Kasiya Indicated Resource for Scoping Study

RNS Number : 8325V
Sovereign Metals Limited
16 December 2021
 

 

 

 

SOVEREIGN METALS LIMITED

NEWS RELEASE

KASIYA INDICATED RESOURCE TO SUPPORT SCOPING STUDY

 

Sovereign Metals Limited (the Company or Sovereign) is pleased to announce its JORC Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE) upgrade for Kasiya - another major technical milestone for the Company's flagship, large, high-grade rutile deposit in Malawi. Over 50% of the total resource has now been upgraded to the Indicated category.

 

Kasiya Mineral Resource Estimate

Indicated: 304Mt @ 1.02% rutile

Inferred: 301Mt @ 0.93% rutile

Total: 605Mt @ 0.98% rutile

HIGHLIGHTS

· MRE upgrade re-affirms Kasiya as a globally significant, potentially long-life future source of natural rutile  

· High degree of confidence confirmed with >50% of the total MRE now in the Indicated category

· MRE contains ~3.1Mt of rutile in the Indicated category and ~2.8Mt of rutile in the Inferred category

·       MRE also contains ~4.0Mt of graphite in the Indicated category and ~3.5Mt of graphite in the Inferred category - a valuable by-product

· Substantial additional resource growth is expected in the near future with the current MRE covering just 49km2 or 38% of the total 129km2 (Kasiya 89km2 + Nsaru 40km2) drill-defined rutile-mineralised footprint.

Sovereign's Managing Director Dr Julian Stephens commented :

"It is really pleasing to achieve an Indicated resource upgrade of such magnitude in under six months since our maiden MRE at Kasiya. Sovereign is already well advanced to deliver a further considerable resource and classification upgrade for Kasiya and the new Nsaru deposit in early 2022."

ENQUIRIES

Dr Julian Stephens (Perth)
Managing Director

+61(8) 9322 6322

Sam Cordin (Perth)
+61(8) 9322 6322

Sapan Ghai (London)
+44 207 478 3900

 

 

Nominated Adviser on AIM

 

RFC Ambrian

 

Bhavesh Patel / Andrew Thomson

+44 20 3440 6800

 

 

Broker

 

Optiva Securities

+44 20 3137 1902

Daniel Ingrams

 

Mariela Jaho

 

Christian Dennis

 

To view the announcement in full including all illustrations and figures, please refer to the full announcement at http://sovereignmetals.com.au/announcements/.

KASIYA JORC Mineral Resource Estimate OVERVIEW

The Kasiya updated MRE is presented below (Table 1). The MRE has broad zones of very high-grade rutile which occur contiguously across large areas.

Rutile mineralisation lies in laterally extensive, near surface, flat "blanket" style bodies in areas where the weathering profile is preserved and not significantly eroded. At Kasiya, high-grade mineralisation commonly grading 1.2% to 2.0% rutile occurs in the top 3-5m from surface. Moderate grade mineralisation generally grading 0.5% to 1.2% rutile commonly extends from 5m to end of hole where it remains open at depths >10m in numerous drill-defined, NE-striking zones.

Table 1 - Kasiya Mineral Resource Estimate at 0.7% Rutile Cut-off

 

Mineral Resource Category

Material Tonnes (millions)

Rutile (%)

Rutile Tonnes (millions)

TGC (%)

TGC Tonnes (millions)

Indicated

304

1.02

3.1

1.31

4.0

Inferred

301

0.93

2.8

1.16

3.5

Total

605

0.98

5.9

1.24

7.5

Cut-off: 0.7% rutile, includes topsoil, TGC = total graphitic carbon

 

RESOURCE Growth potentiaL

Sovereign now has a total of ~129km2 of drilled, high-grade rutile mineralisation (Kasiya 89km2 + Nsaru 40km2). The area covered by the Kasiya Indicated component is just 23km2 of the 129km2 drilled, mineralised footprint.  Further core drilling results are expected in the coming months and are expected to contribute to additional Indicated tonnage at Kasiya.

Most peripheral and extensional mineralisation at Kasiya previously drilled on an 800m x 800m drill spacing has now been infilled to 400m x 400m spacing. These samples have been dispatched from Malawi and are in transit to Australian laboratories for final analysis. The results are expected to contribute to additional Inferred tonnage at Kasiya.

Infill and extensional hand auger and core drilling at the nearby Nsaru deposit is now also complete with all samples well advanced through processing at Australian laboratories. It is anticipated that these results will contribute to a component of the Nsaru maiden MRE being classified in the Indicated category. 

Kasiya's high-grade, NE-striking rutile corridors that extend to depth beyond 15m continue to present a significant target for the Company and have been marked for detailed 200 x 200m infill drilling to test short range variability of the mineralisation. The results of this program will inform the need for additional infill into the future, and for targeting drilling to depths of ~25m which will offer potential significant additional tonnage.

Expansion of the Kasiya MRE and a maiden Nsaru MRE is advancing with completion expected in Q1 2022.

KASIYA MRE TECHNICAL DETAILS

The Kasiya MRE has been prepared by independent consultants, Placer Consulting Pty Ltd (Placer) and is reported in accordance with the JORC Code (2012 Edition).

Summary of resource estimate reporting critera

As per ASX Listing Rule 5.8 and the 2012 JORC reporting guidelines, a summary of the material information used to estimate the MRE is detailed below.

Geology

Regional Geology

The greater part of Malawi is underlain by crystalline Precambrian to lower Paleozoic rocks referred to as the Malawi Basement Complex. In some parts these rocks have been overlain unconformably by sedimentary and volcanic rocks ranging in age from Permo-triassic to Quaternary. The Basement complex has undergone a prolonged structural and metamorphic history dominated by uplift and faulting resulting in the formation of the Malawi Rift Valley.

Kasiya is located on the Lilongwe Plain which is underlain by the Basement Complex paragneisses and orthogneisses which are part of the Mozambique Belt. The bulk of the gneisses are semi-pelitic but there are bands of psammitic and calcareous rocks that have been metamorphosed under high pressure and temperature conditions to granulite facies. Interspersed within the paragneiss units are lesser orthogneisses, often cropping-out as conspicuous tors, as well as amphibolites, pegmatites and minor mafic to ultramafic intrusions.  Foliation and banding in the gneisses have a broad north-south strike over the general area. Thick residual soils and pedolith with some alluvium overlie the gneisses and include sandy, lateritic and dambo types.  

Project Geology

Sovereign's tenure covers 2,882km2 over an area to the north, west and south of Malawi's capital city covering the Lilongwe Plain. The topography is generally flat to gently undulating and the underlying geology of the is dominated by paragneiss with pelitic, psammitic and calcareous units.

A particular paragneiss unit is rich in rutile and graphite and is the primary source of both of these minerals in the area. This area was deeply weathered during the Tertiary and rutile concentrated in the upper part of the weathering profile forming residual placers, such as the Kasiya Deposit. Once this material is incised and eroded, it is transported and deposited into wide, regional braided river systems forming alluvial heavy mineral placers such as the Bua Channel.

Kasiya Deposit Geology

The high-grade rutile deposit at Kasiya is best described as a residual placer, or otherwise known as eluvial heavy mineral deposit. It is formed by weathering of the primary host rock and concentration in place of heavy minerals, as opposed to the high-energy transport and concentration of heavy minerals in a traditional placer.

The highly aluminous nature (kyanite) and the presence of carbon (graphite) in the host material suggest that the protolith was of meta-sedimentary origin. The protolith likely started with a 0.5-1.5Ga basin that also experienced consistent influx of titanium minerals.

These sedimentary rocks were subject to granulite facies metamorphism under reduced conditions in the Pan-African Orogeny at circa 0.5-0.6Ga. The reduced environment, relatively high titanium content and low iron content, resulted in rutile being the most stable titanium mineral under these conditions. Slow exhumation and cooling then resulted in in crystallisation of paragneisses containing coarse rutile and graphite.

The final and most important stage of enrichment came as tropical weathering during the Tertiary depleted the top ~10m of physically and chemically mobile minerals. This caused significant volume loss and concurrent concentration of heavy resistate minerals including rutile and kyanite.

Rutile mineralisation lies in laterally extensive, near surface, flat "blanket" style bodies in areas where the weathering profile is preserved and not significantly eroded. The Kasiya deposit continue to confirm widespread, high-grade mineralisation commonly grading 1.2% to 2.0% rutile in the top 3-5m from surface. Moderate grade mineralisation generally grading 0.5% to 1.2% rutile commonly extends from 5m to end of hole where it remains open at depths >10m in numerous drill-defined, NE-striking zones.

Graphite generally occurs in broad association with rutile, however, it is depleted in the top 3-5m and therefore can often show an inverse grade relationship with rutile in the near-surface zones. At depths generally greater than 5m graphite is not depleted, and rutile is not particularly enriched, so a more stable grade relationship exists.

Metallurgical results show that a very coarse-flake graphite by-product can be recovered from rutile gravity tails.

Drilling Techniques

 

Spiral hand-auger (HA) drilling and Push-tube core (PT) drilling has been used extensively at the Kasiya Deposit by Sovereign to define mineralisation and to obtain quantitative rutile and graphite (TGC) assay information in the upper sections of the weathering profile.

A total of 507 hand auger holes for 4,820m were drilled at the Kasiya Rutile Deposit to obtain samples for quantitative determination of recoverable rutile and TGC.

An initial 30 push-tube core holes, for 359.4m, were drilled at the Kasiya Rutile Deposit to obtain samples for validation of hand auger drilling results and for bulk density test work.

The subsequent infill drilling programme, designed to support the resource estimate update was completed by push tube coring. A total of 182 core holes for 1,855.3m were included in the updated MRE.

The drilling programs to date show a mineralised envelope, defined nominally by >0.5% rutile, of approximately 89km2 with numerous areas of high-grade rutile defined. An additional 40km2 rutile mineralised envelope has been drill-defined at the nearby Nsaru Deposit.

HA drilling was executed by Sovereign field teams using a manually operated enclosed-flight Spiral Auger (SP / SOS) system and produced by Dormer Engineering in Queensland, Australia. The HA bits are 62mm and 75mm in diameter with 1m long steel rods. Each 1m of drill advance is withdrawn and the contents of the auger flight removed into bags and set aside. An additional 1m steel rod is attached and the open hole is re-entered to drill the next metre. This is repeated until the drill hole is terminated often due to the water table being reached, and more rarely due to bit refusal. The auger bits and flights were cleaned between each metre of sampling to avoid contamination. 

PT drilling is undertaken using a drop hammer Dando Terrier MK1   and a drop hammer DL650. The drilling generated 1-metre runs of 83mm PQ core in the first 2m and then transitioned to 72mm core for the remainder of the hole. Core drilling is oriented vertically by spirit level.

The hand auger collars are spaced at nominally 400m along the 400m spaced drill-lines with the push-tube holes similarly spaced at an offset, infill grid. The resultant 200m by 200m drill spacing (to the strike orientation of the deposit) is deemed to adequately define the mineralisation in the MRE.

The push-tube twin and density sample holes are selectively placed throughout the deposit to ensure a broad geographical and lithological spread for the analysis. 

Drilling and sampling are carried out on a regular diamond grid. There is no apparent bias arising from the orientation of the drill holes with respect to the orientation of the deposit.

Placer has reviewed SOPs for HA and PT drilling and found them to be fit for purpose and support the resource classifications as applied to the MRE.

Sampling Techniques

HA samples were obtained at 1m intervals generating on average approximately 2.5kg of drill sample. HA samples are manually removed from the auger bit and sample recovery visually assessed in the field. As samples become wet at the water table and recovery per metre declines the drill hole is terminated.

HA samples are collected on a metre by metre basis. Each 1m sample is sun dried, logged, weighed and pXRF analysed. Hand auger samples are composited based on regolith boundaries and sample chemistry, generated by hand-held XRF analysis. Each 1m of sample is dried and riffle-split to generate a total sample weight of 3kg for analysis, generally at 2 - 5m intervals. This primary sample is then split again to provide a 1.5kg sample for both rutile and graphite analyses.

PT samples were predominantly HQ. Half core 1m samples were sun dried, logged, weighed and pXRF analysed. Samples are then composited over 2m intervals. An equal mass is taken from each contributing metre to generate a 1.5kg composite sample.  Individual recoveries of core samples were recorded on a quantitative basis. Core recovery was >95%.  

This sampling and compositing method is considered appropriate and reliable based on accepted industry practice.  

Sample analysis methodology

Rutile

Heavy mineral concentrates (HMC) were generated onsite via wet-tabling or at Diamantina Laboratories in Perth via heavy liquid separation.

The Malawi onsite laboratory sample preparation methods are considered quantitative to the point where a HMC is generated.

The HMC is then subject to magnetic separation at Allied Mineral Laboratories Perth (AML) in Perth by Carpco magnet @ 16,800G (2.9Amps) into a magnetic (M) and non-magnetic (NM) fraction.

The NM fractions were sent to either ALS Perth or Intertek Perth for quantitative XRF analysis. Intertek samples received the standard mineral sands suite FB1/XRF72. ALS Samples received XRF_MS.

QEMSCAN of the NM fraction shows dominantly clean and liberated rutile grains and confirms rutile is the only titanium species in the NM fraction. Recovered rutile is therefore defined and reported here as: TiO2 recovered in the +45 to -600um range to the NM concentrate fraction as a % of the total primary, dry, raw sample mass divided by 95% (to represent an approximation of final product specifications). i.e recoverable rutile within the whole sample.

Graphite

A portion of each sample is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid to liberate carbonate carbon. The solution is filtered using a filter paper and the collected residue is then dried to 425°C in a muffle oven to drive off organic carbon. The dried sample is then combusted in an Eltra CS-800 induction furnace infra-red CS analyser to yield total graphitic or elemental carbon (TGC).

The graphitic carbon content is determined by eliminating other carbon forms from the total carbon content. The addition of acid to the sample liberates carbon dioxide thus removing carbonate carbon. Soluble organic carbon will also be removed. Insoluble organic carbon is removed by heating the samples at 425°C in an oxidising environment. The "dried" carbon-bearing sample that is analysed in the resistance furnace is considered to contain only graphitic carbon. 

QAQC

Sovereign uses internal and externally sourced wet screening reference material inserted into samples batches at a rate of 1 in 20. The externally sourced, certified standard reference material for HM and Slimes assessment is provided by Placer Consulting.

An external laboratory raw sample check duplicate is sent to laboratories in Perth, Australia as an external check of the full workflow. These duplicates are produced at a rate of 1 in 20. 

Accuracy monitoring is achieved through submission of certified reference materials (CRM's). ALS and Intertek both use internal CRMs and duplicates on XRF and TGC analyses. Sovereign also inserts CRMs into all sample batches at a rate of 1 in 20.

Analysis of sample duplicates is undertaken by standard geostatistical methodologies (Scatter, Pair Difference and QQ Plots) to test for bias and to ensure that sample splitting is representative. Standards determine assay accuracy performance, monitored on control charts, where failure (beyond 3SD from the mean) may trigger re-assay of the affected batch.

Precision and accuracy assessment has been completed on all alternate workflow methodologies and a consistent method has been recommended by Placer Resource Geologists. Examination of the QA/QC sample data indicates satisfactory performance of field sampling protocols and assay laboratories providing acceptable levels of precision and accuracy. Rutile determination by alternate methods showed no observable bias.

Acceptable levels of accuracy and precision are displayed in geostatistical analyses to support the resource classifications as applied to the estimate.

Classification

The hand auger collars are spaced at nominally 400m along the 400m spaced drill-lines with the push-tube holes similarly spaced at an offset, infill grid. The resultant 200m by 200m drill spacing (to the strike orientation of the deposit) is deemed to adequately define the mineralisation in the MRE.

The push-tube twin and density sample holes are selectively placed throughout the deposit to ensure a broad geographical and lithological spread for the analysis. 

Variography and kriging neighbourhood analysis completed using Supervisor software informs the optimal drill and sample spacing for the MRE. Based on these results and the experience of the Competent Person, the data spacing and distribution is considered adequate for the definition of mineralisation and adequate for mineral resource estimation.

The mineral resource and classification remain conservative. Substantial additional resource material is expected to occur below the effective depth of drilling (water table). High grade sample results are constrained tightly by search and estimation parameters, which are likely to be contiguous upon application of closer-spaced drilling.

A high-degree of uniformity exists in the broad and contiguous lithological and grade character of the deposit. Open-hole drilling and infill core drilling techniques have been expertly applied and data collection procedures, density assessments, QA protocols and interpretations conform to industry best practice with few exceptions.

Assay, mineralogical determinations and metallurgical test work conform to industry best practice and demonstrate a rigorous assessment of product and procedure. The development of a conventional processing flowsheet and marketability studies support the classification of the Kasiya Resource.

Estimation Methodology

Datamine Studio RM and Supervisor software is used for the resource estimation with key fields being interpolated into the volume model using the Inverse Distance weighting (power 2) method. Dynamic Anisotropy search ellipses, informed by variography and kriging neighbourhood analysis, were used to search for data during the interpolation and suitable limitations on the number of samples and the impact of those samples, was maintained.

Interpolation was constrained by hard boundaries (domains) that result from the geological interpretation. The construction of an upper (Soil/Ferp) domain reduces the dilution of resource grade from the underlying, less mineralised (Mott/Sap) domain. A Topsoil horizon has been defined at 0.3m thickness throughout the Indicated Resource area to support anticipated ore reserve calculation and mining studies. Topsoil is disclosed separately but remains in the MRE in recognition of advanced investigations by SVM on topsoil generation.

The average parent cell size used was approximately equivalent to the average drill hole spacing within the Indicated Resource (200m*200m).  Cell size in the Z-axis was established to cater for the composite sample spacing and definition of the Topsoil domain. This resulted in a parent cell size of 200m x 200m x 3m for the volume model with 5 sub-cell splits available in the X and Y axes and 10 in the Z axis to smooth topographical and lithological transitions. A sub-cell interpolation was applied for the MRE.

Extreme grade values were not identified by statistical analysis, nor were they anticipated in this style of deposit. No top cut is applied to the resource estimation.

Validation of grade interpolations was done visually In Datamine by loading model and drill hole files and annotating, colouring and using filtering to check for the appropriateness of interpolations.

Statistical distributions were prepared for model zones from both drill holes and the model to compare the effectiveness of the interpolation. Distributions of section line averages (swath plots) for drill holes and models were also prepared for each zone and orientation for comparison purposes.

The resource model has effectively averaged informing drill hole data and is considered suitable to support the resource classifications as applied to the estimate.

Density is calculated by the water immersion technique using core from geographically and lithologically diverse sample sites throughout the project. This methodology delivers an accurate density result that is interpolated in the MRE for each host material type.

Density data are interpolated into the resource estimate by geological domain. An average density of 1.39 t/m3 for the soil (SOIL) domain, 1.60 t/m3 for the ferruginous pedolith (FERP) domain, 1.65 t/m3 for the mottled (MOTT) domain, 1.68 t/m3 for the pallid saprolite (PSAP) domain, 1.63 t/m3 for the saprolite (SAPL) domain, and 1.93 t/m3 for the laterite (LAT) domain were calculated.   Density data are interpolated into the resource estimate by the nearest neighbour method.

Cut-off Grades

All results reported are of a length-weighted average of in-situ grades. The resource is reported at a range of bottom cut-off grades in recognition that optimisation and financial assessment is outstanding.

A nominal bottom cut of 0.7% rutile is offered, based on preliminary assessment of resource product value and anticipated cost of operations. No graphite top or bottom cuts are applied.

Mining and Metallurgy Factors

Hydro-mining has been determined as the optimal method of mining for the Kasiya Rutile deposit. The material is loose, soft, fine and friable with no cemented sand or dense clay layers rendering it amenable to hydro-mining. It is considered that the strip ratio would be zero or near zero.

Dilution is considered to be minimal as mineralisation commonly occurs from surface and mineralisation is generally gradational with few sharp boundaries.

Recovery parameters have not been factored into the estimate. However, the valuable minerals are readily separable due to their SG differential and are expected to have a high recovery through the proposed, conventional wet concentration plant.

Sovereign have announced three sets of metallurgical results to the market (24 June 2019 and 9 September 2020, 7th December 2021), relating to the Company's ability to produce a high-grade rutile product with a high recovery via simple conventional processing methods. Sovereign engaged AML to conduct the metallurgical test work and develop a flowsheet for plant design considerations.   The work has shown a premium quality rutile product ranging from 95.0% to 97.2% TiO2 with low impurities could be produced with recoveries of about 94% to 100% and with favourable product sizing at d50 of 118µm (97.2% product).

Gravity separation was effective at concentrating graphite to a "light mineral pre-concentrate" due to its low specific gravity (~2.2 t/m³) at circa 6.3% TGC.

A program at SGS Lakefield in Canada was undertaken in order to confirm that the graphite gravity pre-concentrate can be upgraded into a coarse flake graphite by-product via a conventional graphite flotation flowsheet.

The test-work was extremely successful, and a very coarse-flake graphite concentrate at 96.3% TGC was produced. Greater than 60% of the graphite concentrate is in the large to super-jumbo fractions, suggesting a high combined basket value. The overall graphite recovery from the raw sample to product was 62%.

MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE TABLE

Table 2 - Kasiya Mineral Resource Estimate Summary at varying Rutile Cut-off grades and classifications

 

Mineral Resource Category

Cut-off

Material Tonnes (millions)

Rutile (%)

Rutile Tonnes (millions)

TGC (%)

TGC Tonnes (millions)

Indicated

0.5

416

0.91

3.8

1.32

 5.5

Indicated

0.6

365

0.96

3.5

1.34

 4.9

Indicated

0.7

304

1.02

3.1

1.31

 4.0

Indicated

0.8

240

1.10

2.6

1.22

 2.9

Indicated

0.9

186

1.17

2.2

1.09

 2.0

Indicated

1.0

139

1.24

1.7

0.93

 1.3

Indicated

1.1

99

1.32

1.3

0.76

 0.8

Indicated

1.2

69

1.40

1.0

0.54

 0.4

Indicated

1.3

48

1.47

0.7

0.45

 0.2

Indicated

1.4

31

1.54

0.5

0.36

 0.1

 

 

Mineral Resource Category

Cut-off

Material Tonnes (millions)

Rutile (%)

Rutile Tonnes (millions)

TGC (%)

TGC Tonnes (millions)

Inferred

0.5

 516

0.79

 4.1

1.16

 6.0

Inferred

0.6

 405

0.86

 3.5

1.19

 4.8

Inferred

0.7

 301

0.93

 2.8

1.16

 3.5

Inferred

0.8

 202

1.02

 2.1

1.08

 2.2

Inferred

0.9

 135

1.11

 1.5

0.95

 1.3

Inferred

1.0

 84

1.21

 1.0

0.75

 0.6

Inferred

1.1

 54

1.30

 0.7

0.63

 0.3

Inferred

1.2

 33

1.40

 0.5

0.48

 0.2

Inferred

1.3

 20

1.49

 0.3

0.43

 0.1

Inferred

1.4

 12

1.60

 0.2

0.40

 0.0

 

 

Mineral Resource Category

Cut-off

Material Tonnes (millions)

Rutile (%)

Rutile Tonnes (millions)

TGC (%)

TGC Tonnes (millions)

Indicated + Inferred

0.5

 932

0.85

 7.9

1.23

 11.5

Indicated + Inferred

0.6

 770

0.91

 7.0

1.26

 9.7

Indicated + Inferred

0.7

 605

0.98

 5.9

1.24

 7.5

Indicated + Inferred

0.8

 443

1.06

 4.7

1.16

 5.1

Indicated + Inferred

0.9

 321

1.15

 3.7

1.03

 3.3

Indicated + Inferred

1.0

 223

1.23

 2.7

0.86

 1.9

Indicated + Inferred

1.1

 154

1.32

 2.0

0.72

 1.1

Indicated + Inferred

1.2

 102

1.40

 1.4

0.52

 0.5

Indicated + Inferred

1.3

 68

1.48

 1.0

0.44

 0.3

Indicated + Inferred

1.4

 42

1.56

 0.7

0.37

 0.2

 

Competent Person's Statement

The information that relates to Mineral Resources is based on, and fairly represents, information compiled by Mr Richard Stockwell, a Competent Person, who is a fellow of the Australian Institute of Geoscientists (AIG). Mr Stockwell is a principal of Placer Consulting Pty Ltd, an independent consulting company. Mr Stockwell has sufficient experience, which is relevant to the style of mineralisation and type of deposit under consideration, and to the activity he is undertaking, to qualify as a Competent Person as defined in the 2012 Edition of the 'Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves'. Mr Stockwell consents to the inclusion of the matters based on his information in the form and context in which it appears.

The information in this report that relates to Exploration Results is based on information compiled by Mr Samuel Moyle, a Competent Person who is a member of The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM). Mr Moyle is the Exploration Manager of Sovereign Metals Limited and a holder of ordinary shares, unlisted options and performance rights in Sovereign. Mr Moyle has sufficient experience that is relevant to the style of mineralisation and type of deposit under consideration and to the activity being undertaken, to qualify as a Competent Person as defined in the 2012 Edition of the 'Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves'. Mr Moyle consents to the inclusion in the report of the matters based on his information in the form and context in which it appears.

The information in this announcement that relates to Metallurgical test-work Results - Rutile & Graphite is extracted from the announcement dated 7 December 2021. The announcement is available to view on www.sovereignmetals.com.au. Sovereign confirms that a) it is not aware of any new information or data that materially affects the information included in the announcement; b) all material assumptions included in the announcement continue to apply and have not materially changed; and c) the form and context in which the relevant Competent Persons' findings are presented in this report have not been materially changed from the announcement.

Information disclosed in this announcement has been reviewed by Dr Julian Stephens (B.Sc (Hons), PhD, MAIG), Managing Director, a Qualified Person for the purposes of the AIM Rules for Companies.

Forward Looking Statement

This release may include forward-looking statements, which may be identified by words such as "expects", "anticipates", "believes", "projects", "plans", and similar expressions. These forward-looking statements are based on Sovereign's expectations and beliefs concerning future events. Forward looking statements are necessarily subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are outside the control of Sovereign, which could cause actual results to differ materially from such statements. There can be no assurance that forward-looking statements will prove to be correct.  Sovereign makes no undertaking to subsequently update or revise the forward-looking statements made in this release, to reflect the circumstances or events after the date of that release.

 

Appendix 1: JORC Code, 2012 Edition - Table 1

SECTION 1 - SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND DATA

Criteria

 JORC Code explanation

Commentary

Sampling Techniques

Nature and quality of sampling (e.g. cut channels, random chips, or specific specialised industry standard measurement tools appropriate to the minerals under investigation, such as down hole gamma sondes, or handheld XRF instruments, etc). These examples should not be taken as limiting the broad meaning of sampling.

 

Hand auger samples are composited based on regolith boundaries and sample chemistry, generated by hand-held XRF analysis. Each 1m of sample is dried and riffle-split to generate a total sample weight of 3kg for analysis, generally at 2 - 5m intervals. This primary sample is then split again to provide a 1.5kg sample for both rutile and graphite analyses.

 

Infill push tube/core drilling is sampled routinely at 2m intervals by compositing dried and riffle-split half core. A consistent, 1.5kg sample is generated for both the rutile and graphite determination.

 

Include reference to measures taken to ensure sample representivity and the appropriate calibration of any measurement tools or systems used.

 

Drilling and sampling activities are supervised by a suitably qualified Company geologist who is present at all times. All drill samples are geologically logged by the geologist at the drill site/core yard.

 

Each sample is sun dried and homogenised. Sub-samples are carefully

riffle split to ensure representivity. The 1.5kg composite samples are then processed.

 

An equivalent mass is taken from each sample to make up the composite. A calibration schedule is in place for laboratory scales, sieves and field XRF equipment.

 

Placer Consulting Pty Ltd (Placer) Resource Geologists have reviewed Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for the collection and processing of drill samples and found them to be fit for purpose and support the resource classifications as applied to the Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE). The primary composite sample is considered representative for this style of rutile mineralisation.

 

Aspects of the determination of mineralisation that are Material to the Public Report. In cases where 'industry standard' work has been done this would be relatively simple (e.g. 'reverse circulation drilling was used to obtain 1 m samples from which 3 kg was pulverised to produce a 30 g charge for fire assay'). In other cases more explanation may be required, such as where there is coarse gold that has inherent sampling problems. Unusual commodities or mineralisation types (e.g. submarine nodules) may warrant disclosure of detailed information.

 

 

Logged mineralogy percentages, lithology information and TiO2% obtained from handheld XRF are used to determine compositing intervals. Care is taken to ensure that only samples with similar geological characteristics are composited together

Drilling Techniques

Drill type (e.g. core, reverse circulation, open ‐ hole hammer, rotary air blast, auger, Bangka, sonic, etc) and details (e.g. core diameter, triple or standard tube, depth of diamond tails, face ‐ sampling bit or other type, whether core is oriented and if so, by what method, etc).

 

A total of 507 hand auger holes for 4,820m were drilled at the Kasiya Rutile Deposit to obtain samples for quantitative determination of recoverable rutile and Total Graphitic Carbon (TGC).

 

An initial 30 push-tube core holes, for 359.4m, were drilled at the Kasiya Rutile Deposit to obtain samples for validation of hand auger drilling results and for bulk density test work.

 

The subsequent infill drilling programme, designed to support the resource estimate update, was completed by push tube coring. A total of 182 core holes for 1,855.29m were included in the updated MRE.

 

Placer has reviewed SOPs for hand-auger and push-tube drilling and found them to be fit for purpose and support the resource classifications as applied to the MRE. A core-drilling SOP has not been sighted. Sample handling and preparation techniques is consistent for push-tube and coring samples.

 

Two similar designs of hand auger drilling equipment are employed. Hand-auger drilling with 75mm diameter enclosed spiral bits (SOS) with 1-metre long steel rods and with 62mm diameter open spiral bits (SP) with 1-metre long steel rods.  Drilling is oriented vertically by eye.

Each 1m of drill sample is collected into separate sample bags and set aside.  The auger bits and flights are cleaned between each metre of sampling to avoid contamination.

Core-drilling is undertaken using a drop hammer, Dando Terrier MK1. The drilling generated 1-metre runs of 83mm PQ core in the first 2m and then transitioned to 72mm core for the remainder of the hole. Core drilling is oriented vertically by spirit level.

 

Drill Sample Recovery

Method of recording and assessing core and chip sample recoveries and results assessed.

 

Samples are assessed visually for recoveries. The configuration of drilling and nature of materials encountered results in negligible sample loss or contamination.

Hand-auger drilling is ceased when recoveries become poor once the water table has been reached. Water table and recovery information is included in lithological logs.

Core drilling samples are actively assessed by the driller and geologist onsite for recoveries and contamination.

 

Measures taken to maximise sample recovery and ensure representative nature of the samples.

 

The Company's trained geologists supervise drilling on a 1 team 1 geologist basis and are responsible for monitoring all aspects of the drilling and sampling process.

 

For push-tube drilling, core is extruded into core trays; slough is actively removed by the driller at the drilling rig and core recovery and quality is recorded by the geologist.

 

Whether a relationship exists between sample recovery and grade and whether sample bias may have occurred due to preferential loss/gain of fine/coarse material.

 

No relationship is believed to exist between grade and sample recovery. The high percentage of silt and absence of hydraulic inflow from groundwater at this deposit results in a sample size that is well within the expected size range.

 

No bias related to preferential loss or gain of different materials is observed.

Logging

Whether core and chip samples have been geologically and geotechnically logged to a level of detail to support appropriate Mineral Resource estimation mining studies and metallurgical studies.

 

Geologically, data is collected in detail, sufficient to aid in Mineral Resource estimation.

 

All individual 1-metre auger intervals are geologically logged, recording relevant

data to a set template using company codes. A small representative sample is

collected for each 1-metre interval and placed in appropriately labelled chip trays for future reference.

 

All individual 1-metre core intervals are geologically logged, recording relevant

data to a set template using company codes.

 

Half core remains in the trays and is securely stored in the company warehouse.

 

Whether logging is qualitative or quantitative in nature. Core (or costean, channel, etc.) photography.

 

All logging includes lithological features and estimates of basic mineralogy. Logging is generally qualitative.

 

The core is photographed dry, after logging and sampling is completed.

 

The total length and percentage of the relevant intersection logged

 

 

100% of samples are geologically logged.

Sub-sampling techniques and sample preparation

If core, whether cut or sawn and whether quarter, half or all core taken.

 

 

Due to the soft nature of the material, core samples are carefully cut in half by hand tools.

 

If non-core, whether riffled, tube sampled, rotary split, etc. and whether sampled wet or dry.

Auger and core hole samples are dried, riffle split and composited. Samples are collected and homogenised prior to splitting to ensure sample representivity. ~1.5kg composite samples are processed.

 

An equivalent mass is taken from each primary sample to make up the composite.

 

The primary composite sample is considered representative for this style of mineralisation and is consistent with industry standard practice.

 

For all sample types, the nature, quality and appropriateness of the sample preparation technique.

 

Techniques for sample preparation are detailed on SOP documents verified by Placer Resource Geologists.

 

Sample preparation is recorded on a standard flow sheet and detailed QA/QC is undertaken on all samples. Sample preparation techniques and QA/QC protocols are appropriate for mineral determination and support the resource classifications as stated.

 

Quality control procedures adopted for all sub-sampling stages to maximise representivity of samples.

 

The sampling equipment is cleaned after each sub-sample is taken.

 

Field duplicate, laboratory replicate and standard sample geostatistical analysis is employed to manage sample precision and analysis accuracy.

 

Measures taken to ensure that the sampling is representative of the in situ material collected, including for instance results for field duplicate/second-half sampling.

 

Sample size analysis is completed to verify sampling accuracy. Field duplicates are collected for precision analysis of riffle splitting. SOPs consider sample representivity. Results indicate a sufficient level of precision for the resource classification.

 

Whether sample sizes are appropriate to the grain size of the material being sampled.

 

 

The sample size is considered appropriate for the material sampled.

Quality of assay data and laboratory tests

The nature, quality and appropriateness of the assaying and laboratory procedures used and whether the technique is considered partial or total.

Rutile

The Malawi onsite laboratory sample preparation methods are considered quantitative to the point where a heavy mineral concentrate (HMC) is generated.

 

Final results generated are for recovered rutile i.e, the % mass of the sample that is rutile that can be recovered to the non-magnetic component of a HMC.

 

Heavy liquid separation of the HM is no longer required and a HM result is not reported in the updated MRE. The HMC prepared via wet-table, gravity separation at the Lilongwe Laboratory provides an ideal sample for subsequent magnetic separation and XRF.

 

All 2,888 samples (incl. QA) included in the MRE update received the following workflow undertaken on-site in Malawi;

· Dry sample in oven for 1 hour at 105 ℃

· Soak in water and lightly agitate

· Wet screen at 5mm, 600µm and 45µm to remove oversize and slimes material

· Dry +45µm -600mm (sand fraction) in oven for 1 hour at 105 ℃

 

1,894 of the 2,888 samples received the following workflow undertaken on-site in Malawi

· Pass +45µm -600mm (sand fraction) across wet table twice to generate a heavy mineral concentrate (HMC)

· Dry HMC in oven for 30 minutes at 105 ℃

Bag HMC fraction and send to Perth, Australia for quantitative chemical and mineralogical determination.

 

994 of the 2,888 sample received the following workflow undertaken at Perth based Laboratories (superseded).

· Split ~150g of sand fraction for Heavy Liquid Separation (HLS) using Tetrabromoethane (TBE, SG 2.96g/cc) as the liquid heavy media to generate HMC. Work undertaken at Diamantina Laboratories.

 

All of the 2,888 sample received the final workflow undertaken at Perth based Laboratories.

· Magnetic separation of the HMC by Carpco magnet @ 16,800G (2.9Amps) into a magnetic (M) and non-magnetic (NM) fraction. Work undertaken at Allied Mineral Laboratories (AML) in Perth.

· The NM fractions were sent to either ALS Perth or Intertek Perth for quantitative XRF analysis. Intertek samples received the standard mineral sands suite FB1/XRF72. ALS Samples received XRF_MS.

 

Graphite

2,291 Samples processed at Intertek-Genalysis Perth via method C72/CSA.

A portion of each test sample is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid to liberate carbonate carbon. The solution is filtered using a filter paper and the collected residue is the dried to 425°C in a muffle oven to drive off organic carbon. The dried sample is then combusted in a Carbon/ Sulphur analyser to yield total graphitic or elemental carbon (TGC).
 

The graphitic carbon content is determined by eliminating other carbon forms from the total carbon content. The addition of acid to the sample liberates carbon dioxide thus removing carbonate carbon. Soluble organic carbon will also be removed. Insoluble organic carbon is removed by heating the samples at 425°C in an oxidising environment. The "dried" carbon-bearing sample that is analysed in the resistance furnace is considered to contain only graphitic carbon. 

An Eltra CS-800 induction furnace infra-red CS analyser is then used to determine the remaining carbon which is reported as Total Graphitic Carbon (TGC) as a percentage.

 

For geophysical tools, spectrometers, handheld XRF instruments, etc., the parameters used in determining the analysis including instrument make and model, reading times, calibrations factors applied and their derivation, etc.

 

 

Acceptable levels of accuracy and precision have been established. No handheld XRF methods are used for quantitative determination.

Nature of quality control procedures adopted (e.g. standards, blanks, duplicate, external laboratory checks) and whether acceptable levels of accuracy (i.e. lack of bias) and precision have been established.

 

Sovereign uses internal and externally sourced wet screening reference material inserted into samples batches at a rate of 1 in 20. The externally sourced, certified standard reference material for HM and Slimes assessment is provided by Placer Consulting.

 

An external laboratory raw sample duplicate is sent to laboratories in Perth, Australia as an external check of the full workflow. These duplicates are produced at a rate of 1 in 20. 

 

Accuracy monitoring is achieved through submission of certified reference materials (CRM's).

 

ALS and Intertek both use internal CRMs and duplicates on XRF analyses.

 

Sovereign also inserts CRMs into the sample batches at a rate of 1 in 20.

 

The CRMs used by Sovereign are supplied by African Mineral Standards (AMIS), South Africa. AMIS0602 is used containing TiO2 XRF 90.62%.

 

Analysis of sample duplicates is undertaken by standard geostatistical methodologies (Scatter, Pair Difference and QQ Plots) to test for bias and to ensure that sample splitting is representative.  Standards determine assay accuracy performance, monitored on control charts, where failure (beyond 3SD from the mean) may trigger re-assay of the affected batch.

 

Examination of the QA/QC sample data indicates satisfactory performance of field sampling protocols and assay laboratories providing acceptable levels of precision and accuracy.

 

Acceptable levels of accuracy and precision are displayed in geostatistical analyses to support the resource classifications as applied to the estimate.

 

Verification of sampling & assaying

The verification of significant intersections by either independent or alternative company personnel.

 

Results are reviewed in cross-section using Datamine Studio RM software and any spurious results are investigated.  The deposit type and consistency of mineralisation leaves little room for unexplained variance. Extreme high grades are not encountered.

 

The use of twinned holes.

Twinned holes are drilled across a geographically-dispersed area to determine short-range geological and assay field variability for the resource estimation.  Twin drilling is applied at a rate of 1 in 20 routine holes. Twin paired data (HA v HA & PT v PT) represents 2.25% of the drill database included in the updated MRE. Substantial comparative data between different drilling types and test pit results are also available but not referenced in the MRE.

 

Acceptable levels of precision are displayed in the geostatistical analysis of twin drilling data to support the resource classifications as applied to the estimate.

 

Documentation of primary data, data entry procedures, data verification, data storage (physical and electronic) protocols.

All data are collected initially on paper logging sheets and codified to the Company's templates.  This data is hand entered to spreadsheets and validated by Company geologists.  This data is then imported to a Microsoft Access Database and validated automatically and manually.

 

A transition to electronic field and laboratory data capture is underway.

 

Discuss any adjustment to assay data.

 

Assay data adjustments are made to convert laboratory collected weights to assay field percentages and to account for moisture.

 

QEMSCAN of the NM fraction shows dominantly clean and liberated rutile grains and confirms rutile is the only titanium species in the NM fraction.

 

Recovered rutile is therefore defined and reported here as: TiO2 recovered in the +45 to -600um range to the NM concentrate fraction as a % of the total primary, dry, raw sample mass divided by 95% (to represent an approximation of final product specifications). i.e recoverable rutile within the whole sample.

 

Location of data points

Accuracy and quality of surveys used to locate drill holes (collar and down-hole surveys), trenches, mine workings and other locations used in Mineral Resource estimation.

 

A Trimble R2 Differential GPS is used to pick up the hand auger collars. Daily capture at a registered reference marker ensures equipment remains in calibration.

No downhole surveying of hand-auger holes is completed. Given the vertical nature and shallow depths of the hand-auger holes, drill hole deviation is not considered to significantly affect the downhole location of samples.

 

 

Specification of the grid system used.

WGS84 UTM Zone 36 South.

 

Quality and adequacy of topographic control.

The digital terrane model (DTM) was generated by land-based survey of drill collar positions and infill at a 200m spacing in X and Y axes using the Trimble RTK DGPS unit.

 

The DTM is suitable for the classification of the resources as stated.

 

Data spacing & distribution

Data spacing for reporting of Exploration Results.

The hand auger collars are spaced at nominally 400m along the 400m spaced drill-lines with the push-tube holes similarly spaced at an offset, infill grid. The resultant 200m by 200m drill spacing (to the strike orientation of the deposit) is deemed to adequately define the mineralisation in the MRE.

 

The push-tube twin and density sample holes are selectively placed throughout the deposit to ensure a broad geographical and lithological spread for the analysis. 

 

 

Whether the data spacing and distribution is sufficient to establish the degree of geological and grade continuity appropriate for the Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve estimation procedure(s) and classifications applied.

The drill spacing and distribution is considered to be sufficient to establish a degree of geological and grade continuity appropriate for the Mineral Resource estimation. 

 

Variography and kriging neighbourhood analysis completed using Supervisor software informs the optimal drill and sample spacing for the MRE. Based on these results and the experience of the Competent Person, the data spacing and distribution is considered adequate for the definition of mineralisation and adequate for mineral resource estimation.

 

 

Whether sample compositing has been applied.

Individual 1m auger intervals have been composited, based on lithology, at 2 - 5m sample intervals for the 507 auger holes. Core holes have been sampled at a regular 2m interval to provide greater control on mineralisation for the Indicated Resource.

 

The DH Compositing tool was utilised in Supervisor software to define the optimal sample compositing length. A 2-metre interval is applied for the MRE.

 

 

Orientation of data in relation to geological structure

Whether the orientation of sampling achieves unbiased sampling of possible structures and the extent to which this is known considering the deposit type

 

Sample orientation is vertical and approximately perpendicular to the orientation of the mineralisation, which results in true thickness estimates, limited by the sampling interval as applied. Drilling and sampling are carried out on a regular square grid. There is no apparent bias arising from the orientation of the drill holes with respect to the orientation of the deposit.

 

 

If the relationship between the drilling orientation and the orientation of key mineralised structures is considered to have introduced a sampling bias, this should be assessed and reported if material.

 

 

There is no apparent bias arising from the orientation of the drill holes with respect to the orientation of the deposit.

Sample security

The measures taken to ensure sample security

Samples are stored in secure storage from the time of drilling, through gathering, compositing and analysis.  The samples are sealed as soon as site preparation is complete.

 

A reputable international transport company with shipment tracking enables a chain of custody to be maintained while the samples move from Malawi to Australia. Samples are again securely stored once they arrive and are processed at Australian laboratories. A reputable domestic courier company manages the movement of samples within Perth, Australia.

 

At each point of the sample workflow the samples are inspected by a company representative to monitor sample condition. Each laboratory confirms the integrity of the samples upon receipt. 

 

Audits or reviews

The results of any audits or reviews of sampling techniques and data

 

Richard Stockwell (CP) has reviewed and advised on all stages of data collection, sample processing, QA protocol and mineral resource estimation. Methods employed are considered industry best-practice.

 

Perth Laboratory visits have been completed by Richard. Field and in-country lab visits are precluded, for the time being, by Covid 19 travel restrictions. In these cases, audit is completed by SOP review, site visits by an experienced senior geologist from South Africa and collection of photographs and video during operations.

 

Sovereign Metals Managing Director and CP for all exploration results Julian Stephens has been onsite in Malawi numerous times since the discovery of the Kasiya Deposit.

 

 

 

 

 

SECTION 2 - REPORTING OF EXPLORATION RESULTS

Criteria

Explanation

Commentary

The security of the tenure held at the time of reporting along with any known impediments to obtaining a licence to operate in the area.

The tenements are in good standing and no known impediments to exploration or mining exist.

Exploration done by other parties

 

Acknowledgement and appraisal of exploration by other parties.

Sovereign Metals Ltd is a first-mover in the discovery and definition of residual rutile and graphite resources in Malawi. No other parties are involved in exploration.

Geology

Deposit type, geological setting and style of mineralisation

The rutile deposit type is considered a residual placer formed by the intense weathering of rutile-rich basement paragneisses and variable enrichment by elluvial processes.

Rutile occurs in a mostly topographically flat area west of Malawi's capital, known as the Lilongwe Plain, where a deep tropical weathering profile is preserved. A typical profile from top to base is generally soil ("SOIL" 0-1m) ferruginous pedolith ("FERP", 1-4m), mottled zone ("MOTT", 4-7m), pallid saprolite ("PSAP", 7-9m), saprolite ("SAPL", 9-25m), saprock ("SAPR", 25-35m) and fresh rock ("FRESH" >35m).

The low-grade graphite mineralisation occurs as multiple bands of graphite gneisses, hosted within a broader Proterozoic paragneiss package. In the Kasiya and Nsaru areas specifically, the preserved weathering profile hosts significant vertical thicknesses from near surface of graphite mineralisation.

Drill hole information

A summary of all information material to the understanding of the exploration results including a tabulation of the following information for all Material drill holes: easting and northings of the drill hole collar; elevation or RL (Reduced Level-elevation above sea level in metres of the drill hole collar); dip and azimuth of the hole; down hole length and interception depth; and hole length

All intercepts relating to the Kasiya Deposit have been included in public releases during each phase of exploration and in this report. Releases included all collar and composite data and these can be viewed on the Company website.

There are no further drill hole results that are considered material to the understanding of the exploration results. Identification of the broad zone of mineralisation is made via multiple intersections of drill holes and to list them all would not give the reader any further clarification of the distribution of mineralisation throughout the deposit.

 

If the exclusion of this information is justified on the basis that the information is not Material and this exclusion does not detract from the understanding of the report, the Competent Person should clearly explain why this is the case

No information has been excluded.

Data aggregation methods

In reporting Exploration Results, weighting averaging techniques, maximum and/or minimum grade truncations (e.g. cutting of high-grades) and cut-off grades are usually Material and should be stated.

All results reported are of a length-weighted average of in-situ grades. The resource is reported at a range of bottom cut-off grades in recognition that optimisation and financial assessment is outstanding.

A nominal bottom cut of 0.7% rutile is offered, based on preliminary assessment of resource product value and anticipated cost of operations.

Where aggregate intercepts incorporate short lengths of high-grade results and longer lengths of low-grade results, the procedure used for such aggregation should be stated and some typical examples of such aggregations should be shown in detail.

No data aggregation was required.

The assumptions used for any reporting of metal equivalent values should be clearly stated.

No metal equivalent values are used in this report.

Relationship between mineralisation widths & intercept lengths

These relationships are particularly important in the reporting of Exploration Results.

The mineralisation has been released by weathering of the underlying, layered gneissic bedrock that broadly trends NE-SW. It lies in a laterally extensive superficial blanket with high-grade zones reflecting the broad bedrock strike orientation of ~045°.

If the geometry of the mineralisation with respect to the drill hole angle is known, its nature should be reported.

The mineralisation is laterally extensive where the entire weathering profile is preserved and not significantly eroded. Minor removal of the mineralised profile has occurred in alluvial channels. These areas are adequately defined by the drilling pattern and topographical control for the resource estimate.

If it is not known and only the down hole lengths are reported, there should be a clear statement to this effect (e.g. 'down hole length, true width not known'.

Downhole widths approximate true widths limited to the sample intervals applied. Mineralisation remains open at depth and in areas coincident with high-rutile grade lithologies in basement rocks, is increasing with depth. Graphite results are approximate true width as defined by the sample interval and typically increase with depth.

Diagrams

Appropriate maps and sections (with scales) and tabulations of intercepts should be included for any significant discovery being reported. These should include, but not be limited to a plan view of the drill collar locations and appropriate sectional views.

Refer to figures in this report and in previous releases. These are accessible on the Company's webpage.

Balanced reporting

Where comprehensive reporting of all Exploration Results is not practicable, representative reporting of both low and high-grades and/or widths should be practiced to avoid misleading reporting of exploration results.

All results are included in this report and in previous releases. These are accessible on the Company's webpage.

Other substantive exploration data

Other exploration data, if meaningful and material, should be reported including (but not limited to: geological observations; geophysical survey results; geochemical survey results; bulk samples - size and method of treatment; metallurgical test results; bulk density, groundwater, geotechnical and rock characteristics; potential deleterious or contaminating substances.

Limited lateritic duricrust has been variably developed at Kasiya, as is customary in tropical highland areas subjected to seasonal wet/dry cycles. Lithological logs record drilling refusal in 37 hand-auger holes, or just over 7% of the drill database, although many of these intervals do not record Laterite as the primary lithology. No drilling refusal was recorded from push tube drilling.

Slimes (minus 45 micron) averages 49wt% in the Indicated Resource. Separation test work conducted at AML demonstrates the success in applying a contemporary mineral sands flowsheet in treating this material and achieving excellent rutile recovery.

Sample quality (representivity) is established by geostatistical analysis of comparable sample intervals.

Rutile has been determined, by QEMSCAN, to be the major TiO2-bearing mineral at and around several rutile prospects within Sovereign's ground package. The company continues to examine areas within the large tenement package for rutile and graphite by-product mineralisation.

Further work

The nature and scale of planned further work (e.g. test for lateral extensions or depth extensions or large-scale step-out drilling).

Extensional drilling is planned at the neighbouring deposit (Nsaru) and to close off high-grade regions at Kasiya.

A total of 261 sample assay results are pending inclusion in the MRE from the infill, push-tube drilling programme (KYPT0185 - KYPT0218). A MRE update proposed in Q1, 2022 will include new and outstanding results and a material increase in Inferred and Indicated resource is anticipated.

Independent Competent person audit of drilling, sample preparation and sample processing, is required to support higher confidence resources.  

A migration to digital data collection (field and laboratory) is recommended.  

Drilling results indicate sufficient rutile grade variability at the current drill spacing to warrant further drill hole spacing (KNA) analysis. An optimal drill spacing can then be decided prior to embarking on a programme to increase resource confidence.

The existing topographical surface requires improvement to meet industry best practice. Drone lidar survey is recommended for subsequent resource estimates and to support robust mining and mine closure studies.

Assessment of resource depth, guided by existing results over high-grade basement lithologies is required. Potentially, a substantial resource increase could be achieved without increasing the disturbance footprint.

Further metallurgical assessment is recommended to characterise rutile quality and establish whether any chemical variability is inherent across the deposit.

Audit assay is recommended for high-grade rutile results.

Resource-infill drilling should continue with closed-hole techniques, such as coring or reverse circulation with samples honouring lithological boundaries. Hand-auger drilling remains as an effective means of determining anomalism in regional exploration programmes.

Diagrams clearly highlighting the areas of possible extensions, including the main geological interpretations and future drilling areas, provided this information is not commercially sensitive.

Refer to diagrams in the body of this report and in previous releases. These are accessible on the Company's webpage.

 

 

 

SECTION 3 - ESTIMATION AND REPORTING OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Criteria

JORC Code explanation

Commentary

Database integrity

Measures taken to ensure that data has not been corrupted by, for example, transcription or keying errors, between its initial collection and its use for Mineral Resource estimation purposes.

Data are manually entered into database tables according to Standard Operating Procedures and conforming to company flied names and classifications. These are then migrated to a MaxGeo, Datashed database with validation and quarantine capability. Relevant tables from the database are exported to csv format and forwarded to Placer for independent review.

 

Data validation procedures used.

Validation of the primary data include checks for overlapping intervals, missing survey data, missing assay data, missing lithological data, missing and mis-matched (to Lithology) collars.

 

Statistical, out-of-range, distribution, error and missing data validation is completed by Placer on data sets before being compiled into a de-surveyed drill hole file and interrogated in 3D using D atamine Studio RM software.

 

All questions relating to the input data are forwarded to the client for review and resolution prior to resource estimation.

 

Site visits

Comment on any site visits undertaken by the Competent Person and the outcome of those visits.

 

The Competent Person (Richard Stockwell) was unable to visit the site due to international travel restrictions imposed by the Australian Government. Visits were completed to Perth laboratories. There are no issues observed that might be considered material to the Mineral Resource under consideration.

 

If no site visits have been undertaken indicate why this is the case.

The Australian Government has restricted any unnecessary international travel due to the global Covid19 pandemic. The restrictions have been in place since the discovery of the Kasiya Rutile Deposit in early 2020.

 

The company has endeavoured to increase its site photography and drone footage library to satisfy the competent person that best practice procedures are being employed in country.

 

Geological interpretation

Confidence in (or conversely, the uncertainty of) the geological interpretation of the mineral deposit.

 

There is a high degree of repeatability and uniformity in the geological character of the Kasiya Deposit demonstrated by lithological logging of drill core and hand-auger samples. Satellite imagery and airborne geophysical data provided guidance for interpreting the strike continuity of the deposit.

 

Drill hole intercept logging and assay results (hand auger and core), stratigraphic interpretations from drill core and geological logs of hand auger drill data have formed the basis for the geological interpretation. The drilling exclusively targeted the SOIL, FERP, MOTT and SAPL weathering horizons, with no sampling of the SAPR and below the upper level of the fresh rock (FRESH) domain.

 

Nature of the data used and of any assumptions made.

 

No assumptions were made.

 

The effect, if any, of alternative interpretations on Mineral Resource estimation.

No alternative interpretations on mineral resource estimation are offered.

 

The use of geology in guiding and controlling Mineral Resource estimation.

 

The mineral resource is constrained by the topography, which is a lightly-undulating residual and elluvial plain. Rutile, enriched at surface by deflation and elluvial processes, is constrained vertically by a wireframe that separates SOIL and FERP horizons from the (generally less-mineralised) MOTT and SAPL horizons. In this way, continuity of rutile, observed in surface drilling results, is honoured between drill lines rather than being diluted by averaging with underlying, lower-grade material.

 

The base to mineralisation is arbitrarily designated at 4m below the depth of drill penetration, which is generally where hand auger drilling becomes ineffective at the static water table. A base to mineralisation of 2.7m (the data set average sample interval) below the depth of drill penetration, was applied to the Indicated Resource.

 

The factors affecting continuity both of grade and geology.

Rutile grade is generally concentrated in surface regolith horizons. Deposit stratigraphy and weathering is consistent along and across strike. Rutile grade is oriented at 45 degrees, which mimics the underlying basement source rocks. Rutile varies across strike as a result of the layering of mineralised and non-mineralised basement rocks.

 

Dimensions

The extent and variability of the Mineral Resource expressed as length (along strike or otherwise), plan width, and depth below surface to the upper and lower limits of the Mineral Resource.

The Kasiya mineralised footprint strikes NE - SW and currently occupies an area of about 89km2 (excluding neighbouring deposits).

 

Kasiya is the subject of further extensional drilling but currently extends some 20km along-strike and 9km across strike at its widest point.

 

Due to drilling methodology, basement, or the floor to the mineralisation, has not been intersected. Average drilling depth is about 10m, and mineralisation remains open in many of these holes.

 

Estimation and modelling techniques

The nature and appropriateness of the estimation technique(s) applied and key assumptions, including treatment of extreme grade values, domaining, interpolation parameters and maximum distance of extrapolation from data points. If a computer assisted estimation method was chosen include a description of computer software and parameters used.

 

Datamine Studio RM and Supervisor software is used for the resource estimation with key fields being interpolated into the volume model using the Inverse Distance weighting (power 2) method. Dynamic Anisotropy search ellipses, informed by variography and kriging neighbourhood analysis, were used to search for data during the interpolation and suitable limitations on the number of samples and the impact of those samples, was maintained.

 

Extreme grade values were not identified by statistical analysis, nor were they anticipated in this style of deposit.  No top cut is applied to the resource estimation.

 

Interpolation was constrained by hard boundaries (domains) that result from the geological interpretation.

 

 

The availability of check estimates, previous estimates and/or mine production records and whether the Mineral Resource estimate takes appropriate account of such data.

This is the second mineral resource estimate reported for the Kasiya Deposit. Comparative analysis of the two models is included in the release and in the resource report (in prep).

 

Pilot plant-scale test work has been completed and results support the view of the Competent Person that an economic deposit of readily separable, high-quality rutile is anticipated from the Kasiya Deposit. The recovery of a coarse-flake graphite by-product was achieved by the test work.

 

 

The assumptions made regarding recovery of by-products.

A graphite by-product was modelled as recoverable Total Graphitic Carbon (TGC).

 

 

Estimation of deleterious elements or other non-grade variables of economic significance (e.g. sulphur for acid mine drainage characterisation).

No significant deleterious elements are identified. A selection of assay, magnetic separation and XRF results are modelled and are reported.

 

In the case of block model interpolation, the block size in relation to the average sample spacing and the search employed.

 

The average parent cell size used was approximately equivalent to the average drill hole spacing within the Indicated Resource (200m*200m).  Cell size in the Z-axis was established to cater for the composite sample spacing and definition of the Topsoil domain. This resulted in a parent cell size of 200m x 200m x 3m for the volume model with 5 sub-cell splits available in the X and Y axes and 10 in the Z axis to smooth topographical and lithological transitions. A sub-cell interpolation was applied for the MRE.

 

A Topsoil horizon has been defined at 0.3m thickness throughout the Indicated Resource area to support anticipated ore reserve calculation and mining studies. Topsoil is disclosed separately but remains in the MRE in recognition of advanced investigations by SVM on topsoil generation.

 

 

Any assumptions behind modelling of selective mining units.

No assumptions were made regarding the modelling of selective mining units.  The resource is reported at an Indicated level of confidence and is suitable for optimisation and the calculation of a Probable Reserve.

 

 

Any assumptions about correlation between variables.

No assumptions were made regarding the correlation between variables.

 

Description of how the geological interpretation was used to control the resource estimates.

 

Interpolation was constrained by hard boundaries (domains) that result from the geological interpretation.

 

Discussion of basis for using or not using grade cutting or capping.

Extreme grade values were not identified by statistical analysis, nor were they anticipated in this style of deposit.  No top cut is applied to the resource estimation.

 

 

The process of validation, the checking process used, the comparison of model data to drill hole data, and use of reconciliation data if available.

Validation of grade interpolations was done visually In Datamine by loading model and drill hole files and annotating, colouring and using filtering to check for the appropriateness of interpolations.

 

Statistical distributions were prepared for model zones from both drill holes and the model to compare the effectiveness of the interpolation. Distributions of section line averages (swath plots) for drill holes and models were also prepared for each zone and orientation for comparison purposes.

 

The resource model has effectively averaged informing drill hole data and is considered suitable to support the resource classifications as applied to the estimate.

 

Moisture

Whether the tonnages are estimated on a dry basis or with natural moisture, and the method of determination of the moisture content.

Tonnages are estimated on a dry basis. No moisture content is factored.

Cut-off parameters

The basis of the adopted cut-off grade(s) or quality parameters applied.

The resource is reported at a range of bottom cut-off grades in recognition that optimisation and financial assessment is outstanding.

 

A nominal bottom cut of 0.7% rutile is offered, based on preliminary assessment of resource value and anticipated operational cost.

 

Mining factors or assumptions

Assumptions made regarding possible mining methods, minimum mining dimensions and internal (or, if applicable, external) mining dilution. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider potential mining methods, but the assumptions made regarding mining methods and parameters when estimating Mineral Resources may not always be rigorous. Where this is the case, this should be reported with an explanation of the basis of the mining assumptions made.

Hydro-mining has been determined as the optimal method of mining for the Kasiya Rutile deposit. The materials competence is loose, soft, fine and friable with no cemented sand or dense clay layers rendering it amenable to hydro-mining. It is considered that the strip ratio would be zero or near zero.

 

Dilution is considered to be minimal as mineralisation commonly occurs from surface and mineralisation is generally gradational with few sharp boundaries.

 

Recovery parameters have not been factored into the estimate.  However, the valuable minerals are readily separable due to their SG differential and are expected to have a high recovery through the proposed, conventional wet concentration plant.

 

Metallurgical factors or assumptions

The basis for assumptions or predictions regarding metallurgical amenability. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider potential metallurgical methods, but the assumptions regarding metallurgical treatment processes and parameters made when reporting Mineral Resources may not always be rigorous. Where this is the case, this should be reported with an explanation of the basis of the metallurgical assumptions made.

Sovereign have announced three sets of metallurgical results to the market (24 June 2019 and 9 September 2020, 7th December 2021), relating to the company's ability to produce a high-grade rutile product with a high recovery via simple conventional processing methods. Sovereign engaged Allied Mineral Laboratories Perth (AML) to conduct the metallurgical test work and develop a flowsheet for plant design considerations.

 

An initial sighter metallurgical test-work program was undertaken in June 2019 on a 180kg sample of saprolite-hosted rutile from an area representative of the style of mineralisation at the Wofiira prospect. This test work focused on generating saleable product specifications and demonstrated that a high-quality commercial Rutile product can be produced using conventional mineral sands processing methods. The recovered, in-situ rutile grade was 1.16% produced in a +38µm to -250µm size fraction with a produced rutile product grade of 96.0% TiO2.

 

A follow-up test work program was then commissioned on a mineralised sample of approximately 1,000kg composited from a number of drill holes across the Kasiya deposit. The sample had a head grade of 0.96% recoverable rutile. The test-work focussed on producing a rutile product.

 

The test work was based on the flowsheet previously developed with AML with minor improvements. The work showed a premium quality rutile product of 96.3% TiO2 with low impurities could again be produced with favourable product sizing at d50 of 145µm. Recoveries were about 98%.

 

A scoping study test work program was then undertaken on a 1,600kg mineralised sample to confirm and improve on the previous bulk metallurgy program completed in late 2020. Results again confirmed premium grade rutile can be produced via a simple and conventional process flow sheet and are consistent with previous results. World-class product chemical specifications are reported at 95.0% to 97.2% TiO2 with low impurities and stand-out metallurgical recoveries ranging from 94% to 100%.

 

The product characteristics are considered by the Competent Person (industrial minerals) to be favourable for product marketability.

 

The Competent Person recommends additional variability testing to investigate different geological and weathering domains and to improve confidence in product quality across the deposit. This work is anticipated as the project moves forward into higher-confidence resource classifications to identify discrete mineral populations, where they exist, and assist in accurate mining and product assumptions during optimisations and feasibility study.

 

Environmental factors or assumptions

Assumptions made regarding possible waste and process residue disposal options. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider the potential environmental impacts of the mining and processing operation. While at this stage the determination of potential environmental impacts, particularly for a greenfields project, may not always be well advanced, the status of early consideration of these potential environmental impacts should be reported. Where these aspects have not been considered this should be reported with an explanation of the environmental assumptions made.

A large portion of the Mineral Resource is confined to the SOIL, FERP and MOTT weathering domains, and any sulphide minerals have been oxidised in the geological past. Therefore, acid mine-drainage is not anticipated to be a significant risk when mining from the oxidised domain.

 

No major water courses run through the resource area.

 

The Kasiya deposit is located within a farming area and has villages located along the strike of the deposit. Sovereign holds regular discussions with local landholders and community groups to keep them well informed of the status and future planned directions of the project. Sovereign has benefited from maintaining good relations with landowners and enjoys strong support from the community at large.

 

Kasiya is in a sub-equatorial region of Malawi and is subject to heavy seasonal rainfall, with rapid growth of vegetation in season. Substantial vegetation or nature reserve is absent in the area.

 

Bulk density

Whether assumed or determined. If assumed, the basis for the assumptions. If determined, the method used, whether wet or dry, the frequency of the measurements, the nature, size and representativeness of the samples.

Density was calculated from 310 full core samples taken from geographically and lithologically-diverse sites across the deposit. Density measured using wet-bulk and dry-bulk density immersion method performed by Sovereign in Malawi and calculations verified by Placer Consulting.

 

Density data was loaded into an Excel file, which was flagged against weathering horizons and mineralisation domains.

 

 

The bulk density for bulk material must have been measured by methods that adequately account for void spaces (vughs, porosity, etc.), moisture and differences between rock and alteration zones within the deposit.

All bulk density determinations were completed by the wet-bulk and dry-bulk density, water-immersion method.

 

Discuss assumptions for bulk density estimates used in the evaluation process of the different materials.

An average density of 1.65 t/m3 was determined for the total weathering profile.

 

This incorporates and average density of 1.39 t/m3 for the soil (SOIL) domain, 1.60 t/m3 for the ferruginous pedolith (FERP) domain, 1.65 t/m3 for the mottled (MOTT) domain, 1.68 t/m3 for the pallid saprolite (PSAP) domain, 1.63 t/m3 for the saprolite (SAPL) domain, and 1.93 t/m3 for the laterite (LAT) domain. Density data are interpolated into the resource estimate by the nearest neighbour method.

 

 

Classification

The basis for the classification of the Mineral Resources into varying confidence categories.

 

Classification of the MRE is at an Indicated and Inferred category. An area equivalent to, and surrounding, the Inferred Resource exists in an unclassified status on account of lower data density. 

 

Whether appropriate account has been taken of all relevant factors (i.e. relative confidence in tonnage/grade estimations, reliability of input data, confidence in continuity of geology and metal values, quality, quantity and distribution of the data).

All available data were assessed and the competent person's relative confidence in the data was used to assist in the classification of the Mineral Resource.

 

 

Whether the result appropriately reflects the Competent Person's view of the deposit

Results appropriately reflects a reasonable and conservative view of the deposit.

 

Audits or reviews

The results of any audits or reviews of Mineral Resource estimates.

The Competent Person, Richard Stockwell undertook an audit of the resource estimate, and found it to be suitable for classification at an Indicated and Inferred category. 

 

Discussion of relative accuracy/ confidence

Where appropriate a statement of the relative accuracy and confidence level in the Mineral Resource estimate using an approach or procedure deemed appropriate by the Competent Person. For example, the application of statistical or geostatistical procedures to quantify the relative accuracy of the resource within stated confidence limits, or, if such an approach is not deemed appropriate, a qualitative discussion of the factors that could affect the relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate.

The mineral resource and classification remain conservative. Substantial additional resource material is expected to occur below the effective depth of drilling (water table). High grade sample results are constrained tightly by search and estimation parameters, which are likely to be contiguous upon application of closer-spaced drilling.

 

A high-degree of uniformity exists in the broad and contiguous lithological and grade character of the deposit. Open-hole drilling and infill core drilling technique has been expertly applied and data collection procedures, density assessments, QA protocols and interpretations conform to industry best practice with few exceptions.

 

Assay, mineralogical determinations and metallurgical test work conform to industry best practice and demonstrate a rigorous assessment of product and procedure. The development of a conventional processing flowsheet and marketability studies support the classification of the Kasiya Resource.

 

 

The statement should specify whether it relates to global or local estimates, and, if local, state the relevant tonnages, which should be relevant to technical and economic evaluation. Documentation should include assumptions made and the procedures used.

The estimate is global.

 

 

These statements of relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate should be compared with production data, where available.

No production data are available to reconcile model results.

 

Glossary

Abbreviation

Description

°C

Degrees Celsius

µm

Micrometre or Micron

AACE

American Association of Cost Engineering

AC

Air-core

ALS

ALS Metallurgical Laboratory

amsl

Above Mean Sea Level

ARD

Acid Rock Drainage

AS

Australian Standard

ASNZS

Australian and New Zealand Standard

ASX

Australian Stock Exchange

AUD

Australian Dollar

ave

Average

BCM

Bulk Cubic Meter

BOO

Build Own Operate

Capex

Capital Expenditure

CFR

Cost and Freight

CEAR

Central East African Railways

cm

Centimetre

CPR

Competent Persons Report

CRM

Certified Reference Material

CSR

Corporate Social Responsibility

d

Day

D

Discharge

d/y

Days Per Year

DAP

Delivered at Place

dB

Decibel

DD

Diamond-core Drilling

DFS

Definitive Feasibility Study

DL

Detection Limit

dmt

Dry Metric Tonne

DRA

DRA Pacific

EAD

Environmental Affairs Department (of Malawi)

EAP

Employee Assistance Program

EBITDA

Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation And Amortisation

EHS

Environment, Health, And Safety

EIA

Environmental Impact Assessment

EL

Exploration Licence

EMP

Environmental Management Plan

EPC

Engineering, Procurement, Construction

EPCM

Engineering, Procurement & Construction Management

ERP

Emergency Response Plan

ESIA

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment

ESR

Environmental Scoping Report

FEED

Front End Engineering And Design

FEL

Front End Loader

FOB

Free on Board

FS

Feasibility Study

G&A

General & Administration

GEL

Generally Expected Levels

GHG

Greenhouse Gas(es)

GISTM

Global Industry Standards on Tailings Management

h

Hour

h/d

Hours Per Day

h/y

Hours Per Year

HA

Hand-auger

ha

Hectare

HR

Human Resources

HRMP

Human Resources Management Plan

HSE

Health, Safety and Environment

HSEMS

Health Safety and Environmental Management System

HSMP

Health and Safety Management Plan

HV

High Voltage

IBC

Intermediate Bulk Container

ICP-MS

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer

ICP-OES

Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

ID

Internal Diameter

IDW

Inverse-Distance Weighted Algorithm

IFC

International Finance Corporation

IRR

Internal Rate of Return

IT

Information Technology

IUCN

International Union for Conservation of Nature

IVI

Important Value Index

J

Joule (Energy)

JECFA

Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive

JHA

Job Hazard Analysis

JORC

Australasian Joint Ore Reserves Committee

k

Kilo or Thousand

kg

Kilogram

km

Kilometre

KPI

Key Performance Indicator

KRW

Korean Won

kt

Kilo Tonne (Thousand Metric Tonne)

kW

Kilowatt (Power)

kWh

Kilowatt Hour

L

Litre

LCT

Locked Cycle Testwork

LME

London Metals Exchange

LoM

Life of Mine

LSE

London Stock Exchange

LTI

Lost Time Injury

LV

Low Voltage

m

Metre

M

Million

m2

Square Metre

m3

Cubic Metre

Ma

Mega annum (million years)

MCC

Motor Control Centre

MG

Mine Gate

ML

Metal Leaching

mm

Millimetre

MNREM

Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining

MPA

Maximum Potential Acidity

MPN

Most Probably Number (Count of Coliforms and E. coli)

MRA

Malawi Revenue Authority

MRE

Mineral Resource Estimate

mRL

Metre Reduced Level

MRMR

Mining Rock Mass Rating

Msal

Meters Above Sea Level

MSDS

Material Safety Data Sheet

Mt

Million Tonnes (Metric)

Mt/y

Million Tonnes Per Year

MTI

Medical Treatment Injury

MTO

Material Take-Off

MW

Megawatt

N/A

Not Applicable

NA

Not Available

NAF

Non-Acid Forming

NAG

Net Acid Generation

NAPP

Net Acid Producing Potential

ND

Not Detected

NOH&SC

National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (Australia)

NPI

Non Process Infrastructure

NPV

Net Present Value

NR

Not Regulated

NT

Near Threatened

NTU

Normalised Turbidity Unit

OHS&E

Occupational Health, Safety & Environment

PEA

Preliminary Economic Assessment

PFD

Process Flow Diagram

PFS

Pre-Feasibility Study

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

PS

Performance Standard

PSU

Practical Salinity Unit

PWTP

Potable Water Treatment Plant

QA/QC

Quality Assurance And Quality Control

RAP

Resettlement Action Plan

ROM

Run-Of-Mine

RRT

Resource Rent Tax

s

Second

SG

Specific Gravity

SGS

SGS Metallurgical Laboratory

SO2

Sulphur Dioxide

SOP

Standard Operating Procedure

ST

Total Sulphur

SVM

Sovereign Metals Limited

t

Tonne (Metric)

t/h

Tonnes Per Hour

t/m3

Tonnes Per Cubic Metre

t/y

Tonnes Per Year

ta

Comminution Test Parameter

TARP

Trigger, Action, Responsibility, Procedure

TBC

To Be Confirmed

TC

Total Carbon

TC

Treatment Charge

TDS

Total Dissolved Solids

TGC

Total Graphitic Carbon

TSF

Tailings Storage Facility

TSP

Total Suspended Particulates

TSS

Total Suspended Solids

UFD

Utility Flow Diagram

UOM

Unit of Measure

URTI

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

US EPA

The United States Environmental Protection Agency

US$

United States Dollar

USD

United States Dollar

UTM

Universal Transverse Mercator

V

Volt

VAT

Value Added Tax

VSD

Variable Speed Drive

VTEM

Versatile Time Domain Electromagnetic

VU

Vulnerable

w/v

Weight/Volume

w/w

Weight/Weight

WBG

World Bank Group

WBS

Work Breakdown Schedule

WHO

World Health Organization

XRD

X-Ray Diffraction

XRF

X-Ray Fluorescence

 

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