687)	(1,363,282)

Net book value as at 31 December 2022	150,173	549,562	62,772	521,756	1,284,263

	Trademarks	Software licenses	Internally developed software	Other	Total
Cost (Note 2.9)
As at 1 January 2023	297,840	1,432,733	100,529	816,443	2,647,545
Additions	45,728	176,517	121,938	493,098	837,281
Additions as the result of subsidiary acquired (Note 26)	6,389,228	535,226	-	-	6,924,454
Disposals	(206,762)	(442,766)	(149,274)	(1,586)	(800,388)
As at 31 December 2023	6,526,034	1,701,710	73,193	1,307,955	9,608,892

Accumulated amortisation (Note 2.9)
As at 1 January 2023	(147,667)	(883,171)	(37,757)	(294,687)	(1,363,282)
Charge for the year	(661,761)	(370,657)	(9,087)	(41,252)	(1,082,757)
Disposals	196,133	378,510	26,839	1,518	603,000
As at 31 December 2023	(613,295)	(875,318)	(20,005)	(334,421)	(1,843,039)

Net book value as at 31 December 2023	5,912,739	826,392	53,188	973,534	7,765,853

15. Share capital, share premium and transactions with non-controlling interests

Share capital and share premium

At 31 December 2023 the issued and paid share capital consisted of 27,333,333 ordinary shares
(31 December 2022: 27,333,333 ordinary shares) with par value of EUR 0.01 each.

At 31 December 2023 and 2022, the authorised share capital consisted of 60,000,000 ordinary shares with par value of EUR 0.01 each.

Treasury shares

At 31 December 2023 the Group held 2,135,313 of its own GDRs (31 December 2022: 2,135,313 own GDRs) that is equivalent of approximately 427,063 shares (31 December 2022: 427,063 shares). The GDRs are held as treasury shares. In 2023 and 2022 there were no acquisitions of treasury shares.

Dividends

In 2023 and 2022 the Company didn't distribute any dividends.

Non-controlling interest

2023

On 28 June 2023 the Group acquired 50% of shares and control over NMGK group. The non-controlling interest recognized on the acquisition of subsidiary amounted to RR 19,489,302 (Note 26).

2022

During the year 2022 there were no purchases of non-controlling interests.

16. Borrowings

Short-term borrowings

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Bank loans	56,539,022	84,746,085
Current portion of long-term borrowings	11,495,955	87,605,429
Total	68,034,977	172,351,514

The short-term borrowings are at fixed and floating interest rates. The above borrowings are denominated in the following currencies:

	Interest rate	31 December 2023	Interest rate	31 December 2022

Russian Roubles	1.4% - 14.5%	68,034,977	1.5% - 11.1%	172,351,514
Total		68,034,977		172,351,514

Long-term borrowings

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Bank loans	70,994,074	148,643,822
Less current portion of long-term borrowings from:
Bank loans	(11,495,955)	(87,605,429)
Total	59,498,119	61,038,393

The above borrowings are denominated in the following currencies:

Interest rate

31 December 2023

Interest rate

31 December 2022

Russian Roubles

1.5% - 11.1%

59,498,119

1.5% - 11.1%

61,038,393

Total

59,498,119

61,038,393

In November 2018 the Group entered into a transaction with JSС Rosselkhozbank (hereinafter - "RSHB") for the acquisition of debt of Group of companies Solnechnye producty and its subsidiaries and related companies. The gross value of total consideration for this acquisition amounted to RR 34,810,446 and the payment will be made by the Group in cash in accordance with the payment schedule deferred over 20 years.

The deferred liability due to RSHB is presented within bank loans. The fair value of this liability at inception date was RR 19,897,813 determined using the effective interest rate of 10.7% (applying level 2 valuation model). The liability is subsequently measured at amortized cost with an effective interest rate of 10.7%. The liability is collateralised by the 20-year bonds of Rosselkhozbank in the amount of RR 19,900,000 at the interest rate of 10.5% per annum purchased by the Group.

The fair value of the loans acquired in this transaction determined applying the level 3 valuation model amounted to RR 23,410,231.

The fair value of the acquired loans has been determined based on the fair value of the collateral. The collateral fair value is represented by the fair value of the underlying rights of claim determined with reference to the assets pledged and other assets of the borrower / guarantors, taking into account bankruptcy procedure period and discount rate, applicable to distressed assets. The fair value of the production companies as a part of the assets pledged was determined based on discounted cash flow calculations.

The difference of RR 3,412,418 between the fair value of the consideration and the fair value of loans acquired represented day-one gain which was initially deferred for the period of 5 years being the average term of the acquired loans.

In November 2015 the Group entered into a transaction with Vnesheconombank for the acquisition of debt (loans and bonds) of PJSC Group Razguliay and its subsidiaries (hereinafter - "Razguliay Group"). The total consideration for this acquisition amounted to RR 33,914,546 and was paid by the Group in cash. As at 31 December 2022 the debts were fully repaid.

16. Borrowings (continued)

For the purpose of financing of this transaction, the Group raised a thirteen-year loan from Vnesheconombank
in the amount of RR 33,914,546 at 1% per annum. The fair value of this loan at inception date was RR 13,900,000 determined using the effective interest rate of 13.23%. The loan is measured at amortized cost with an effective interest rate of 13.23%. The loan is secured by a thirteen-year deposit placed by the Group with Vnesheconombank in the amount of RR 13,900,000 (Note 11) at the interest rate of 12.84% per annum.

Maturity of long-term borrowings

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Fixed interest rate borrowings:
2 years	11,472,058	10,379,185
3-5 years	31,900,952	25,308,270
More than 5 years	16,125,109	25,350,938
Total	59,498,119	61,038,393

For details of property, plant and equipment and biological assets pledged as collateral for the above borrowings see Note 10 and Note 12. For details of bank deposits pledged as collateral for the above borrowings refer to Notes 11.

Shares of several companies of the Group are pledged as collateral for the bank borrowings, as follows:

	Pledged shares, %
	31 December 2023	31 December 2022
LLC Rusagro-Primorie	100.0	100.0
JSC Biotekhnologii	50.0	0
LLC Rusagro-Tambov	0	51.0

Reconciliation of liabilities arising from financing activities

The table below sets out an analysis of liabilities from financing activities and the movements in the Group's liabilities from financing activities for each of the periods presented. The items of these liabilities are those that are reported as financing in the consolidated statement of cash flows:

	Borrowings	Lease liabilities	Total liabilities from financing activities

As at 1 January 2022	172,723,865	6,665,845	179,389,710
Cash flows
Proceeds	151,465,684	-	151,465,684
Repayment	(93,010,994)	(466,795)	(93,477,789)
Interest payments	(6,448,700)	(579,358)	(7,028,058)
Non-cash changes
Other non-cash movements	8,660,052	330,657	8,990,709
As at 31 December 2022	233,389,907	5,950,349	239,340,256

Cash flows
Proceeds	105,049,123	-	105,049,123
Repayment	(244,195,528)	(572,322)	(244,767,850)
Interest payments	(5,457,249)	(638,159)	(6,095,408)
Non-cash changes
Additions as the result of subsidiary acquired	28,991,675	323,776	29,315,451
Foreign exchange adjustments	2,111,909	-	2,111,909
Other non-cash movements	7,643,259	359,628	8,002,887
As at 31 December 2023	127,533,096	5,423,271	132,956,367

16. Borrowings (continued)

For the purpose of conformity with the methodology of the Group's Net Debt calculation, cash flows
from investing and financing activities in the Group management accounts are presented as follows:

	Year ended 31 December 2023
	According to IFRS	Reclassifications	Management accounts
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	(18,040,526)	-	(18,040,526)
Purchases of inventories intended for construction	(310,135)	-	(310,135)
Proceeds from cash withdrawals from deposits	162,979,157	(162,979,157)	-
Deposits placed with banks	(63,278,975)	63,278,975	-
Purchases of associates	(106,407)	-	(106,407)
Purchases of loans issued	(10,854)	10,854	-
Loans repaid	740,000	(740,000)	-
Interest received	11,495,107	(11,495,107)	-
Other cash flows from investing activities	(4,357,835)	-	(4,357,835)
Net cash used in investing activities	89,109,532	(111,924,435)	(22,814,903)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from borrowings	105,049,123	-	105,049,123
Repayment of borrowings	(244,195,528)	-	(244,195,528)
Change in cash on bank deposits	-	99,700,182	99,700,182
Purchases of loans issued	-	(10,854)	(10,854)
Loans repaid	-	740,000	740,000
Interest and other finance cost paid	(6,095,409)	-	(6,095,409)
Interest received	-	11,495,107	11,495,107
Proceeds from government grants	2,147,322	-	2,147,322
Repayment of lease liabilities-principal	(572,322)	-	(572,322)
Net cash used in financing activities	(143,666,814)	111,924,435	(31,742,379)

	Year ended 31 December 2022
	According to IFRS	Reclassifications	Management accounts
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	(11,718,704)	-	(11,718,704)
Purchases of inventories intended for construction	(254,665)	-	(254,665)
Proceeds from cash withdrawals from deposits	(76,841,928)	76,841,928	-
Deposits placed with banks	18,000,000	(18,000,000)	-
Proceeds from sales of bonds with maturity over three months	141,804	(141,804)	-
Purchases of associates	(96,134)	-	(96,134)
Purchases of loans issued	(24,866,023)	24,866,023	-
Loans repaid	15,504,119	(15,504,119)	-
Interest received	8,692,280	(8,692,280)	-
Other cash flows in investing activities	102,857	-	102,857
Net cash used in investing activities	(71,336,394)	59,369,748	(11,966,646)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from borrowings	151,465,684	-	151,465,684
Repayment of borrowings	(93,010,994)	-	(93,010,994)
Change in cash on bank deposits	-	(58,841,928)	(58,841,928)
Purchases of bonds with maturity over three months	-	141,804	141,804
Purchases of loans issued	-	(24,866,023)	(24,866,023)
Loans repaid	-	15,504,119	15,504,119
Interest and other finance cost paid	(7,028,058)	-	(7,028,058)
Interest received	-	8,692,280	8,692,280
Proceeds from government grants	1,837,714	-	1,837,714
Repayment of lease liabilities-principal	(466,795)	-	(466,795)
Other cash flows in financial activities	(119)	-	(119)
Net cash used in financing activities	52,797,432	(59,369,748)	(6,572,316)

16. Borrowings (continued)

Net Debt*

As part of liquidity risk management, the Group Treasury analyses its net debt position. The Group management determines the Net Debt of the Group as outstanding long-term borrowings and short-term borrowings less cash and cash equivalents, all bank deposits, bonds held for trading and banks' promissory notes. The Group management compares net debt figure with Adjusted EBITDA (Note 31).

As at 31 December 2023 and 2022 the net debt of the Group was as follows:

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022
Long-term borrowings	59,498,119	61,038,393
Short-term borrowings	68,034,977	172,351,514
Cash and cash equivalents (Note 3)	(25,936,781)	(21,473,030)
Bank deposits within long-term investments (Note 11)	(14,071,101)	(14,071,101)
Bank deposits within short-term investments (Note 4)	(931,531)	(78,005,015)
Long-term bonds held for collect (Note 11)	(19,900,000)	(19,900,000)
Short-term bonds held for collect (Note 4)	(218,027)	(218,035)
Net debt*	66,475,656	99,722,726
including long-term Net debt	25,527,018	27,067,292
including short-term Net debt	40,948,638	72,655,434
Adjusted EBITDA* (Note 31)	56,560,027	45,015,312
Net debt/ Adjusted EBITDA*	1.18	2.22

* not an IFRS measure.

17. Trade and other payables

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022
Trade accounts payable	26,511,289	11,703,258
Payables for property, plant and equipment	884,560	647,207
Other payables	6,041,154	251,057
Total financial liabilities within trade and other payables	33,437,003	12,601,522

Payables to employees	2,502,890	2,261,015
Advances received	3,512,920	2,161,935
Total trade and other payables	39,452,813	17,024,472

Financial liabilities within trade and other payables of RR 16,927,662 (31 December 2022: RR 707,482) are denominated in US Dollars, financial liabilities within trade and other payables of RR 989,801 (31 December 2022: RR 1,283,073) are denominated in Euros. All other financial liabilities within trade and other payables are denominated in Russian Roubles.

18. Other taxes payable

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Value added tax	4,561,633	6,613,703
Social contributions	410,381	1,304,764
Personal income tax	258,869	54,232
Property tax	163,830	124,312
Transport tax	8,607	7,902
Other	55,209	44,867
Total	5,458,529	8,149,780

19. Government grants

During 2022-2023 the Group received government grants from the Tambov and Belgorod regional governments and the Federal government in form of partial compensation of the investments into acquisition of equipment for agricultural business and sugar processing and the investments into reconstruction and modernisation of the pig-breeding farms and the slaughter house. The receipts of these grants in 2023 amounted to RR 576,649 (2022: RR 317,097). These grants are deferred and amortised on a straight-line basis over the expected lives of the related assets.

In 2022-2023 the Group obtained government grants for reimbursement of interest expenses on bank loans received for construction of the pig-breeding farms in the Far East and Tambov. The government grants related to interest expenses capitalised into the carrying value of assets, were similarly deferred and amortised on a straight-line basis over the expected lives of the related assets. The deferred government grants, related to capitalised interest expense, amounted to RR 1,680,110 (2022: RR 2,184,110).

The movements in deferred government grants in the consolidated statement of financial position were as follows:

	2023	2022
As at 1 January	11,153,211	9,325,530
Government grants received	2,256,759	2,501,207
Amortization of deferred income to match related depreciation (Note 24)	(549,759)	(673,526)
As at 31 December	12,860,211	11,153,211

Other bank loan interests, which had been refunded by the state, were credited to the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and netted with the interest expense (Note 25).

Other government grants received are included in Note 24.

20. Sales

Disaggregation of revenue for 2023 by category:

	Sugar	Meat	Agriculture	Oil and Fat	NMGK	Other	Elimination	Total
Type of goods and services
Sales of goods	63,208,865	48,355,623	56,343,884	105,437,006	30,305,255	25,035	(32,337,203)	271,338,465
Transportation services	1,159,674	106,699	-	2,951,564	896,364	-	-	5,114,301
Other services	411,990	-	575,095	357,897	-	1,934,895	(2,404,335)	875,542
Revenue from contracts with customers	64,780,529	48,462,322	56,918,979	108,746,467	31,201,619	1,959,930	(34,741,538)	277,328,308

Geographical market
Russian Federation	64,223,222	43,403,774	55,225,217	67,841,899	19,950,937	1,905,205	(34,741,538)	217,808,716
Foreign countries	557,307	5,058,548	1,693,762	40,904,568	11,250,682	54,725	-	59,519,592
Revenue from contracts with customers	64,780,529	48,462,322	56,918,979	108,746,467	31,201,619	1,959,930	(34,741,538)	277,328,308

Timing of revenue recognition
Goods transferred at a point of time	63,208,865	48,355,623	56,343,884	105,437,006	30,305,255	25,035	(32,337,203)	271,338,465
Services transferred over time	1,571,664	106,699	575,095	3,309,461	896,364	1,934,895	(2,404,335)	5,989,843
Revenue from contracts with customers	64,780,529	48,462,322	56,918,979	108,746,467	31,201,619	1,959,930	(34,741,538)	277,328,308

Disaggregation of revenue for 2022 by category:

	Sugar	Meat	Agriculture	Oil and Fat	NMGK	Other	Elimination	Total
Type of goods and services
Sales of goods	48,008,029	43,575,863	31,604,784	130,780,222	-	413,865	(18,298,960)	236,083,803
Transportation services	1,411,547	129,158	-	2,361,588	-	-	-	3,902,293
Other services	164,321	-	388,475	227,210	-	994,400	(1,530,251)	244,155
Revenue from contracts with customers	49,583,897	43,705,021	31,993,259	133,369,020	-	1,408,265	(19,829,211)	240,230,251

Geographical market
Russian Federation	46,955,887	37,604,933	30,341,787	72,303,453	-	529,985	(19,829,211)	167,906,834
Foreign countries	2,628,010	6,100,088	1,651,472	61,065,567	-	878,280	-	72,323,417
Revenue from contracts with customers	49,583,897	43,705,021	31,993,259	133,369,020	-	1,408,265	(19,829,211)	240,230,251

Timing of revenue recognition
Goods transferred at a point of time	48,008,029	43,575,863	31,604,784	130,780,222	-	413,865	(18,298,960)	236,083,803
Services transferred over time	1,575,868	129,158	388,475	2,588,798	-	994,400	(1,530,251)	4,146,448
Revenue from contracts with customers	49,583,897	43,705,021	31,993,259	133,369,020	-	1,408,265	(19,829,211)	240,230,251

The transportation expenses related to Revenue from transportation services in the amount of RR 5,114,301 were recognised within Cost of sales (2022: RR 3,902,293).

21. Cost of sales

	2023	2022
Raw materials and consumables used	127,933,573	132,888,702
Services	19,489,661	15,955,923
Depreciation and amortisation	13,497,292	13,892,469
Payroll	17,060,432	14,114,964
Purchases of goods for resale	5,851,121	4,445,375
Other	8,652,440	9,998,102
Lost harvest write-off (Note 10)	1,090,868	598,041
Depreciation of right-of-use assets	640,591	615,651
Purchase of biological assets	1,121,556	1,630,482
Change in work in progress, finished goods and goods for resale, biological assets	9,632,726	(9,703,663)
Total	204,970,260	184,436,046

"Change in work in progress, finished goods and goods for resale, biological assets" line above includes changes in balances of goods produced and goods purchased for resale, changes in work in progress and changes in biological assets excluding the effect of revaluation adjustments. This line also includes change in depreciation as included in work in progress, finished goods and biological assets in the amount of RR 758,383 (2022: RR (1,634,893)).

Payroll costs include salaries of RR 13,444,132 (2022: RR 11,200,468) and statutory pension contributions of RR 3,616,300 (2022: RR 2,914,496).

The average number of employees employed by the Group during the year ended 31 December 2023 was 23,116 (19,786 for the year ended 31 December 2022).

22. Distribution and selling expenses

	2023	2022

Transportation and loading services	9,800,605	7,021,283
Advertising	2,495,043	1,859,751
Payroll	3,012,386	1,713,156
Other services	1,670,951	1,853,874
Customs duties	1,074,765	3,445,432
Other	1,039,018	679,978
Depreciation and amortisation	576,407	395,960
Change in selling and distribution expenses attributable to goods not sold	305,312	(359,965)
Fuel and energy	224,733	166,350
Depreciation of right-of-use assets	76,371	26,111
Provision for impairment of receivables	54,451	571
Materials	28,975	48,275
Rent	20,093	1,185
Total	20,379,110	16,851,961

Payroll costs include salaries of RR 2,543,548 (2022: RR 1,354,795) and statutory pension contributions of RR 468,838 (2022: RR 358,361).

23. General and administrative expenses

	2023	2022
Payroll	5,286,393	3,852,894
Services of professional organisations	1,717,971	1,666,451
Other	1,239,528	720,449
Taxes, excluding income tax	748,123	772,256
Depreciation and amortisation	722,962	648,739
Repair and maintenance	310,722	124,389
Bank services	190,272	362,458
Depreciation of right-of-use assets	179,746	217,509
Security	165,753	205,641
Rent	163,595	142,004
Insurance	138,632	84,898
Travelling expenses	115,274	62,634
Communication	65,359	62,997
Materials	50,486	104,499
Fuel and energy	49,124	43,294
Total	11,143,940	9,071,112

Payroll costs above include salaries of RR 4,485,473 (2022: RR 3,152,492) and statutory pension contributions of RR 800,920 (2022: RR 700,402).

The total fees charged by the Group's auditor for the audit of the annual financial statements of the Group for the year ended 31 December 2023 amounted to RR 32,044 (2022: RR 18,382).

24. Other operating income/(expenses), net

	2023	2022

Reimbursement of operating expenses (government grants)	1,543,482	1,343,488
Operating foreign exchange gain/(loss), net	2,869,879	(1,556,913)
Amortization of deferred income to match related depreciation	549,759	673,526
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment	170,144	340,308
Charitable donations and social costs	(1,449,166)	(4,041,552)
Gain on other investments	2,009,374	397,362
Fines and penalties payable	-	(405,221)
(Provisions)/reverse of provisions for receivables, other liabilities and charges	(1,906,783)	302,087
Gain on SolPro loans redemption	325,851	563,487
(Loss)/gain on disposal of other assets	(18,768)	21,698
(Loss)/gain on sale of goods and materials, except for main products	(25,259)	31,656
Loss of livestock net of compensation received	(1,240,191)	-
Loss on implementation of work, services	(183,691)	(84,502)
Gain from forward contracts	323,759	-
Other shortages and losses and their reversal	36,036	-
Payroll	(25,874)	(3,021)
Other	408,282	223,038
Total	3,386,834	(2,194,559)

Gain on other investments in 2023 is comprised of dividends received from LLC GK Agro-Belogorie in the amount of RR 2,009,374 (2022: RR 397,362).

24. Other operating income/(expenses), net (continued)

The Group management excludes the following components of Other operating income/(expenses) from Adjusted EBITDA calculation as non-recurring items (Note 31):

Non-recurring other operating adjustment

	2023	2022

Amortization of deferred income to match related depreciation (Note 19)	549,759	673,526
Operating foreign exchange gain/(loss), net	2,875,813	(1,185,408)
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment	170,144	340,308
Charitable donations and social costs	(1,449,166)	(4,041,552)
Gain on other investments	2,009,374	397,362
Fines and penalties receivable	-	(405,221)
Gain on SolPro loans redemption	325,851	563,487
(Loss)/gain on disposal of other assets	(18,768)	21,698
(Provisions)/reverse of provisions for receivables, other liabilities and charges	(325,170)	302,087
Other	(24,486)	156,521
Total	4,113,351	(3,177,192)

25. Interest expense and other finance income/(costs), net

Interest expense comprised of the following:

	2023	2022

Interest expense	18,911,361	20,783,744
Reimbursement of interest expense (government grants)	(11,738,728)	(12,918,554)
Interest expense, net	7,172,633	7,865,190

Other finance income/(costs), net comprised of the following items:

	2023	2022
Foreign exchange income/(loss), net	6,906,014	(11,509,923)
Interest expense on leases (Note 13)	(638,821)	(690,914)
Other finance (costs)/income, net	(477,003)	12,864
Other finance income/(costs), net	5,790,190	(12,187,973)

26. Acquisition of subsidiary

Acquisition of subsidiary

On 28 June 2023 the Group obtained control of NMGK group of companies by acquiring 50% of the shares and voting interests in the company as well as the ability to direct the relevant activities. As a result, the Group's equity interest in NMGK increased from 0% to 50% (Note 15).

Included in the identifiable assets and liabilities acquired at the date of acquisition of NMGK are inputs (an oil and fat plant, several oil extraction plants, elevators, inventories, trademarks and customer relationships), production processes and an organised workforce. The Group has determined that together the acquired inputs and processes significantly contribute to the ability to create revenue. The Group has concluded that the acquired set is a business.

Control over NMGK will allow the Group to take key positions in the main segments of the Oil & Fats B2C market and become Russia's No. 1 producer of mayonnaise and mayonnaise sauces. The Group will also significantly strengthen its positions in sunflower oil production and in a number of product categories of industrial fats, and plans to realize a number of synergies through economies of scale, including optimization of logistics and reduction of purchase prices.

26. Acquisition of subsidiary (continued)

From the date of acquisition to 31 December 2023 NMGK contributed revenue of RR 31,201,619 and profit of RR 4,600,709.

If the acquisitions had occurred on 1 January 2023, management estimates that consolidated revenue would have been RUB 306,940,701, and consolidated profit for the year would have been RR 53,840,228. In determining these amounts, management has assumed that the fair value adjustments that arose on the date of acquisition would have been the same if the acquisition had occurred on 1 January 2023.

Consideration transferred

Consideration transferred was made in form of cash in the amount of RR 20,964,512.

Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed and Goodwill

The following table summarises the recognised amounts of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date.

	Note	Recognised fair values on acquisition
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment	12	13,509,797
Intangible assets	14	6,924,454
Advances paid for property, plant and equipment		105,306
Deferred income tax assets	28	272,811
Right-of-use assets	13	296,777
Other non-current assets		473
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		14,338,885
Short-term investments		21,900,000
Trade and other receivables		3,785,628
Inventories		11,725,373
Prepayments		1,136,996
Current income tax receivable		32,336
Other taxes receivable		695,521
Non-current liabilities
Long-term borrowings	16	(910,326)
Deferred income tax liabilities	28	(2,712,558)
Lease liabilities	16	(141,097)
Current liabilities
Short-term borrowings	16	(28,081,349)
Current income tax payable		(253,258)
Trade and other payables		(3,464,483)
Lease liabilities		(182,679)
Total identifiable net assets		38,978,607
Total cash consideration transferred		20,964,512
Net cash outflow		6,625,627
Non-controlling interests, based on their proportionate interest in the recognised amounts of the asset and liabilities of the acquiree		19,489,302
Goodwill		1,475,208

The trade receivables comprise gross contractual amounts due of RR 3,358,086 of which RR 89,691 was expected to be uncollectable at the date of acquisition.

27. Goodwill

	2023	2022
Carrying amount at 1 January	2,364,942	2,364,942
Additions as the result of subsidiary acquired (Note 26)	1,475,208	-

Carrying amount at 31 December	3,840,150	2,364,942

The carrying amount of goodwill is allocated to the following CGUs:

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022
NMGK CGU	1,475,208	-
Meat CGU	538,684	538,684
Oil Samara CGU	899,401	899,401
Agriculture Center CGU	199,276	199,276
Sugar CGU	502,083	502,083
Agriculture Primorie CGU	225,498	225,498
Total	3,840,150	2,364,942

Goodwill Impairment Test

The carrying amount of goodwill as at 31 December 2023 and 2022 was tested for impairment.
The recoverable amount of the Group's cash-generating units has been determined based on a value-in-use calculation using cash flow projections based on financial budgets approved by the Group management covering a five-year period and the expected market prices for the Group's key products for the same period according to leading industry publications. Cash flows beyond the five-year period are projected with a long-term growth rate of 4% per annum (31 December 2022: 4% per annum).

The assumptions used for value-in-use calculations to which the recoverable amount is most sensitive were:

	EBITDA margin*		Pre-tax discount rate
	2023	2022	2023	2022

Oil Samara CGU	6.14%-7.15%	14.8%-20.0%	24,22%	16,87%
NMGK CGU	11,4%-11,6%	-	19,90%	-
Agriculture Center CGU	30.40%-36.15%	32.7%-36.15%	15.40%	14.40%
Sugar CGU	27.9%-31.8%	20.7%-26.7%	20.90%	14.60%
Agriculture Primorie CGU	26.33%-30.52%	17.7%-24.1%	15.42%	14.44%
Meat CGU	13.36%-17.37%	14.2%-16.9%	15.33%	14.17%

* EBITDA margin is calculated as the sum of operating cash flows before income tax and changes in working capital divided by the amount of cash flow received from trade customers.

2023 and 2022

As a result of the testing, no impairment losses were recognised for the goodwill allocated to each CGU.

28. Income tax

	2023	2022

Current income tax charge	6,735,471	2,340,333
Deferred income tax charge / (credit)	1,426,189	(721,540)
Income tax expense	8,161,660	1,618,793

The Group companies domiciled in Russia were subject to an income tax rate of 20% (2022: 20%) of taxable profits, except for profit on sales of agricultural produce taxable at 0% (2022: 0%) and profit obtained in Saratov region subject to a reduced rate of 10% in 2023.

Group entities operating in other tax jurisdictions were taxed at 0% and 12.5% (2022: 0% and 12.5%).

The current income tax charge represents a tax accrual based on statutory taxable profits. A reconciliation between the expected and the actual taxation charge is as follows:

	2023	2022

Profit before income tax:	56,868,109	8,405,333
- taxable at 0%	23,685,285	2,670,974
- taxable at 10%	1,972,958	-
- taxable at 12.5%	2,061	(401,372)
- taxable at 20%	31,207,805	6,135,731
Theoretical income tax charge/(credit) calculated at the applicable tax rate of 20%, 10% and 12.5% (2022: 20% and 12.5%)	6,439,114	1,176,975

- non-taxable income	(40,662)	(51,404)
- non-deductible expenses	617,239	733,296
Deferred income tax charge in respect of withholding income tax on dividends to be distributed	-	(186,170)
Adjustments of income tax in respect of prior years and tax penalties	1,131,897	39,875
Effect of changes in the tax rates on the measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities	(141,695)	(245,766)
Other	155,767	151,987
Income tax expense	8,161,660	1,618,793

28. Income tax (continued)

Differences between IFRS as adopted by IASB and local statutory taxation regulations give rise
to certain temporary differences between the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and their tax bases. Deferred income taxes are attributable to the following:

	1 January 2023	Deferred income tax assets/ (liabilities) acquisition/ disposal	Deferred income tax credited/ (charged) to profit or loss	31 December 2023

Tax effects of deductible/ (taxable) temporary differences:
Property, plant and equipment	(2,546,379)	(2,598,818)	(12,379)	(5,157,576)
Impairment of receivables	103,502	57,458	448,384	609,344
Payables	52,003	44,583	183,881	280,467
Financial assets	(1,285,096)	-	(2,027)	(1,287,123)
Inventory and biological assets	645,877	6,655	(439,761)	212,771
Borrowings	(1,487,374)	-	422,875	(1,064,499)
Tax loss carried-forwards	7,442,117	49,436	(1,944,179)	5,547,374
Lease liability	444,714	64,755	3,862	513,331
Right-of-use assets	(539,453)	(59,355)	44,026	(554,782)
Other	850,864	211,601	(130,871)	931,594
Net deferred income tax asset	3,680,775	(2,223,685)	(1,426,189)	30,901

Recognised deferred income tax assets	5,964,527			2,532,975
Recognised deferred income tax liabilities	(2,283,752)			(2,502,074)
	1 January 2022	Deferred income tax assets/ (liabilities) acquisition/ disposal	Deferred income tax credited/ (charged) to profit or loss	31 December 2022

Tax effects of deductible/ (taxable) temporary differences:
Property, plant and equipment	(2,394,654)	230	(151,955)	(2,546,379)
Impairment of receivables	168,785	-	(65,283)	103,502
Payables	122,270	-	(70,267)	52,003
Financial assets	(776,832)	-	(508,264)	(1,285,096)
Inventory and biological assets	1,129,823	-	(483,946)	645,877
Borrowings	(1,901,985)	-	414,611	(1,487,374)
Tax loss carried-forwards	5,902,094	(19)	1,540,042	7,442,117
Lease liability	344,085	-	100,629	444,714
Right-of-use assets	(394,803)	-	(144,650)	(539,453)
Withholding income tax on dividends to be distributed	(186,170)	-	186,170	-
Other	946,411	-	(95,547)	850,864
Net deferred income tax asset	2,959,024	211	721,540	3,680,775

Recognised deferred income tax assets	4,835,268			5,964,527
Recognised deferred income tax liabilities	(1,876,244)			(2,283,752)

28. Income tax (continued)

Starting from 1 January 2017 the amendments to the Russian tax legislation became effective in respect of tax loss carry-forwards. The amendments affect tax losses incurred and accumulated since 2007 that have not been utilised. The 10-year expiry period for tax loss carry-forwards does not apply. The amendments also set limitation on utilisation of tax loss carry forwards that would apply during the period from 2017 to 2020, later this period was prolonged to 2024. The amount of losses that can be utilised each year during that period is limited to 50% of annual taxable profit.

In the context of the Group's current structure tax losses and current income tax assets of different companies may not be set off against taxable profits and current income tax liabilities of other companies and, accordingly, taxes may accrue even where there is a net consolidated tax loss. Therefore, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are offset only when they relate to the same taxable entity.

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022
Deferred income tax assets:
- Deferred income tax assets to be recovered after more than 12 months	1,216,130	3,786,310
- Deferred income tax assets to be recovered within 12 months	1,316,845	2,178,217
	2,532,975	5,964,527
Deferred income tax liabilities:
- Deferred income tax liabilities to be settled after more than 12 months	(1,338,801)	(2,031,724)
- Deferred income tax liabilities to be settled within 12 months	(1,163,273)	(252,028)
	(2,502,074)	(2,283,752)
Total net deferred income tax asset	30,901	3,680,775

Temporary differences associated with undistributed earnings of subsidiaries totalled RR 300,360,682 (2022: RR 212,423,844). No deferred income tax liability was recognised as the Group is able to control the timing of reversal of those temporary differences and it is probable that they will not reverse in the foreseeable future. For those temporary differences that will reverse in the foreseeable future correspondent deferred income tax liabilities was recognized in the amount of RR nil (2022: RR nil).

Refer to Note 33 "Contingencies" for description of tax risks and uncertainties.

29. Related party transactions

Parties are generally considered to be related if the parties are under common control or if one party has the ability to control the other party or can exercise significant influence or joint control over the other party in making financial and operational decisions. In considering each possible related party relationship, attention is directed to the substance of the relationship, not merely the legal form.

The Company does not have the ultimate controlling party in accordance with the definitions of control described in IFRS 10 "Consolidated financial statements".

Key management personnel

Share option incentive scheme

In 2017 the Group initiated a share option incentive scheme for its top-management. Under this scheme the employees were granted GDRs of the Company provided they remained in their position up to a specific date in the future. The amount of GDRs granted were dependent on the average market prices of GDRs for the period preceding this date. Vesting period of the scheme ended by 31 December 2019. No expenses or gains were recognized under the scheme for the years ended 31 December 2023 and 2022, no GDRs of the Company were transferred to the employees under the scheme in 2023 and 2022.

29. Related party transactions (continued)

As at 31 December 2023, the share-based payment reserve accumulated in equity as a result of the share-based payment transactions amounted to RR 1,313,691 (2022: RR 1,313,691).

Other remuneration to key management personnel

Remuneration to 13 (2022: 11) representatives of key management personnel, included in payroll costs, comprised short-term remuneration such as salaries, discretionary bonuses and other short-term benefits totalling RR 1,103,590 including RR 147,631 payable to the State Pension Fund (2022: RR 769,365 and RR 101,337 respectively).

The Company Directors' remuneration

Included in the share-based compensation and other remuneration to Company Directors disclosed above, are the Company Directors' fees, salaries and other short-term benefits totalling RR 52,159 including RR 4,840 payable to the State Pension Fund for the year ended 31 December 2023 (2022: RR 9,994 and RR 64 respectively).

Dividends paid to the Company Directors

During the years 2023 and 2022 no dividends were paid to the Company Directors.

Loan agreements with the Key management personnel

No balances under the loan agreements with Key management personel existed at 31 December 2023 and 31 December 2022.

Associates

Balances and transactions with associates are presented in the table below:

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Transactions
Purchases of services	2,026	576
Purchases of goods	68,368	6,924
Provision for impairment of other receivables	51,513	-

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

Balances
Other receivables from related parties	-	51,513
Trade receivables from related parties, gross	461	509
Provision for impairment of trade receivables from related parties	(465)	(514)
Trade and other payables	(140)	(115)

30. Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the profit attributable to equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue during the year excluding the effect of GDRs purchased by the Company and held as treasury shares.

The Company has no significant dilutive potential ordinary shares; therefore, the diluted earnings per share equals the basic earnings per share.

	2023	2022

Profit for the year attributable to the Company's equity holders	46,501,167	6,763,338
Weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue	26,906,270	26,906,270
Basic and diluted earnings per share (RR per share)	1,728.27	251.37

31. Segment information

Operating segments are components that engage in business activities that may earn revenues or incur expenses, whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and for which discrete financial information is available. The CODM is a person or a group of persons who allocates resources and assesses the performance of the Group. The functions of CODM are performed by the Board of Directors of ROS AGRO PLC.

Description of products and services from which each reportable segment derives its revenue

The Group is organised on the basis of five main business segments:

· Sugar - processing of raw sugar and production of sugar from sugar-beet;

· Meat - cultivation of pigs and meat processing;

· Agriculture - agricultural production (cultivation of sugar-beet, grain and other agricultural crops);

· Oil and Fat - vegetable oil extraction and processing;

· NMGK - vegetable oil extraction and processing.

Certain of the Group's businesses are not included within the reportable operating segments, as they are not included in the reports provided to the CODM. The results of these operations are included in "Other" caption. The Company, JSC Rusagro Group and LLC Group of Companies Rusagro that represent
the Group's head office and investment holding functions and earn revenue considered incidental
to the Group's activities are included in "Other" caption.

There were no changes in approach to the identification and measurement of operating segment profit or loss, assets and liabilities.

Factors that management used to identify the reportable segments

The Group's segments are strategic business units that focus on different customers. They are managed separately because of the differences in the production processes, the nature of products produced and required marketing strategies.

Financial information reviewed by the CODM includes:

· Quarterly reports containing information about income and expenses by business units (segments) based on IFRS numbers, that may be adjusted to present the segments results as if the segments operated as independent business units and not as the division within the Group;

· Quarterly reports with a breakdown of separate material lines of IFRS consolidated statement
of financial positions and IFRS consolidated statement of cash flows;

In addition to the main financial indicators, operating data (such as yield, production volumes, cost per unit, staff costs) and revenue data (volumes per type of product, market share) are also reviewed by the CODM on a quarterly basis.

31. Segment information (continued)

Measurement of operating segment profit or loss, assets and liabilities

The CODM assesses the performance of the operating segments based on the Adjusted EBITDA figure for the period. Adjusted EBITDA figure is not an IFRS measure. Adjusted EBITDA is reconciled to IFRS operating profit in this Note.

Adjusted EBITDA is defined as operating profit before taking into account:

· depreciation and amortisation;

· non-recurring other operating adjustment (Note 24);

· the difference between the gain on revaluation of biological assets and agricultural produce recognised in the year and the gain on initial recognition of agricultural produce attributable
to realised agricultural produce for the year and revaluation of biological assets attributable
to realised biological assets and included in cost of sales;

· share-based payment;

· provision/ (reversal of provision) for net realisable value of agricultural products in stocks;

· provision / (reversal of provision) for impairment of loans issued.

Transactions between operating segments are accounted for based on financial information of individual segments that represent separate legal entities.

Analysis of revenues by products and services

Each business segment except for the "Oil & Fat" segments is engaged in the production and sales of similar or related products (see above in this note). The "Oil and Fat" segment in additional to its main activity of vegetable oil extraction and processing is engaged in the production of milk products, including dry milk textures and cheese products. Related revenue from milk products was RR 5,342,852 (2022: RR 5,396,110).

For the amount of revenue from services, which comprise mainly grain elevator services and processing of sugar beet for third party agricultural enterprises, see Note 20.

Geographical areas of operations

All the Group's assets are located in the Russian Federation. Distribution of the Group's sales between countries on the basis of the customers' country of domicile was as follows:

	2023	2022

Russian Federation	217,808,717	167,906,834
Foreign countries	59,519,591	72,323,417
Total	277,328,308	240,230,251

Among key customers from foreign countries are UAE, CIS countries, China, Japan, Mongolia.

Major customers

The Group has no customer or group of customers under common control who would account for more than 10% of the Group's consolidated revenue.

31. Segment information (continued)

Information about reportable segment adjusted EBITDA, assets and liabilities

Segment information for the reportable segments' assets and liabilities as at 31 December 2023 and 2022 is set out below:

2023	Sugar	Meat	Agriculture	Oil and Fat	NMGK	Other	Eliminations	Total

Assets	252,421,947	93,934,074	87,907,246	130,374,906	68,437,193	266,086,719	(488,195,600)	410,966,485
Liabilities	213,132,894	43,813,513	53,512,865	101,951,552	50,147,181	120,520,342	(389,169,228)	193,909,119
Additions to non-current assets*	1,696,996	4,657,216	3,230,999	3,118,552	20,786,797	999,036	-	34,489,596

2022	Sugar	Meat	Agriculture	Oil and Fat	NMGK	Other	Eliminations	Total

Assets	190,215,650	94,869,562	72,653,144	181,211,138	-	290,230,947	(396,353,752)	432,826,689
Liabilities	160,472,490	60,219,878	48,150,318	146,209,739	-	171,054,860	(307,942,211)	278,165,074
Additions to non-current assets*	1,246,656	10,006,962	4,445,878	4,320,164	-	50,297	-	20,069,957

* Additions to non-current assets exclude additions to financial instruments, assets held for sale, deferred income tax assets, goodwill and restricted cash.

31. Segment information (continued)

Segment information for the reportable segments' adjusted EBITDA for the years ended 31 December 2023 and 2022 is set out below:

2023	Sugar	Meat	Agriculture	Oil and Fat	NMGK	Other	Eliminations	Total

Sales (Note 20)	64,780,529	48,462,322	56,918,979	108,746,467	31,201,619	1,959,929	(34,741,537)	277,328,308
Net gain/ (loss) on revaluation of biological assets and agricultural produce (Note 10)**	-	2,746,737	(1,956,844)	-	-	-	2,908,800	3,698,693
Cost of sales (Note 21)	(42,151,266)	(43,021,660)	(36,689,851)	(87,485,863)	(22,722,813)	(1,372,408)	28,473,601	(204,970,260)
incl. Depreciation	(2,068,084)	(4,374,682)	(3,245,776)	(3,795,050)	(1,289,812)	(20,210)	(102,652)	(14,896,266)
Net gain / (loss) from trading derivatives	-	-	(205)	-	-	-	-	(205)
Gross profit	22,629,263	8,187,399	18,272,079	21,260,604	8,478,806	587,521	(3,359,136)	76,056,536

Distribution and Selling, General and administrative expenses (Notes 22, 23)	(6,114,655)	(4,219,713)	(7,918,620)	(11,775,958)	(4,780,794)	(2,036,423)	5,323,113	(31,523,050)
incl. Depreciation and amortisation	(63,043)	(132,991)	(464,538)	(753,773)	(137,947)	(105,845)	102,652	(1,555,485)
Other operating income/(expenses), net (Note 24)	602,220	(273,738)	1,233,342	(263,619)	(123,150)	11,397,245	(9,185,466)	3,386,834
incl. Reimbursement of operating costs (government grants) (Note 24)	221,704	165,233	844,744	311,801	-	-	-	1,543,482
Incl. Non-recurring other operating adjustment) (Note 24)	76,912	444,824	293,085	277,860	(188,796)	11,517,751	(8,308,285)	4,113,351
Provision for impairment of loans issued	-	-	-	-	-	7,983	-	7,983
Operating profit	17,116,828	3,693,948	11,586,801	9,221,027	3,574,862	9,956,326	(7,221,489)	47,928,303

Adjustments:
Depreciation and amortization included in Operating Profit	2,131,127	4,507,673	3,710,314	4,548,823	1,427,759	126,055	-	16,451,751
Non-recurring other operating adjustment (Note 24)	(76,912)	(444,824)	(293,085)	(277,860)	188,796	(11,517,751)	8,308,285	(4,113,351)
Net (loss)/ gain on revaluation of biological assets and agricultural produce	-	(2,746,737)	1,956,844	-	-	-	(2,908,800)	(3,698,693)
Provision for impairment of loans issued	-	-	-	-	-	(7,983)	-	(7,983)
Adjusted EBITDA*	19,171,043	5,010,060	16,960,874	13,491,990	5,191,417	(1,443,353)	(1,822,004)	56,560,027

* Non-IFRS measures

** Elimination is comprised of the revaluation of fair value of sugar beet recognized as inventory in sugar segment

31 Segment information (continued)

2022	Sugar	Meat	Agriculture	Oil and Fat	NMGK	Other	Eliminations	Total

Sales (Note 20)	49,583,897	43,705,021	31,993,259	133,369,020	-	1,408,265	(19,829,211)	240,230,251
Net (loss) / gain on revaluation of biological assets and agricultural produce (Note 10)**	-	(2,094,398)	(4,312,350)	-	-	-	(2,135,687)	(8,542,435)
Cost of sales (Note 21)	(29,643,242)	(44,149,262)	(20,485,426)	(109,950,614)	-	(961,422)	20,753,920	(184,436,046)
incl. Depreciation	(2,271,228)	(4,951,716)	(1,695,446)	(3,761,053)	-	(18,175)	(175,609)	(12,873,227)
Gross profit	19,940,655	(2,538,639)	7,195,483	23,418,406	-	446,843	(1,210,978)	47,251,770

Distribution and Selling, General and administrative expenses (Notes 22, 23)	(6,590,185)	(3,638,654)	(4,640,663)	(12,118,669)	-	(2,001,255)	3,066,353	(25,923,073)
incl. Depreciation and amortisation	(62,973)	(39,905)	(496,419)	(781,207)	-	(83,424)	175,609	(1,288,319)
Other operating income/(expenses), net (Note 24)	(294,339)	1,388,504	1,246,170	(2,158,484)	-	15,093,839	(17,470,249)	(2,194,559)
incl. Reimbursement of operating costs (government grants)	157,532	417,824	445,978	322,154	-	-	-	1,343,488
Incl. Non-recurring other operating adjustment) (Note 24)	(304,560)	675,718	549,976	(2,266,102)	-	14,972,443	(16,804,668)	(3,177,193)
Reversal of provision for impairment of loans issued	-	-	-	-	-	(74,356)	-	(74,356)
Operating profit	13,056,131	(4,788,789)	3,800,990	9,141,253	-	13,465,071	(15,614,874)	19,059,782

Adjustments:
Depreciation and amortization included in Operating Profit	2,334,201	4,991,621	2,191,865	4,542,260	-	101,599	-	14,161,546
Non-recurring other operating adjustment (Note 24)	304,560	(675,718)	(549,976)	2,266,102	-	(14,972,443)	16,804,668	3,177,193
Net (loss)/ gain on revaluation of biological assets and agricultural produce	-	2,094,398	4,312,350	-	-	-	2,135,687	8,542,435
Reversal of provision for impairment of loans issued	-	-	-	-	-	74,356	-	74,356
Adjusted EBITDA*	15,694,892	1,621,512	9,755,229	15,949,615	-	(1,331,417)	3,325,481	45,015,312

* Non-IFRS measure

** Elimination is comprised of the revaluation of fair value of sugar beet recognized as inventory in sugar segment

32. Financial risk management

Financial risk factors

The Group's activities expose it to a variety of financial risks: market risk (including commodity price risk, foreign exchange risk, cash flow interest rate risk and fair value interest rate risk), credit risk and liquidity risk. The Group's overall risk management programme focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimise potential adverse effects on the Group's financial performance. The Group does not use derivative financial instruments to hedge its risk exposure, except for foreign currency forward contracts.

Operating risk management is carried out on the level of the finance function of the Group's business segments with overall monitoring and control by management of the Group. The management is implementing principles for overall risk management, as well as policies covering specific areas, such as foreign exchange risk, interest-rate risk, credit risk, use of non-derivative financial instruments, and investing excess liquidity.

Credit risk

The credit risk represents the risk of losses for the Group owing to default of counterparties on obligations to transfer to the Group cash and cash equivalents and other financial assets.

Activities of the Group that give rise to credit risk include granting loans, making sales to customers on credit terms, placing deposits with banks and performing other transactions with counterparties giving rise to financial assets.

The Group's maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date without taking account of any collateral held is as follows:

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022
Long-term financial assets
Bonds held to collect (Note 11)	19,900,000	19,900,000
Bank deposits (Note 11)	14,071,101	14,071,101
Investments in third parties (Note 11)	8,556,556	8,556,556
Total long-term financial assets	42,527,657	42,527,657

Short-term financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents (Note 3)	25,936,781	21,473,030
Bank deposits (Note 4)	931,531	78,005,015
Financial assets within trade and other receivables (Note 5)	47,119,813	22,924,251
Short-term loans issued (Note 4)	1,139,294	13,086,402
Interest receivable on long-term bonds held to collect (Note 4)	218,027	218,035
Other short-term investments (Note 4)	-	73,084
Other current assets (Note 9)	2,718,720	4,126,715
Total short-term financial assets	78,064,166	139,906,532
Total	120,591,823	182,434,189

As at 31 December 2023 the Group has collateral against RR 979,089 of its trade receivables (31 December 2022: RR 189,553). The Group has no geographical concentration of credit risk in one single region.

32. Financial risk management (continued)

Credit risk grading system. For measuring credit risk and grading financial instruments by the amount of credit risk, the Group applies two approaches - an Internal Risk-Based (IRB) rating system or risk grades estimated by external international rating agencies (Standard & Poor's - "S&P", Fitch, Moody's). Internal and external credit ratings are mapped on an internally defined master scale with a specified range of probabilities of default as disclosed in the table below:

Master scale credit risk grade	Corresponding internal ratings		Corresponding ratings of external international rating agencies	Corresponding PD interval

Excellent	1 - 6		AAA to BB+	0.01% - 0.05%
Good	7 - 14		BB to B+	0.06% - 1%
Satisfactory	15 - 21		B, B-	1% - 5%
Special monitoring	22 - 25		CCC+ to CC-	6% - 99.9%
Default	26 - 30	C, D-I, D-II			100%

Each master scale credit risk grade is assigned a specific degree of creditworthiness:

· Excellent - strong credit quality with low expected credit risk;

· Good - adequate credit quality with a moderate credit risk;

· Satisfactory - moderate credit quality with a satisfactory credit risk;

· Special monitoring - facilities that require closer monitoring and remedial management; and

· Default - facilities in which a default has occurred.

The IRB system is designed internally, and ratings are estimated by management. Various credit-risk estimation techniques are used by the Group depending on the class of the asset. There are three commonly used types of such systems:

· Model-based - In this system, credit risk ratings are assigned by internally developed statistical models with the limited involvement of credit officers. Statistical models include qualitative and quantitative information that shows the best predictive power based on historical data on defaults.

· Expert judgement-based - In this system, credit risk ratings are assigned subjectively by experienced credit officers based on internally developed methodology and different qualitative and quantitative factors. This approach is based on expert methodology and judgements rather than on sophisticated statistical models.

· Hybrid - This rating system is a combination of the two systems above. It is developed by using historical data combined with expert input.

The Group applies IRB systems for measuring credit risk for the following financial assets: cash and cash equivalents, bank deposits, bonds held for trading.

The table below discloses the credit quality of cash and cash equivalents balances, bank deposits and other current assets based on credit risk grades at 31 December 2023.

	Cash and cash equivalents			Bank deposits		Other current assets	Total

- Excellent		25,214,246	15,002,632		2,718,720		42,935,598
- Good		722,535	-		-		722,535
Total cash and cash equivalents, bank deposits and other current assets		25,936,781	15,002,632		2,718,720		43,658,133

32. Financial risk management (continued)

The table below discloses the credit quality of cash and cash equivalents balances, bank deposits and other current assets based on credit risk grades at 31 December 2022.

	Cash and cash equivalents			Bank deposits		Other current assets	Total

- Excellent		20,971,890	92,076,116		4,126,715		117,174,721
- Good		501,140	-		-		501,140
Total cash and cash equivalents, bank deposits and other current assets		21,473,030	92,076,116		4,126,715		117,675,861

The credit quality of cash and cash equivalents, bank deposits and restricted cash balances may be summarised as:

		31 December 2023			31 December 2022
	Rating agency	Rating	Balance	Rating agency	Rating	Balance
Alfa Bank	AKRA	aa	21,711,349	AKRA	aa+	18,536,137
Vnesheconombank	AKRA	aaa	14,071,133	AKRA	aaa	14,071,101
Rosbank	AKRA	aaa	1,972,747	AKRA	aaa	-
JP Morgan	Fitch Ratings	aa	1,793,766	Fitch Ratings	aa-	3,868,562
GPB Bank	AKRA	aa+	1,778,112	AKRA	aa+	23,039,829
Sberbank	AKRA	aaa	650,625	AKRA	aaa	72,843
Credit Suisse	Fitch Ratings	a+	617,401	Fitch Ratings	bbb	486,390
Türkiye Emlak Katılım Bankası	Fitch Ratings	b-	396,819	Fitch Ratings	b-	157,002
Varengold	Fitch Ratings	bbb-	272,205	BCRA	bbb	239,801
Bank of China	Fitch Ratings	a	227,493	Fitch Ratings	a	129,050
Credit Europe Bank	AKRA	bbb+	69,411	AKRA	bbb	-
AB Russia Bank	AKRA	aa-	22,570	AKRA	a+	-
Rosselkhozbank	AKRA	aa	20,431	AKRA	aa	43,405,801
Solidarnost	AKRA	bb-	18,847	AKRA	bb-	-
Locko Bank	AKRA	a-	437	AKRA	bbb+	6,667,638
Evraziyskyi bank razvitiya	S&P	bbb-	-	S&P	bbb-	6,896,313
Other	-	-	34,787	-	-	105,394
Total cash at bank, bank deposits, other current assets (Notes 3,9,11)			43,658,133			117,675,861

Expected credit loss measurement. Expected credit loss is a probability-weighted estimate of the present value of future cash shortfalls. An expected credit loss measurement is unbiased and is determined by evaluating a range of possible outcomes. Expected credit loss measurement is based on four components used by the Group: Probability of Default, Exposure at Default, Loss Given Default and Discount Rate.

Exposure at Default is an estimate of exposure at a future default date, taking into account expected changes in the exposure after the reporting period, including repayments of principal and interest, and expected drawdowns on committed facilities.

· the borrower is more than 90 days past due on its contractual payments;

· international rating agencies have classified the borrower in the default rating class;

· the borrower meets the unlikeliness-to-pay criteria listed below:

- the borrower is deceased;

- the borrower is insolvent;

- it is becoming likely that the borrower will enter bankruptcy.

32. Financial risk management (continued)

Forward-looking information incorporated in the ECL models. The Group identified certain key economic variables that correlate with developments in credit risk and ECLs. As with any economic forecast, the projections and likelihoods of occurrence are subject to a high degree of inherent uncertainty, and therefore the actual outcomes may be significantly different to those projected. The Group considers these forecasts to represent its best estimate of the possible outcomes and has analysed the non-linearities and asymmetries within the Group's different portfolios to establish that the chosen scenarios are appropriately representative of the range of possible scenarios. The Group regularly reviews its methodology and assumptions to reduce any difference between the estimates and the actual loss of credit. Such backtesting is performed at least once a year.

The results of backtesting the ECL measurement methodology are communicated to Group Management and further steps for tuning models and assumptions are defined after discussions between authorised persons.

The Group did not recognise any expected credit loss allowance in respect of loans issued because of significant excess of its collateral value over the gross carrying value of these loans.

Neither past due nor impaired trade receivables relate to the customers who have a long-standing relationship with the Group and a sound trading history.

Concentrations of trade receivables by type of customer are as follows:

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022
Distribution and retail outlets	35,444,896	18,762,036
Manufacturers (candy, juice and other)	4,903,220	2,662,550
Other not categorised	3,732,917	718,249
Total trade receivables	44,081,033	22,142,835

The majority of the customers do not have independent ratings. To minimize the risk of default on payment of amounts due by counterparties for supplied goods or rendered services the Group regularly revises the maximum amount of credit and grace periods for each significant customer.

Financial assets that are impaired as at the reporting date

The table below shows the analysis of impaired financial assets:

	31 December 2023		31 December 2022
	Nominal value	Impairment	Nominal value	Impairment
Impaired receivables (Note 5):
- trade receivables	2,917,859	(2,917,859)	686,936	(655,556)
- other receivables	7,916	(7,915)	45,863	(45,862)
Total	2,925,775	(2,925,774)	732,799	(701,418)

Financial assets are impaired when there is evidence that the Group will not receive the full amount due or receive the full amount later than contracted. Factors to consider include whether the receivable is past due, the age of the receivable and past experience with the counterparty.

32. Financial risk management (continued)

Liquidity risk

Prudent liquidity risk management implies maintaining sufficient cash and the availability of funding through an adequate amount of committed credit facilities. Due to the dynamic nature of the underlying businesses, Group Treasury aims to maintain flexibility in funding by keeping committed credit lines available. The Group Treasury analyses the net debt position as disclosed in Note 15.

The table below analyses the Group's financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based
on the remaining period at the reporting date to the contractual maturity date:

	Carrying value	Contractual undiscounted cash flows
At 31 December 2023	Carrying value	Total	2024	2025	2026-2028	After 2028
Borrowings (Note 16)
- principal amount	125,047,360	145,350,390	66,674,262	10,521,261	37,407,175	30,747,692
- interest	2,456,857	25,088,287	2,987,063	2,257,782	5,574,272	14,269,170
Lease liabilities (Note 16)	5,423,271	8,205,508	807,988	665,523	1,543,229	5,188,768
Financial liabilities within trade and other payables (Note 17)	33,437,003	33,437,003	33,437,003	-	-	-
Total	166,364,491	212,081,188	103,906,316	13,444,566	44,524,676	50,205,630

	Carrying value	Contractual undiscounted cash flows
At 31 December 2022	Carrying value	Total	2023	2024	2025-2027	After 2027
Borrowings (Note 16)
- principal amount	231,023,385	253,415,439	170,953,826	9,151,639	24,670,987	48,638,987
- interest	2,366,522	24,164,803	4,420,267	2,340,379	4,073,823	13,330,334
Lease liabilities (Note 16)	5,950,349	8,634,660	698,812	685,967	1,876,811	5,373,070
Financial liabilities within trade and other payables (Note 17)	12,601,522	12,601,522	12,601,522	-	-	-
Total	251,941,778	298,816,424	188,674,427	12,177,985	30,621,621	67,342,391

The exchange rates used for calculating payments for bank borrowings denominated in currencies other than Russian Roubles:

	31 December 2023	31 December 2022

US Dollar	89.6883	70.3375
Euro	99.1919	75.6553

In addition, the Group has commitments as disclosed in Note 34.

Market risk

Market risk, associated with financial instruments, is the risk of change of fair value of financial instruments or the future cash flows expected on a financial instrument, owing to change in interest rates, exchange rates, prices for the commodities or other market indicators. From the risks listed above
the Group is essentially exposed to the risks associated with changes in interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices.

Cash flow and fair value interest rate risk

The Group's income and operating cash flows are exposed to changes in market interest rates.
The Group's interest rate risk arises from short-term and long-term borrowings. Borrowings at variable rates expose the Group to cash flow interest rate risk. Borrowings at fixed rates expose the Group to fair value interest rate risk. The Group's policy is to maintain most of its borrowings in fixed rate instruments. The Group does not have formal policies and procedures in place for management of fair value interest rate risk.

32. Financial risk management (continued)

Interest rates under most of the Group's borrowings are fixed. However, the terms of the contracts stipulate the right of the creditor for a unilateral change of the interest rate (both increase and decrease), which can be based, among other triggers, on a decision of the CBRF to change the refinancing rate.

Bank deposits and loans issued bear fixed interest rate and therefore are not exposed to cash flow interest rate risk.

The Group analyses its interest rate exposure on a continuous basis. Various scenarios are considered taking into consideration refinancing, renewal of existing positions and alternative financing. Based on these scenarios, the Group calculates the impact on profit and loss of a defined interest rate shift.
For each scenario, the same interest rate shift is used for all currencies. The scenarios are run only for liabilities that represent the major interest-bearing positions.

Increase/decrease in interest rate by 500 base points during the year ended 31 December 2023 would result to decrease/increase in Group's profit before taxation and equity by RR 5,065. During the year ended 31 December 2022 the Group was not exposed to the cash flow interest rate risk as all of the Group's borrowings had fixed rates.

Foreign exchange risk

As at 31 December 2023 and 2022, foreign exchange risk arises on cash in banks, short-term investments, trade and other receivables, borrowings and trade and other payables denominated in foreign currency (Notes 3, 4, 5, 16 and 17).

At 31 December 2023, if the Russian Rouble had weakened/strengthened by 30% (31 December 2022: 30%) against the US dollar with all other variables held constant, the Group's profit before taxation and equity would have been RR 3,755,094 (2022: RR 9,423,378) higher/lower.

At 31 December 2023 if the Russian Rouble had weakened/strengthened by 30% (31 December 2022: 30%) against the Euro with all other variables held constant, the Group's profit before taxation and equity would have been RR 251,367 (2022: RR 3,409,008) lower/higher.

Purchase price risk

The Group is exposed to equity securities price risk arising on investments held by the Group and classified in the consolidated statement of financial position at fair value through other comprehensive income (Note 11). The Group does not manage its price risk arising from investments in equity securities.

Sales price risk

Changes in white sugar prices are closely related to changes in world raw sugar prices. The storage facilities of own sugar plants permit to build up stocks of white sugar to defer sales to more favourable price periods.

The Group is exposed to financial risks arising from changes in meat and crops prices (Note 10).

Fair value estimation

The estimated fair values of financial instruments have been determined by the Group using available market information, where it exists, and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, judgement is necessarily required to interpret market data to determine the estimated fair value. The Russian Federation continues to display some characteristics of an emerging market and economic conditions continue to limit the volume of activity in the financial markets. Market quotations may be outdated or reflect distress sale transactions and therefore not represent fair values of financial instruments. Management has used all available market information in estimating the fair value of financial instruments.

Financial assets carried at amortised cost

The fair value of floating rate instruments is normally their carrying amount. The estimated fair value
of fixed interest rate instruments is based on estimated future cash flows expected to be received discounted at current interest rates for new instruments with similar credit risk and remaining maturity. Discount rates used depend on credit risk of the counterparty.

32. Financial risk management (continued)

Liabilities carried at amortised cost

The fair value of floating rate instruments is normally their carrying amount. The estimated fair value
of fixed interest rate instruments with stated maturity was estimated based on expected cash flows discounted at current interest rates for new instruments with similar credit risk and remaining maturity.

Fair values versus carrying amounts

As at 31 December 2023 and 2022, the carrying amounts of the Group's financial assets, except for Bank deposits and Bonds held to collect, approximated their fair values and comprise RR 85,471,164
(2022: RR 70,240,038).

As at 31 December 2023, the fair value of Bank deposits and Bonds held to collect, fair value of which is calculated for presentation purposes only using Level 2 inputs, is lower than their carrying amount by RR 3,174,265 (2022: fair value is higher than their carrying amount by RR 204,303).

Financial liabilities include loans and borrowings, fair value of which is calculated for presentation purposes only using Level 2 inputs. As at 31 December 2023, the fair value of loans and borrowings is lower than their carrying amount by RR 2,061,306 (2022: RR 409,635).

Fair value of bonds held-for trading is derived from open active markets and is within level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

The fair values in level 2 and level 3 of the fair value hierarchy were estimated using the discounted cash flows valuation technique. The fair value is based on discounting of cash flows using 14.4-18.8% (2022: 12.5-16.3%) discount rate.

The valuation technique, inputs used in the fair value measurement for level 3 measurements and related sensitivity to reasonably possible changes in those inputs in relation to the investment at fair value through other comprehensive income (Note 11) are as follows at 31 December 2023:

	Inputs used	Range of inputs (weighted average)	Reasonable change	Sensitivity of fair value measurement
Investment at FV through OCI
	EBITDA Margin	22,5 - 26%	± 1%	± 431,189
	Terminal growth rate	4%	± 0.5%	± 59,792
	WACC	18.8%	± 0.5%	± 190,821

	Inputs used	Range of inputs (weighted average)	Reasonable change	Sensitivity of fair value measurement
Investment at FV through OCI
	EBITDA Margin	14 - 21%	± 1%	± 519,724
	Terminal growth rate	4%	± 0.5%	± 77,521
	WACC	16.3%	± 0.5%	± 224,121

Sensitivity of fair value to valuation inputs for financial assets and financial liabilities, if changing one or more of the unobservable inputs to reflect reasonably possible alternative assumptions would not be significant. For this purpose, significance was judged with respect to profit or loss, and total assets or total liabilities, or, when changes in fair value are recognised in other comprehensive income, total equity.

There were no changes in the valuation technique for level 3 recurring fair value measurements during the year ended 31 December 2023 (2022: none).

32. Financial risk management (continued)

Capital management

The primary objective of the Group's capital management is to maximize participants' return while sustaining a reasonable level of financial risks. The Group does not have a quantified target level
of participants' return or capital ratios. To fulfil capital management objectives while providing for external financing of regular business operations and investment projects, the Group management compares expected return of these operations and projects with the costs of debt and maintains prudent financial risk management as described above.

The Group companies complied with all externally imposed capital requirements throughout 2023 and 2022.

33. Contingencies

Tax legislation

Russian tax and customs legislation which was enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period, is subject to varying interpretations when being applied to the transactions and activities of the Group. Consequently, tax positions taken by management and the formal documentation supporting the tax positions may be challenged tax authorities. Russian tax administration is gradually strengthening, including the fact that there is a higher risk of review of tax transactions without a clear business purpose or with tax incompliant counterparties. Fiscal periods remain open to review by the authorities in respect of taxes for three calendar years preceding the year when decisions about the review was made. Under certain circumstances reviews may cover longer periods.

Russian transfer pricing legislation is generally aligned with the international transfer pricing principles developed by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), with certain specific features. Transfer pricing legislation provides for the possibility of additional tax assessment for controlled transactions (transactions between related parties and certain transactions between unrelated parties) if such transactions are not on an arm's length basis. Management has implemented internal controls to be in compliance with current transfer pricing legislation.

Tax liabilities arising from controlled transactions are determined based on their actual transaction prices. It is possible, with the evolution of the interpretation of the transfer pricing rules, that such prices could be challenged. The impact of any such challenge cannot be reliably estimated; however, it may be significant to the financial position and/or the Group's operations.

Starting from 2015 new rules were put in place establishing when foreign entities can be viewed as managed from Russia and consequently can be deemed Russian tax residents. Russian tax residency means that such legal entity's worldwide income will be taxed in Russia.

The tax liabilities of the Group were determined on the assumption that the foreign companies of the Group were not subject to applicable Russian taxes, because they did not have a permanent establishment in Russia and were not Russian profit tax residents by way of application of the new tax residency rules. However, the Russian tax authorities may challenge this interpretation of relevant legislation in regard to the foreign companies of the Group. The impact of any such challenge cannot be reliably estimated currently; however, it may be significant to the financial position and/or the overall operations of the Group.

The Group's Management believes that its interpretation of the relevant legislation is appropriate, and the Group's tax and customs positions will be sustained. Accordingly, at 31 December 2023 no provision for potential tax liabilities had been recorded (2022: no provision). Management will vigorously defend the Group's positions and interpretations that were applied in determining taxes recognised in these consolidated financial statements if these are challenged by the authorities.

33. Contingencies (continued)

Social obligations

Some production companies of the Group have collective agreements signed with the employees. Based on these contracts the companies make social payments to the employees. The amounts payable are determined in each case separately and depend primarily on performance of the company. These payments do not satisfy the liability recognition criteria listed in IAS 19, "Employee Benefits". Therefore, no liability for social obligations was recognised in these consolidated financial statements.

Legal proceedings

From time to time and in the normal course of business, claims against the Group may be received. On the basis of its own estimates, management is of the opinion that no material losses will be incurred in respect of claims.

There are no current legal proceedings or other claims outstanding which could have a material effect on the results of operations and financial position of the Group.

Operating environment of the Group

The uncertainties related to the operating environment of the Group are described in Note 1.

34. Commitments

Contractual capital expenditure commitments

As at 31 December 2023 the Group had outstanding contractual commitments in respect of purchases
or construction of property, plant and equipment in the amount of RR 6,428,780 (31 December 2022:
RR 14,030,593).

35. Subsequent events

No subsequent events were identified.

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