Start part 4 of 4
Page 95
Capital & liquidity
In this section |
Page |
|
Capital and liquidity |
|
|
C1 |
Analysis of return on equity |
96 |
C2 |
Group capital structure - IFRS basis |
97 |
C3 |
Equity sensitivity analysis - IFRS basis |
98 |
Page 96
C1 - Analysis of return on equity
|
Operating return1 |
|
|
|
2017 |
Before tax |
After tax |
Weighted average shareholders' funds including non-controlling interests2 £m |
Return on equity2 % |
United Kingdom |
2,201 |
1,782 |
12,828 |
13.9% |
Canada |
46 |
34 |
1,442 |
2.4% |
Europe3 |
1,096 |
787 |
5,890 |
13.4% |
Asia |
227 |
212 |
1,638 |
12.9% |
Fund management |
164 |
127 |
495 |
25.7% |
Corporate and Other Business4 |
(273) |
(196) |
5,669 |
n/a |
Return on total capital employed |
3,461 |
2,746 |
27,962 |
9.8% |
Subordinated debt |
(389) |
(314) |
(7,224) |
4.3% |
Senior debt |
(4) |
(3) |
(1,398) |
0.2% |
Return on total equity |
3,068 |
2,429 |
19,340 |
12.6% |
Less: Non-controlling interests |
|
(134) |
(1,325) |
10.1% |
Direct capital instrument and tier 1 notes |
|
(65) |
(1,025) |
6.3% |
Preference capital |
|
(17) |
(200) |
8.5% |
Return on equity shareholders' funds |
|
2,213 |
16,790 |
13.2% |
1 The operating return is based upon Group operating profit. Refer to section 1.
2 Return on equity is based on an annualised operating return after tax attributable to ordinary shareholders expressed as a percentage of weighted average ordinary shareholders' equity.
3 Following the launch of UK Insurance which brings together UK Life, UK General Insurance and UK Health into a combined business, the Ireland Life and General Insurance businesses have been aligned to the new management structure and reported within Europe.
4 The 'Corporate' and 'Other Business' loss before tax of £273 million comprises corporate costs of £184 million, interest on internal lending arrangements of £7 million, other business operating loss (net of investment return) of £157 million, partly offset by finance income on the main UK pension scheme of £75 million.
|
Operating return1 |
|
|
|
2016 |
Before tax |
After tax |
Weighted average shareholders' funds interests2 £m |
Return on equity2 % |
United Kingdom |
1,946 |
1,573 |
13,289 |
11.8% |
Canada |
269 |
197 |
1,256 |
15.7% |
Europe3 |
1,044 |
743 |
5,520 |
13.5% |
Asia |
228 |
216 |
1,548 |
14.0% |
Fund management |
138 |
104 |
426 |
24.4% |
Corporate and Other Business4 |
(227) |
(219) |
4,850 |
n/a |
Return on total capital employed |
3,398 |
2,614 |
26,889 |
9.7% |
Subordinated debt |
(387) |
(309) |
(6,907) |
4.5% |
Senior debt |
(1) |
(1) |
(869) |
0.1% |
Return on total equity |
3,010 |
2,304 |
19,113 |
12.1% |
Less: Non-controlling interests |
|
(147) |
(1,279) |
11.5% |
Direct capital instrument and tier 1 notes |
|
(68) |
(1,123) |
6.1% |
Preference capital |
|
(17) |
(200) |
8.5% |
Return on equity shareholders' funds |
|
2,072 |
16,511 |
12.5% |
1 The operating return is based upon Group operating profit. Refer to section 1.
2 Return on equity is based on an annualised operating return after tax attributable to ordinary shareholders expressed as a percentage of weighted average ordinary shareholders' equity.
3 Following the launch of UK Insurance which brings together UK Life, UK General Insurance and UK Health into a combined business, the Ireland Life and General Insurance businesses have been aligned to the new management structure and reported within Europe. As a result, comparative balances have been restated.
4 The 'Corporate' and 'Other Business' loss before tax of £227 million comprises corporate costs of £184 million, interest on internal lending arrangements of £23 million, other business operating loss (net of investment return) of £106 million, partly offset by finance income on the main UK pension scheme of £86 million.
Page 97
C2 - Group capital structure - IFRS basis
The table below shows how our capital is deployed by market and how that capital is funded.
|
2017 Capital employed |
2016 Capital employed |
Life business |
|
|
United Kingdom1 |
11,517 |
11,670 |
France |
2,704 |
2,756 |
Poland |
352 |
296 |
Italy |
954 |
947 |
Other Europe1 |
422 |
759 |
Europe |
4,432 |
4,758 |
Asia |
1,558 |
1,643 |
|
17,507 |
18,071 |
General insurance & health |
|
|
United Kingdom general insurance1,2 |
1,721 |
1,450 |
United Kingdom health |
93 |
66 |
Canada |
1,364 |
1,471 |
France |
589 |
462 |
Italy |
319 |
282 |
Other Europe1 |
343 |
315 |
Europe |
1,251 |
1,059 |
Asia |
10 |
16 |
|
4,439 |
4,062 |
Fund management |
520 |
462 |
Corporate and Other Business2,3 |
5,309 |
5,533 |
Total capital employed |
27,775 |
28,128 |
Financed by |
|
|
Equity shareholders' funds |
16,969 |
16,803 |
Non-controlling interests |
1,235 |
1,425 |
Direct capital instrument and tier 1 notes |
731 |
1,123 |
Preference shares |
200 |
200 |
Subordinated debt4 |
7,221 |
7,213 |
Senior debt |
1,419 |
1,364 |
Total capital employed5 |
27,775 |
28,128 |
1 Following the launch of UK Insurance which brings together UK Life, UK General Insurance and UK Health into a combined business, the Ireland Life and General Insurance businesses have been aligned to the new management structure and reported within Other Europe. As a result, comparative balances have been restated. For the Life business, Other Europe also includes Spain and Turkey and for General insurance & health includes Poland.
2 Capital employed for United Kingdom General Insurance excludes c.£0.9 billion of goodwill which does not support the general insurance business for capital purposes and is included in 'Corporate and Other Business'.
3 'Corporate and Other Business' includes centrally held tangible net assets, the main UK staff pension scheme surplus and also reflects internal lending arrangements. These internal lending arrangements, which net out on consolidation, include the formal loan arrangement between Aviva Group Holdings Limited and Aviva Insurance Limited.
4 Subordinated debt excludes amounts held by Group companies of £9 million (2016: £9 million).
5 Goodwill, AVIF and other intangibles are maintained within the capital base. Goodwill includes goodwill in subsidiaries of £1,876 million (2016: £2,045 million), goodwill in joint ventures of £17 million (2016: £20 million) and goodwill in associates of £nil (2016: £47 million). AVIF and other intangibles comprise £3,456 million (2016: £5,468 million) of intangibles in subsidiaries, £40 million (2016: £72 million) of intangibles in joint ventures and £nil million (2016: £18 million) of intangibles in associates, net of deferred tax liabilities of £(721) million (2016: £(783) million) and the non-controlling interest share of intangibles of £(222) million (2016: £(226) million).
Total capital employed is financed by a combination of equity shareholders' funds, preference capital, subordinated debt and other borrowings. At the end of 2017 the Group had £27.8 billion (2016: £28.1 billion) of total capital employed in our trading operations measured on an IFRS basis. In 2017 the Group redeemed the $650 million fixed rate tier 1 notes in full at the first call date on 3 November and completed a share buy-back of ordinary shares for an aggregate purchase price of £300 million. The number of shares in issue has reduced by 57,724,500 in respect of shares acquired and cancelled under the buy-back programme.
At the end of 2017 the market value of our external debt (subordinated debt and senior debt), preference shares (including both Aviva plc preference shares of £200 million and General Accident plc preference shares, within non-controlling interests, of £250 million), and direct capital instrument and tier 1 notes was £11,311 million (2016: £11,006 million).
Page 98
C3 - Equity sensitivity analysis - IFRS basis
The sensitivity of the Group's total equity on an IFRS basis at 31 December 2017 to a 10% fall in global equity markets, a rise of 1% in global interest rates or a 0.5% increase in credit spreads is as follows:
31 December 2016 |
IFRS basis |
31 December 2017 |
Equities down 10% |
Interest rates up 1% |
0.5% increased credit spread |
18.1 |
Long-term savings |
17.5 |
- |
(0.7) |
(0.4) |
10.1 |
General insurance and other |
10.3 |
(0.1) |
(0.5) |
0.6 |
(8.6) |
Borrowings |
(8.6) |
- |
- |
- |
19.6 |
Total equity |
19.2 |
(0.1) |
(1.2) |
0.2 |
These sensitivities assume a full tax charge/credit on market value assumptions. The interest rate sensitivity also assumes an equivalent movement in both inflation and discount rate (i.e. no change to real interest rates) and therefore incorporates the offsetting effects of these items on the pension scheme liabilities. A 1% increase in the real interest rate has the effect of reducing the pension scheme liability in the main UK pension scheme by £1.9 billion (before any associated tax impact).
The 0.5% increased credit spread sensitivity does not make an allowance for any adjustment to risk-free interest rates. The long-term business sensitivities provide for any impact of credit spread movements on liability valuations. The sensitivities also include the allocation of staff pension scheme sensitivities, which assume inflation rates and government bond yields remain constant. In practice, the sensitivity of the business to changes in credit spreads is subject to a number of complex interactions. The impact of the credit spread movements will be related to individual portfolio composition and may be driven by changes in credit or liquidity risk; hence, the actual impact may differ substantially from applying spread movements implied by various published credit spread indices to these sensitivities.
Page 99
Analysis of assets
In this section |
Page |
|
Analysis of assets |
|
|
D1 |
Total assets |
100 |
D2 |
Total assets - Valuation bases/fair value hierarchy |
101 |
D3 |
Analysis of asset quality |
103 |
D4 |
Pension fund assets |
120 |
D5 |
Available funds |
121 |
D6 |
Guarantees |
121 |
Page 100
D1 - Total assets
As an insurance business, Aviva Group holds a variety of assets to match the characteristics and duration of its insurance liabilities. Appropriate and effective asset liability matching (on an economic basis) is the principal way in which Aviva manages its investments. In addition, to support this, Aviva also uses a variety of hedging and other risk management strategies to diversify away any residual mismatch risk that is outside of the Group's risk appetite.
2017 |
Policyholder assets |
Participating fund assets |
Shareholder assets |
Total assets analysed |
Less assets of operations classified as held for sale |
Balance sheet total |
Goodwill and acquired value of in-force business and intangible assets |
- |
- |
6,798 |
6,798 |
(1,467) |
5,331 |
Interests in joint ventures and associates |
2 |
1,133 |
507 |
1,642 |
- |
1,642 |
Property and equipment |
- |
175 |
339 |
514 |
(5) |
509 |
Investment property |
6,256 |
3,966 |
575 |
10,797 |
- |
10,797 |
Loans |
8 |
3,340 |
24,515 |
27,863 |
(6) |
27,857 |
Financial investments |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Debt securities |
30,987 |
95,775 |
49,186 |
175,948 |
(1,140) |
174,808 |
Equity securities |
74,110 |
15,058 |
995 |
90,163 |
(195) |
89,968 |
Other investments |
42,368 |
7,023 |
3,886 |
53,277 |
(6,971) |
46,306 |
Reinsurance assets |
6,103 |
235 |
7,277 |
13,615 |
(123) |
13,492 |
Deferred tax assets |
- |
- |
146 |
146 |
(2) |
144 |
Current tax assets |
- |
- |
94 |
94 |
- |
94 |
Receivables and other financial assets |
488 |
1,484 |
6,351 |
8,323 |
(38) |
8,285 |
Deferred acquisition costs and other assets |
27 |
565 |
5,952 |
6,544 |
(170) |
6,374 |
Prepayments and accrued income |
286 |
1,230 |
1,359 |
2,875 |
(15) |
2,860 |
Cash and cash equivalents |
12,000 |
18,855 |
13,231 |
44,086 |
(739) |
43,347 |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
10,871 |
10,871 |
Total |
172,635 |
148,839 |
121,211 |
442,685 |
- |
442,685 |
Total % |
39.0% |
33.6% |
27.4% |
100.0% |
- |
100.0% |
2016 Total |
161,128 |
157,775 |
121,516 |
440,419 |
- |
440,419 |
2016 Total % |
36.6% |
35.8% |
27.6% |
100.0% |
- |
100.0% |
As at 31 December 2017, 27.4% of Aviva's total asset base was shareholder assets, 33.6% participating fund assets where Aviva shareholders have partial exposure, and 39.0% policyholder assets where Aviva shareholders have no exposure. Of the total assets (excluding held for sale), investment property, loans and financial investments comprise £349.7 billion, compared to £335.4 billion at 31 December 2016.
D2 - Total assets - Valuation bases/fair value hierarchy
Total assets - 2017 |
Fair value |
Amortised cost |
Equity accounted/ tax assets1 £m |
Total |
Goodwill and acquired value of in-force business and intangible assets |
- |
6,798 |
- |
6,798 |
Interests in joint ventures and associates |
- |
- |
1,642 |
1,642 |
Property and equipment |
389 |
125 |
- |
514 |
Investment property |
10,797 |
- |
- |
10,797 |
Loans |
24,398 |
3,465 |
- |
27,863 |
Financial Investments |
|
|
|
|
Debt securities |
175,948 |
- |
- |
175,948 |
Equity securities |
90,163 |
- |
- |
90,163 |
Other investments |
53,277 |
- |
- |
53,277 |
Reinsurance assets |
6,094 |
7,521 |
- |
13,615 |
Deferred tax assets |
- |
- |
146 |
146 |
Current tax assets |
- |
- |
94 |
94 |
Receivables and other financial assets |
- |
8,323 |
- |
8,323 |
Deferred acquisition costs and other assets |
- |
6,544 |
- |
6,544 |
Prepayments and accrued income |
- |
2,875 |
- |
2,875 |
Cash and cash equivalents |
44,086 |
- |
- |
44,086 |
Total |
405,152 |
35,651 |
1,882 |
442,685 |
Total % |
91.5% |
8.1% |
0.4% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
9,059 |
1,810 |
2 |
10,871 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
396,093 |
33,841 |
1,880 |
431,814 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
91.8% |
7.8% |
0.4% |
100.0% |
2016 Total |
400,358 |
37,674 |
2,387 |
440,419 |
2016 Total % |
90.9% |
8.6% |
0.5% |
100.0% |
1 Within the Group's statement of financial position, assets are recognised for deferred tax and current tax. The valuation basis of these assets does not directly fall within any of the categories outlined above. As such, these assets have been reported together with equity accounted items within the analysis of the Group's assets.
Page 101
D2 - Total assets - Valuation bases/fair value hierarchy continued
Total assets - Policyholder assets 2017 |
Fair value |
Amortised cost |
Equity accounted/ tax assets1 £m |
Total |
Goodwill and acquired value of in-force business and intangible assets |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Interests in joint ventures and associates |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
Property and equipment |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Investment property |
6,256 |
- |
- |
6,256 |
Loans |
- |
8 |
- |
8 |
Financial Investments |
|
|
|
|
Debt securities |
30,987 |
- |
- |
30,987 |
Equity securities |
74,110 |
- |
- |
74,110 |
Other investments |
42,368 |
- |
- |
42,368 |
Reinsurance assets |
6,091 |
12 |
- |
6,103 |
Deferred tax assets |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Current tax assets |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Receivables and other financial assets |
- |
488 |
- |
488 |
Deferred acquisition costs and other assets |
- |
27 |
- |
27 |
Prepayments and accrued income |
- |
286 |
- |
286 |
Cash and cash equivalents |
12,000 |
- |
- |
12,000 |
Total |
171,812 |
821 |
2 |
172,635 |
Total % |
99.5% |
0.5% |
- |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
8,007 |
6 |
- |
8,013 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
163,805 |
815 |
2 |
164,622 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
99.5% |
0.5% |
- |
100.0% |
2016 Total |
159,107 |
1,932 |
89 |
161,128 |
2016 Total % |
98.7% |
1.2% |
0.1% |
100.0% |
1 Within the Group's statement of financial position, assets are recognised for deferred tax and current tax. The valuation basis of these assets does not directly fall within any of the categories outlined above. As such, these assets have been reported together with equity accounted items within the analysis of the Group's assets.
Total assets - Participating fund assets 2017 |
Fair value |
Amortised cost |
Equity accounted/ tax assets1 £m |
Total |
Goodwill and acquired value of in-force business and intangible assets |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Interests in joint ventures and associates |
- |
- |
1,133 |
1,133 |
Property and equipment |
168 |
7 |
- |
175 |
Investment property |
3,966 |
- |
- |
3,966 |
Loans |
92 |
3,248 |
- |
3,340 |
Financial Investments |
|
|
|
|
Debt securities |
95,775 |
- |
- |
95,775 |
Equity securities |
15,058 |
- |
- |
15,058 |
Other investments |
7,023 |
- |
- |
7,023 |
Reinsurance assets |
- |
235 |
- |
235 |
Deferred tax assets |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Current tax assets |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Receivables and other financial assets |
- |
1,484 |
- |
1,484 |
Deferred acquisition costs and other assets |
- |
565 |
- |
565 |
Prepayments and accrued income |
- |
1,230 |
- |
1,230 |
Cash and cash equivalents |
18,855 |
- |
- |
18,855 |
Total |
140,937 |
6,769 |
1,133 |
148,839 |
Total % |
94.7% |
4.5% |
0.8% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
140,937 |
6,769 |
1,133 |
148,839 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
94.7% |
4.5% |
0.8% |
100.0% |
2016 Total |
149,146 |
7,273 |
1,356 |
157,775 |
2016 Total % |
94.5% |
4.6% |
0.9% |
100.0% |
1 Within the Group's statement of financial position, assets are recognised for deferred tax and current tax. The valuation basis of these assets does not directly fall within any of the categories outlined above. As such, these assets have been reported together with equity accounted items within the analysis of the Group's assets.
Page 102
D2 - Total assets - Valuation bases/fair value hierarchy continued
Total assets - Shareholder assets 2017 |
Fair value |
Amortised cost |
Equity accounted/ tax assets1 £m |
Total |
Goodwill and acquired value of in-force business and intangible assets |
- |
6,798 |
- |
6,798 |
Interests in joint ventures and associates |
- |
- |
507 |
507 |
Property and equipment |
221 |
118 |
- |
339 |
Investment property |
575 |
- |
- |
575 |
Loans |
24,306 |
209 |
- |
24,515 |
Financial Investments |
|
|
|
|
Debt securities |
49,186 |
- |
- |
49,186 |
Equity securities |
995 |
- |
- |
995 |
Other investments |
3,886 |
- |
- |
3,886 |
Reinsurance assets |
3 |
7,274 |
- |
7,277 |
Deferred tax assets |
- |
- |
146 |
146 |
Current tax assets |
- |
- |
94 |
94 |
Receivables and other financial assets |
- |
6,351 |
- |
6,351 |
Deferred acquisition costs and other assets |
- |
5,952 |
- |
5,952 |
Prepayments and accrued income |
- |
1,359 |
- |
1,359 |
Cash and cash equivalents |
13,231 |
- |
- |
13,231 |
Total |
92,403 |
28,061 |
747 |
121,211 |
Total % |
76.2% |
23.2% |
0.6% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
1,052 |
1,804 |
2 |
2,858 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
91,351 |
26,257 |
745 |
118,353 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
77.2% |
22.2% |
0.6% |
100.0% |
2016 Total |
92,105 |
28,469 |
942 |
121,516 |
2016 Total % |
75.8% |
23.4% |
0.8% |
100.0% |
1 Within the Group's statement of financial position, assets are recognised for deferred tax and current tax. The valuation basis of these assets does not directly fall within any of the categories outlined above. As such, these assets have been reported together with equity accounted items within the analysis of the Group's assets.
Fair value hierarchy
To provide further information on the valuation techniques we use to measure assets carried at fair value, we have categorised the measurement basis for assets carried at fair value into a 'fair value hierarchy' described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the valuation as a whole:
· Inputs to Level 1 fair values are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets.
· Inputs to Level 2 fair values are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset, either directly or indirectly. If the asset has a specified (contractual) term, a Level 2 input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset.
· Inputs to Level 3 fair values are unobservable inputs for the asset. Unobservable inputs may have been used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset at the measurement date (or market information for the inputs to any valuation models). As such unobservable inputs reflect the assumption the business unit considers that market participants would use in pricing the asset. Examples are investment property, certain private equity investment and private placements.
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
|
|
|
||
Investment property and financial assets - Total 2017 |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Sub-total |
Amortised cost |
Less: Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
Balance sheet total |
Investment property |
- |
- |
10,797 |
10,797 |
- |
- |
10,797 |
Loans |
- |
449 |
23,949 |
24,398 |
3,465 |
(6) |
27,857 |
Debt securities |
108,535 |
51,921 |
15,492 |
175,948 |
- |
(1,140) |
174,808 |
Equity securities |
89,313 |
- |
850 |
90,163 |
- |
(195) |
89,968 |
Other investments (including derivatives) |
43,556 |
5,194 |
4,527 |
53,277 |
- |
(6,971) |
46,306 |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
8,312 |
8,312 |
Total |
241,404 |
57,564 |
55,615 |
354,583 |
3,465 |
- |
358,048 |
Total % |
67.4% |
16.1% |
15.5% |
99.0% |
1.0% |
- |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
6,192 |
27 |
2,093 |
8,312 |
- |
- |
8,312 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
235,212 |
57,537 |
53,522 |
346,271 |
3,465 |
- |
349,736 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
67.3% |
16.4% |
15.3% |
99.0% |
1.0% |
- |
100.0% |
2016 Total1 |
215,221 |
73,387 |
54,032 |
342,640 |
3,576 |
- |
346,216 |
2016 Total % |
62.2% |
21.2% |
15.6% |
99.0% |
1.0% |
- |
100.0% |
1 Following a review of the Group's investment classifications, comparative amounts in respect of unit trusts and other investment vehicles and equity and debt securities have been amended from those previously reported. Refer to note D3.3 for further details of this adjustment and the financial statement impact arising.
At 31 December 2017, the proportion of total financial assets classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy increased to 67.4% (2016: 62.2%). The proportion of Level 2 loans and financial assets was 16.1% (2016: 21.2%) and investment properties, loans and financial assets classified as Level 3 was 15.5% (2016: 15.6%).
Page 103
D3 - Analysis of asset quality
The analysis of assets that follows provides a breakdown of information about the assets held by the Group.
D3.1 - Investment property
|
|
|
|
2017 |
|
|
|
2016 |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||||
Investment property - Total |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Lease to third parties under operating leases |
- |
- |
10,514 |
10,514 |
- |
- |
10,754 |
10,754 |
Vacant investment property/held for capital appreciation |
- |
- |
283 |
283 |
- |
- |
62 |
62 |
Total |
- |
- |
10,797 |
10,797 |
- |
- |
10,816 |
10,816 |
Total % |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
48 |
48 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
- |
- |
10,797 |
10,797 |
- |
- |
10,768 |
10,768 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
|
|
|
|
2017 |
|
|
|
2016 |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||||
Investment property - Policyholder assets |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Lease to third parties under operating leases |
- |
- |
6,082 |
6,082 |
- |
- |
6,612 |
6,612 |
Vacant investment property/held for capital appreciation |
- |
- |
174 |
174 |
- |
- |
13 |
13 |
Total |
- |
- |
6,256 |
6,256 |
- |
- |
6,625 |
6,625 |
Total % |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
- |
- |
6,256 |
6,256 |
- |
- |
6,625 |
6,625 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
|
|
|
|
2017 |
|
|
|
2016 |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||||
Investment property - Participating fund assets |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Lease to third parties under operating leases |
- |
- |
3,871 |
3,871 |
- |
- |
3,616 |
3,616 |
Vacant investment property/held for capital appreciation |
- |
- |
95 |
95 |
- |
- |
48 |
48 |
Total |
- |
- |
3,966 |
3,966 |
- |
- |
3,664 |
3,664 |
Total % |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
48 |
48 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
- |
- |
3,966 |
3,966 |
- |
- |
3,616 |
3,616 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
|
|
|
|
2017 |
|
|
|
2016 |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||||
Investment property - Shareholder assets |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Lease to third parties under operating leases |
- |
- |
561 |
561 |
- |
- |
526 |
526 |
Vacant investment property/held for capital appreciation |
- |
- |
14 |
14 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
Total |
- |
- |
575 |
575 |
- |
- |
527 |
527 |
Total % |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
- |
- |
575 |
575 |
- |
- |
527 |
527 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
Within total investment properties by value 94.7% (2016: 95.1%) are held in policyholder or participating fund assets. Shareholder exposure to investment properties is principally through investments in UK and French commercial property.
Investment properties are stated at their market values as assessed by qualified external independent valuers. The investment properties are valued on an income basis that is based on current rental income plus anticipated uplifts at the next rent review, lease expiry, or break option taking into consideration lease incentives and assuming no further growth in the estimated rental value of the property. This uplift and the discount rate are derived from rates implied by recent market transactions on similar property. These inputs are deemed unobservable.
Within total investment properties by value 97.4% (2016: 99.4%) are leased to third parties under operating leases, with the remainder either being vacant or held for capital appreciation.
Page 104
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.2 - Loans
The Group loan portfolio is principally made up of:
· Policy loans which are generally collateralised by a lien or charge over the underlying policy;
· Loans and advances to banks, which primarily relate to loans of cash collateral received in stock lending transactions. These loans are fully collateralised by other securities;
· Mortgage loans collateralised by property assets;
· Healthcare, Infrastructure & Private Finance Initiative ('PFI') other loans; and
· Other loans, which include loans to brokers and intermediaries.
Loans with fixed maturities, including policy loans, mortgage loans (at amortised cost) and loans and advances to banks, are recognised when cash is advanced to borrowers. These loans are carried at their unpaid principal balances and adjusted for amortisation of premium or discount, non-refundable loan fees and related direct costs. These amounts are deferred and amortised over the life of the loan as an adjustment to loan yield using the effective interest rate method.
For certain mortgage loans, the Group has taken advantage of the fair value option under IAS 39 to present the mortgages, associated borrowings, other liabilities and derivative financial instruments at fair value, since they are managed together on a fair value basis. The mortgage loans are not traded in active markets. These investments are classified as level 3 as the assumptions used to derive the credit risk, liquidity premium and property risk are not deemed to be market observable.
Loans - Total 2017 |
United Kingdom |
Canada |
Europe |
Asia |
Total |
Policy loans |
21 |
- |
738 |
34 |
793 |
Loans and advances to banks |
2,524 |
- |
- |
- |
2,524 |
Healthcare, Infrastructure & PFI other loans |
3,367 |
- |
196 |
- |
3,563 |
Mortgage loans |
20,279 |
- |
1 |
- |
20,280 |
Other loans |
509 |
180 |
14 |
- |
703 |
Total |
26,700 |
180 |
949 |
34 |
27,863 |
Total % |
95.9% |
0.6% |
3.4% |
0.1% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
6 |
- |
6 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
26,700 |
180 |
943 |
34 |
27,857 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
95.9% |
0.6% |
3.4% |
0.1% |
100.0% |
2016 Total |
23,699 |
170 |
953 |
37 |
24,859 |
2016 Total % |
95.4% |
0.7% |
3.8% |
0.1% |
100.0% |
Loans - Policyholders assets 2017 |
United Kingdom |
Canada |
Europe |
Asia |
Total |
Policy loans |
- |
- |
- |
8 |
8 |
Loans and advances to banks |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Healthcare, Infrastructure & PFI other loans |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Mortgage loans |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Other loans |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total |
- |
- |
- |
8 |
8 |
Total % |
- |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
- |
- |
- |
8 |
8 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
- |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
2016 Total |
1,019 |
- |
- |
8 |
1,027 |
2016 Total % |
99.2% |
- |
- |
0.8% |
100.0% |
Loans - Participating fund assets 2017 |
United Kingdom |
Canada |
Europe |
Asia |
Total |
Policy loans |
16 |
- |
735 |
24 |
775 |
Loans and advances to banks |
1,970 |
- |
- |
- |
1,970 |
Healthcare, Infrastructure & PFI other loans |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Mortgage loans |
90 |
- |
1 |
- |
91 |
Other loans |
504 |
- |
- |
- |
504 |
Total |
2,580 |
- |
736 |
24 |
3,340 |
Total % |
77.3% |
- |
22.0% |
0.7% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
2,580 |
- |
736 |
24 |
3,340 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
77.3% |
- |
22.0% |
0.7% |
100.0% |
2016 Total |
1,613 |
- |
830 |
27 |
2,470 |
2016 Total % |
65.3% |
- |
33.6% |
1.1% |
100.0% |
Page 105
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.2 - Loans continued
Loans - Shareholder assets 2017 |
United Kingdom |
Canada |
Europe |
Asia |
Total |
Policy loans |
5 |
- |
3 |
2 |
10 |
Loans and advances to banks |
554 |
- |
- |
- |
554 |
Healthcare, Infrastructure & PFI other loans |
3,367 |
- |
196 |
- |
3,563 |
Mortgage loans |
20,189 |
- |
- |
- |
20,189 |
Other loans |
5 |
180 |
14 |
- |
199 |
Total |
24,120 |
180 |
213 |
2 |
24,515 |
Total % |
98.4% |
0.7% |
0.9% |
- |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
6 |
- |
6 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
24,120 |
180 |
207 |
2 |
24,509 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
98.5% |
0.7% |
0.8% |
- |
100.0% |
2016 Total |
21,067 |
170 |
123 |
2 |
21,362 |
2016 Total % |
98.6% |
0.8% |
0.6% |
- |
100.0% |
The value of the Group's loan portfolio (including Policyholder, Participating Fund and Shareholder assets) excluding assets held for sale at 31 December 2017 stood at £27.9 billion (2016: £24.8 billion), an increase of £3.1 billion.
The total shareholder exposure to loans was £24.5 billion (2016: £21.4 billion) and represented 87.8% of the total loan portfolio, with the remaining 12.2% mainly held in participating funds (£3.3 billion (2016: £2.4 billion)) with £8 million (2016: £1.0 billion) in policyholder assets.
Of the Group's total loan portfolio excluding assets held for sale (including Policyholder, Participating Fund and Shareholder assets), 73% (2016: 74%) is invested in mortgage loans.
Primary Healthcare, Infrastructure and PFI other loans included within shareholder assets are £3.6 billion (2016: £2.5 billion) and are secured against the income from healthcare and educational premises.
Mortgage loans - Shareholder assets
2017 |
Total |
Non-securitised mortgage loans |
|
- Residential (Equity release) |
6,799 |
- Commercial |
7,547 |
- Healthcare, Infrastructure & PFI mortgage loans |
3,380 |
|
17,726 |
Securitised mortgage loans |
2,463 |
Total |
20,189 |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
20,189 |
2016 Total |
18,133 |
The Group's mortgage loan portfolio is mainly focussed in the UK, across various sectors, including residential loans, commercial loans and government supported healthcare loans. Aviva's shareholder exposure to mortgage loans accounts for 82% of total shareholder asset loans. This section focuses on explaining the shareholder risk within these exposures.
United Kingdom
(Non-securitised mortgage loans)
Residential
The UK non-securitised residential mortgage portfolio has a total value at the end of 2017 of £6.8 billion (2016: £5.7 billion).
The movement in the year is due to £0.7 billion of net new loans and £0.1 billion of accrued interest (net of redemptions). Fair value movements were £0.3 billion.
These mortgages are all in the form of equity release, whereby homeowners mortgage their property to release cash equity. Due to the structure of equity release mortgages, whereby interest amounts due are not paid in cash but instead rolled into the amount outstanding, they predominantly have a current Loan to Value ('LTV') of below 70%. The average LTV across the portfolio is 24.6% (2016: 24.5%). The change from prior year reflects the change in portfolio mix following the transfer, as outlined above.
Page 106
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.2 - Loans continued
Commercial
Gross exposure by loan to value and arrears is shown in the table below.
Shareholder assets
2017 |
>120% |
115-120% |
110-115% |
105-110% |
100-105% |
95-100% |
90-95% |
80-90% |
70-80% |
<70% |
Total |
Not in arrears |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
333 |
50 |
684 |
6,480 |
7,547 |
0 - 3 months |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3 - 6 months |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
6 - 12 months |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
> 12 months |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
333 |
50 |
684 |
6,480 |
7,547 |
Of the £7.5 billion (2016: £6.7 billion) of UK non-securitised commercial mortgage loans in the shareholder fund held by UK Life, £7.1 billion are used to back annuity liabilities and are stated on a fair value basis. The loan exposures for UK Life are calculated on a discounted cash flow basis, and include a risk adjustment through the use of Credit Risk Adjusted Value ('CRAV') methods.
For commercial mortgages loan service collection ratios, a key indicator of mortgage portfolio performance, improved to 2.23x (2016: 1.89x). Loan Interest Cover (LIC), which is defined as the annual net rental income (including rental deposits and less ground rent) divided by the annual loan interest service, also improved to 2.51x (2016: 2.18x). Average mortgage LTV decreased by 2pp compared to 2016 from 58% to 56% (CRAV). There are no loans in arrears included within our shareholder assets (2016: £0.1 million).
Commercial mortgages and Healthcare, Infrastructure & PFI loans are held at fair value on the asset side of the statement of financial position. Insurance liabilities are valued using a discount rate derived from gross yield on assets, with adjustments to allow for risk. £13.9 billion of shareholder loan assets are backing annuity liabilities and comprise of commercial mortgage loans (£7.1 billion), Healthcare, Infrastructure and PFI mortgage loans (£3.4 billion) and Primary Healthcare, Infrastructure and PFI other loans (£3.4 billion). The Group carries a valuation allowance within the liabilities against the risk of default of commercial mortgages, including Healthcare and PFI mortgages, of £0.4 billion which equates to 40 bps at 31 December 2017 (2016: 50 bps). The total valuation allowance held by Aviva Annuity UK Limited in respect of corporate bonds and mortgages, including Healthcare and PFI mortgages are £1.3 billion (2016: £1.3 billion) over the remaining term of the UK Life corporate bond and mortgage portfolio.
The UK portfolio remains well diversified in terms of property type, location and tenants as well as the spread of loans written over time. The risks in commercial mortgages are addressed through several layers of protection with the mortgage risk profile being primarily driven by the ability of the underlying tenant rental income to cover loan interest and amortisation. Should any single tenant default on their rental payment, rental from other tenants backing the same loan often ensures the loan interest cover does not fall below 1.0x. Where there are multiple loans to a single borrower further protection may be achieved through cross-charging (or pooling) such that any single loan is also supported by rents received within other pool loans. Additionally, there may be support provided by the borrower of the loan itself and further loss mitigation from any general floating charge held over assets within the borrower companies.
If the LIC cover falls below 1.0x and the borrower defaults then Aviva still retains the option of selling the security or restructuring the loans and benefiting from the protection of the collateral. A combination of these benefits and the high recovery levels afforded by property collateral (compared to corporate debt or other uncollateralised credit exposures) results in the economic exposure being significantly lower than the gross exposure reported above. We will continue to actively manage this position.
Healthcare
Primary Healthcare, Infrastructure and PFI mortgage loans included within shareholder assets of £3.4 billion (2016: £3.3 billion) are secured against primary health care premises (including General Practitioner surgeries), education, social housing and emergency services related premises. For all such loans, Government support is provided through either direct funding or reimbursement of rental payments to the tenants to meet income service and provide for the debt to be reduced substantially over the term of the loan. Although the loan principal is not Government guaranteed, the nature of these businesses and premises provides considerable comfort of an ongoing business model and low risk of default.
On a market value basis, we estimate the average LTV of these mortgages to be 76% (2016: 74%), although as explained above, we do not consider this to be a key risk indicator. Income support from the Government bodies and the social need for these premises provide sustained income stability. Aviva therefore considers these loans to be lower risk relative to other mortgage loans.
Securitised mortgage loans
Securitised residential mortgages held are predominantly issued through vehicles in the UK.
As at 31 December 2017, the Group has £2.5 billion (2016: £2.4 billion) securitised mortgage loans. Funding for the securitised residential mortgage assets was obtained by issuing loan note securities. Of these loan notes approximately £231 million (2016: £217 million) are held by Group companies. The remainder is held by third parties external to Aviva. As any cash shortfall arising once all mortgages have redeemed is borne by the loan note holders, the majority of the credit risk of these mortgages is borne by third parties.
These mortgages are all in the form of equity release, whereby homeowners mortgage their property to release cash equity. Due to the structure of equity release mortgages, whereby interest amounts due are not paid in cash but instead rolled into the amount outstanding, they predominantly have a current Loan to Value ('LTV') of below 70%. The average LTV across the securitised mortgage loans is 37.2%.
Page 107
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.3 - Financial investments
|
|
|
|
2017 |
|
|
|
2016 |
Financial Investments - Total |
Cost/ amortised cost |
Unrealised gains |
Impairment and unrealised losses |
Fair value |
Cost/ amortised cost |
Unrealised gains |
Impairment and unrealised losses |
Fair value |
Debt securities |
162,092 |
20,244 |
(6,388) |
175,948 |
172,007 |
16,014 |
(1,313) |
186,708 |
Equity securities |
75,060 |
16,819 |
(1,716) |
90,163 |
60,194 |
14,152 |
(1,640) |
72,706 |
Other investments |
37,570 |
15,930 |
(223) |
53,277 |
42,341 |
8,491 |
295 |
51,127 |
Total |
274,722 |
52,993 |
(8,327) |
319,388 |
274,542 |
38,657 |
(2,658) |
310,541 |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
7,075 |
1,245 |
(14) |
8,306 |
9,872 |
865 |
(31) |
10,706 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
267,647 |
51,748 |
(8,313) |
311,082 |
264,670 |
37,792 |
(2,627) |
299,835 |
Aviva holds large quantities of debt securities in the form of high quality bonds, primarily to match our liability to make guaranteed payments to policyholders. Some credit risk is taken, partly to increase returns to policyholders and partly to optimise the risk/return profile for shareholders. The risks are consistent with the products we offer and the related investment mandates, and are in line with our risk appetite.
The Group also holds equities, the majority of which are held in participating funds and policyholder funds, where they form an integral part of the investment expectations of policyholders and follow well-defined investment mandates. Some equities are also held in shareholder funds. The vast majority of equity investments are valued at quoted market prices and therefore classified as Level 1. Refer to D3.3.2 for further analysis of equities.
Other investments include investments such as unit trusts, derivative financial instruments and deposits with credit institutions. For further analysis, see D3.3.3.
Following a review of the Group's investment classifications, comparative amounts have been amended from those previously reported, reflecting the fact that equity and debt securities held indirectly through majority owned investment funds in the UK managed by third parties, which in 2016 were presented as unit trusts and other investment vehicles within other investments, are now presented as debt and equity securities. The effect of this change is to increase equity and debt securities by £3,434 million and £3,694 million respectively and decrease unit trusts and other investment vehicles within other investments by £7,128 million.
In addition, assets classified as held for sale of £10,706 million have been revised from available for sale to other than trading.
Page 108
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.3 - Financial investments continued
D3.3.1 - Debt securities
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||
Debt securities - 2017 |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
UK Government |
27,743 |
2,276 |
242 |
30,261 |
Non-UK government |
37,948 |
11,283 |
3,510 |
52,741 |
Europe |
30,991 |
6,368 |
2,966 |
40,325 |
North America |
1,900 |
2,882 |
441 |
5,223 |
Asia Pacific & Other |
5,057 |
2,033 |
103 |
7,193 |
Corporate bonds - Public utilities |
4,383 |
6,206 |
540 |
11,129 |
Corporate convertible bonds |
9 |
- |
- |
9 |
Other Corporate bonds |
34,349 |
26,626 |
9,006 |
69,981 |
Other |
4,103 |
5,530 |
2,194 |
11,827 |
Total |
108,535 |
51,921 |
15,492 |
175,948 |
Total % |
61.7% |
29.5% |
8.8% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
764 |
21 |
355 |
1,140 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
107,771 |
51,900 |
15,137 |
174,808 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
61.6% |
29.7% |
8.7% |
100.0% |
2016 Total1 |
102,724 |
66,668 |
17,316 |
186,708 |
2016 Total % |
55.0% |
35.7% |
9.3% |
100.0% |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||
Debt securities - Policyholders assets 2017 |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
UK Government |
9,172 |
2 |
(1) |
9,173 |
Non-UK government |
4,983 |
726 |
6 |
5,715 |
Europe |
1,453 |
385 |
1 |
1,839 |
North America |
1,168 |
294 |
4 |
1,466 |
Asia Pacific & Other |
2,362 |
47 |
1 |
2,410 |
Corporate bonds - Public utilities |
810 |
393 |
5 |
1,208 |
Corporate convertible bonds |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Other Corporate bonds |
10,123 |
1,863 |
556 |
12,542 |
Other |
1,289 |
1,060 |
- |
2,349 |
Total |
26,377 |
4,044 |
566 |
30,987 |
Total % |
85.1% |
13.1% |
1.8% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
11 |
355 |
366 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
26,377 |
4,033 |
211 |
30,621 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
86.1% |
13.2% |
0.7% |
100.0% |
2016 Total1 |
17,521 |
11,193 |
803 |
29,517 |
2016 Total % |
59.4% |
37.9% |
2.7% |
100.0% |
1 Following a review of the Group's investment classification, comparative amounts in respect of unit trusts and other investment vehicles and equity and debt securities have been amended from those previously reported. Refer to D3.3 for further details of this adjustment and the financial statement impact arising.
Page 109
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.3 - Financial investments continued
D3.3.1 - Debt securities continued
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||
Debt securities - Participating fund assets 2017 |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
UK Government |
9,269 |
975 |
77 |
10,321 |
Non-UK government |
29,380 |
4,103 |
1,892 |
35,375 |
Europe |
26,085 |
2,651 |
1,847 |
30,583 |
North America |
691 |
22 |
1 |
714 |
Asia Pacific & Other |
2,604 |
1,430 |
44 |
4,078 |
Corporate bonds - Public utilities |
3,419 |
1,128 |
17 |
4,564 |
Corporate convertible bonds |
9 |
- |
- |
9 |
Other Corporate bonds |
23,027 |
9,544 |
5,792 |
38,363 |
Other |
2,609 |
2,689 |
1,845 |
7,143 |
Total |
67,713 |
18,439 |
9,623 |
95,775 |
Total % |
70.7% |
19.3% |
10.0% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
67,713 |
18,439 |
9,623 |
95,775 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
70.7% |
19.3% |
10.0% |
100.0% |
2016 Total1 |
70,161 |
23,256 |
10,280 |
103,697 |
2016 Total % |
67.7% |
22.4% |
9.9% |
100.0% |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||
Debt securities - Shareholder assets 2017 |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
UK Government |
9,302 |
1,299 |
166 |
10,767 |
Non-UK government |
3,585 |
6,454 |
1,612 |
11,651 |
Europe |
3,453 |
3,332 |
1,118 |
7,903 |
North America |
41 |
2,566 |
436 |
3,043 |
Asia Pacific & Other |
91 |
556 |
58 |
705 |
Corporate bonds - Public utilities |
154 |
4,685 |
518 |
5,357 |
Corporate convertible bonds |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Other Corporate bonds |
1,199 |
15,219 |
2,658 |
19,076 |
Other |
205 |
1,781 |
349 |
2,335 |
Total |
14,445 |
29,438 |
5,303 |
49,186 |
Total % |
29.3% |
59.9% |
10.8% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
764 |
10 |
- |
774 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
13,681 |
29,428 |
5,303 |
48,412 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
28.2% |
60.8% |
11.0% |
100.0% |
2016 Total1 |
15,042 |
32,219 |
6,233 |
53,494 |
2016 Total % |
28.1% |
60.2% |
11.7% |
100.0% |
1 Following a review of the Group's investment classification, comparative amounts in respect of unit trusts and other investment vehicles and equity and debt securities have been amended from those previously reported. Refer to D3.3 for further details of this adjustment and the financial statement impact arising.
Within the shareholder assets 29.3% (2016: 28.1%) of exposure to debt securities is based on quoted prices in an active market and are therefore classified as fair value level 1.
Within the shareholder assets 59.9% (2016: 60.2%) of exposure to debt securities is based on inputs other than quoted prices and are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly and are therefore classified as fair value level 2.
Within the shareholder assets 10.8% (2016: 11.7%) of exposure to debt securities is fair valued using models with significant unobservable market parameters (classified as fair value level 3). Where estimates are used, these are based on a combination of independent third party evidence and internally developed models, calibrated to market observable data where possible.
Page 110
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.3 - Financial investments continued
D3.3.1 - Debt securities continued
|
External ratings |
|
|
||||
Debt securities - Total 2017 |
AAA |
AA |
A |
BBB |
Less than BBB |
Non-rated |
Total |
Government |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
UK Government |
164 |
29,756 |
75 |
- |
138 |
109 |
30,242 |
UK local authorities |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
17 |
19 |
Non-UK Government |
10,757 |
20,602 |
6,157 |
12,443 |
1,689 |
1,093 |
52,741 |
|
10,921 |
50,359 |
6,232 |
12,443 |
1,828 |
1,219 |
83,002 |
Corporate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Public utilities |
2 |
175 |
4,165 |
5,517 |
670 |
600 |
11,129 |
Convertibles and bonds with warrants |
- |
- |
- |
9 |
- |
- |
9 |
Other corporate bonds |
6,944 |
5,640 |
22,455 |
20,372 |
7,688 |
6,882 |
69,981 |
|
6,946 |
5,815 |
26,620 |
25,898 |
8,358 |
7,482 |
81,119 |
Certificates of deposits |
- |
377 |
557 |
- |
- |
92 |
1,026 |
Structured |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RMBS2 non-agency ALT A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
RMBS2 non-agency prime |
12 |
27 |
93 |
1 |
59 |
- |
192 |
RMBS2 agency |
53 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
53 |
|
65 |
27 |
93 |
1 |
59 |
- |
245 |
CMBS3 |
317 |
35 |
289 |
- |
1 |
1 |
643 |
ABS4 |
38 |
465 |
469 |
101 |
81 |
- |
1,154 |
CDO (including CLO)5 |
377 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
377 |
ABCP6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
732 |
500 |
758 |
101 |
82 |
1 |
2,174 |
Wrapped credit |
- |
18 |
485 |
81 |
43 |
12 |
639 |
Other |
54 |
144 |
447 |
2,423 |
3,370 |
1,305 |
7,743 |
Total |
18,718 |
57,240 |
35,192 |
40,947 |
13,740 |
10,111 |
175,948 |
Total % |
10.6% |
32.5% |
20.0% |
23.3% |
7.8% |
5.8% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
68 |
25 |
8 |
1,017 |
11 |
11 |
1,140 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
18,650 |
57,215 |
35,184 |
39,930 |
13,729 |
10,100 |
174,808 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
10.7% |
32.7% |
20.1% |
22.8% |
7.9% |
5.8% |
100.0% |
2016 Total1 |
22,030 |
62,495 |
35,403 |
44,660 |
11,163 |
10,957 |
186,708 |
2016 Total % |
11.7% |
33.5% |
19.0% |
23.9% |
6.0% |
5.9% |
100.0% |
1 Following a review of the Group's investment classification, comparative amounts in respect of unit trusts and other investment vehicles and equity and debt securities have been amended from those previously reported. Refer to D3.3 for further details of this adjustment and the financial statement impact arising.
2 RMBS - Residential Mortgage Backed Security
3 CMBS - Commercial Mortgage Backed Security
4 ABS - Asset Backed Security
5 CDO - Collateralised Debt Obligation, CLO - Collateralised Loan Obligation
6 ABCP - Asset Backed Commercial Paper
Page 111
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.3 - Financial investments continued
D3.3.1 - Debt securities continued
|
External ratings |
|
|
||||
Debt securities - Policyholders assets 2017 |
AAA |
AA |
A |
BBB |
Less than BBB |
Non-rated |
Total |
Government |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
UK Government |
164 |
8,871 |
- |
- |
138 |
- |
9,173 |
UK local authorities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Non-UK Government |
1,724 |
166 |
1,557 |
1,431 |
603 |
234 |
5,715 |
|
1,888 |
9,037 |
1,557 |
1,431 |
741 |
234 |
14,888 |
Corporate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Public utilities |
- |
17 |
431 |
392 |
363 |
5 |
1,208 |
Convertibles and bonds with warrants |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Other corporate bonds |
436 |
433 |
3,867 |
2,462 |
3,325 |
2,019 |
12,542 |
|
436 |
450 |
4,298 |
2,854 |
3,688 |
2,024 |
13,750 |
Certificates of deposits |
- |
377 |
557 |
- |
- |
13 |
947 |
Structured |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RMBS2 non-agency ALT A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
RMBS2 non-agency prime |
- |
2 |
12 |
- |
- |
- |
14 |
RMBS2 agency |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
2 |
12 |
- |
- |
- |
14 |
CMBS3 |
4 |
10 |
23 |
- |
- |
- |
37 |
ABS4 |
- |
- |
35 |
2 |
22 |
- |
59 |
CDO (including CLO)5 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
ABCP6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
4 |
10 |
58 |
2 |
22 |
- |
96 |
Wrapped credit |
- |
- |
- |
4 |
- |
- |
4 |
Other |
9 |
24 |
75 |
401 |
561 |
218 |
1,288 |
Total |
2,337 |
9,900 |
6,557 |
4,692 |
5,012 |
2,489 |
30,987 |
Total % |
7.6% |
31.9% |
21.2% |
15.1% |
16.2% |
8.0% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
1 |
- |
2 |
346 |
6 |
11 |
366 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
2,336 |
9,900 |
6,555 |
4,346 |
5,006 |
2,478 |
30,621 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
7.7% |
32.3% |
21.4% |
14.2% |
16.3% |
8.1% |
100.0% |
2016 Total1 |
1,661 |
8,946 |
5,011 |
6,028 |
4,002 |
3,869 |
29,517 |
2016 Total % |
5.6% |
30.3% |
17.0% |
20.4% |
13.6% |
13.1% |
100.0% |
1 Following a review of the Group's investment classification, comparative amounts in respect of unit trusts and other investment vehicles and equity and debt securities have been amended from those previously reported. Refer to D3.3 for further details of this adjustment and the financial statement impact arising.
2 RMBS - Residential Mortgage Backed Security
3 CMBS - Commercial Mortgage Backed Security
4 ABS - Asset Backed Security
5 CDO - Collateralised Debt Obligation, CLO - Collateralised Loan Obligation
6 ABCP - Asset Backed Commercial Paper
Page 112
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.3 - Financial investments continued
D3.3.1 - Debt securities continued
|
External ratings |
|
|
||||
Debt securities - Participating fund assets 2017 |
AAA |
AA |
A |
BBB |
Less than BBB |
Non-rated |
Total |
Government |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
UK Government |
- |
10,285 |
1 |
- |
- |
33 |
10,319 |
UK local authorities |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
2 |
Non-UK Government |
4,350 |
16,511 |
3,205 |
9,915 |
1,077 |
317 |
35,375 |
|
4,350 |
26,797 |
3,206 |
9,915 |
1,078 |
350 |
45,696 |
Corporate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Public utilities |
2 |
61 |
1,241 |
2,799 |
277 |
184 |
4,564 |
Convertibles and bonds with warrants |
- |
- |
- |
9 |
- |
- |
9 |
Other corporate bonds |
4,480 |
2,854 |
10,531 |
12,928 |
4,167 |
3,403 |
38,363 |
|
4,482 |
2,915 |
11,772 |
15,736 |
4,444 |
3,587 |
42,936 |
Certificates of deposits |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Structured |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RMBS2 non-agency ALT A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
RMBS2 non-agency prime |
11 |
15 |
16 |
- |
10 |
- |
52 |
RMBS2 agency |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
11 |
15 |
16 |
- |
10 |
- |
52 |
CMBS3 |
80 |
9 |
117 |
- |
1 |
- |
207 |
ABS4 |
- |
91 |
160 |
59 |
16 |
- |
326 |
CDO (including CLO)5 |
377 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
377 |
ABCP6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
457 |
100 |
277 |
59 |
17 |
- |
910 |
Wrapped credit |
- |
5 |
81 |
10 |
- |
- |
96 |
Other |
42 |
114 |
351 |
1,898 |
2,653 |
1,027 |
6,085 |
Total |
9,342 |
29,946 |
15,703 |
27,618 |
8,202 |
4,964 |
95,775 |
Total % |
9.7% |
31.3% |
16.4% |
28.8% |
8.6% |
5.2% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
9,342 |
29,946 |
15,703 |
27,618 |
8,202 |
4,964 |
95,775 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
9.7% |
31.3% |
16.4% |
28.8% |
8.6% |
5.2% |
100.0% |
2016 Total1 |
13,070 |
33,782 |
16,508 |
29,533 |
6,586 |
4,218 |
103,697 |
2016 Total % |
12.5% |
32.6% |
15.9% |
28.5% |
6.4% |
4.1% |
100.0% |
1 Following a review of the Group's investment classification, comparative amounts in respect of unit trusts and other investment vehicles and equity and debt securities have been amended from those previously reported. Refer to D3.3 for further details of this adjustment and the financial statement impact arising.
2 RMBS - Residential Mortgage Backed Security
3 CMBS - Commercial Mortgage Backed Security
4 ABS - Asset Backed Security
5 CDO - Collateralised Debt Obligation, CLO - Collateralised Loan Obligation
6 ABCP - Asset Backed Commercial Paper
Page 113
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.3 - Financial investments continued
D3.3.1 - Debt securities continued
|
External ratings |
|
|
||||
Debt securities - Shareholder assets 2017 |
AAA |
AA |
A |
BBB |
Less than BBB |
Non-rated |
Total |
Government |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
UK Government |
- |
10,600 |
74 |
- |
- |
76 |
10,750 |
UK local authorities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
17 |
17 |
Non-UK Government |
4,683 |
3,925 |
1,395 |
1,097 |
9 |
542 |
11,651 |
|
4,683 |
14,525 |
1,469 |
1,097 |
9 |
635 |
22,418 |
Corporate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Public utilities |
- |
97 |
2,493 |
2,326 |
30 |
411 |
5,357 |
Convertibles and bonds with warrants |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Other corporate bonds |
2,028 |
2,353 |
8,057 |
4,982 |
196 |
1,460 |
19,076 |
|
2,028 |
2,450 |
10,550 |
7,308 |
226 |
1,871 |
24,433 |
Certificates of deposits |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
79 |
79 |
Structured |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RMBS2 non-agency ALT A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
RMBS2 non-agency prime |
1 |
10 |
65 |
1 |
49 |
- |
126 |
RMBS2 agency |
53 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
53 |
|
54 |
10 |
65 |
1 |
49 |
- |
179 |
CMBS3 |
233 |
16 |
149 |
- |
- |
1 |
399 |
ABS4 |
38 |
374 |
274 |
40 |
43 |
- |
769 |
CDO (including CLO)5 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
ABCP6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
271 |
390 |
423 |
40 |
43 |
1 |
1,168 |
Wrapped credit |
- |
13 |
404 |
67 |
43 |
12 |
539 |
Other |
3 |
6 |
21 |
124 |
156 |
60 |
370 |
Total |
7,039 |
17,394 |
12,932 |
8,637 |
526 |
2,658 |
49,186 |
Total % |
14.2% |
35.4% |
26.3% |
17.6% |
1.1% |
5.4% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
67 |
25 |
6 |
671 |
5 |
- |
774 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
6,972 |
17,369 |
12,926 |
7,966 |
521 |
2,658 |
48,412 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
14.3% |
35.9% |
26.7% |
16.5% |
1.1% |
5.5% |
100.0% |
2016 Total1 |
7,299 |
19,767 |
13,884 |
9,099 |
575 |
2,870 |
53,494 |
2016 Total % |
13.7% |
36.8% |
26.0% |
17.0% |
1.1% |
5.4% |
100.0% |
1 Following a review of the Group's investment classification, comparative amounts in respect of unit trusts and other investment vehicles and equity and debt securities have been amended from those previously reported. Refer to D3.3 for further details of this adjustment and the financial statement impact arising.
2 RMBS - Residential Mortgage Backed Security
3 CMBS - Commercial Mortgage Backed Security
4 ABS - Asset Backed Security
5 CDO - Collateralised Debt Obligation, CLO - Collateralised Loan Obligation
6 ABCP - Asset Backed Commercial Paper
Within shareholder assets debt securities, 46% of exposure is in government holdings (2016: 43%). Our corporate debt securities portfolio represents 50% of total shareholder debt securities (2016: 52%). At 31 December 2017, the proportion of our shareholder debt securities that are investment grade is 93.5% (2016: 93.5%). The remaining 6.5% of shareholder debt securities that do not have an external rating of BBB or higher can be split as follows:
· 1.1% are debt securities that are rated as below investment grade;
· 5.4% are not rated by the major rating agencies.
The majority of non-rated corporate bonds are held by our businesses in the UK. Of the securities not rated by an external agency most are allocated an internal rating using a methodology largely consistent with that adopted by an external rating agency, and are considered to be of investment grade credit quality; these include £2.0 billion (2016: £2.3 billion) of debt securities held in our UK Life business, predominantly made up of private placements and other corporate bonds, which have been internally rated as investment grade.
The Group has limited shareholder exposure to CDOs, CLOs and 'Sub-prime' debt securities.
Out of the total asset backed securities (ABS), £713 million (2016: £948 million) are held by the UK Life business. The Group's shareholder holdings in ABS are investment grade of 94.1% (2016: 95.7%). ABS that either have a rating below BBB or are not rated, represent approximately 0.1% of shareholder exposure to debt securities (2016: 0.1%).
Page 114
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.3 - Financial investments continued
D3.3.2 - Equity securities
|
|
|
|
2017 |
|
|
|
20161 |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||||
Equity securities - Total assets |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Public utilities |
2,402 |
- |
- |
2,402 |
2,188 |
- |
- |
2,188 |
Banks, trusts and insurance companies |
24,088 |
- |
208 |
24,296 |
16,162 |
- |
190 |
16,352 |
Industrial miscellaneous and all other |
62,579 |
- |
642 |
63,221 |
53,138 |
- |
723 |
53,861 |
Non-redeemable preferred shares |
244 |
- |
- |
244 |
305 |
- |
- |
305 |
Total |
89,313 |
- |
850 |
90,163 |
71,793 |
- |
913 |
72,706 |
Total % |
99.1% |
- |
0.9% |
100.0% |
98.7% |
- |
1.3% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
121 |
- |
74 |
195 |
664 |
- |
- |
664 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
89,192 |
- |
776 |
89,968 |
71,129 |
- |
913 |
72,042 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
99.1% |
- |
0.9% |
100.0% |
98.7% |
- |
1.3% |
100.0% |
|
|
|
|
2017 |
|
|
|
20161 |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||||
Equity securities - Policyholder assets |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Public utilities |
2,042 |
- |
- |
2,042 |
1,767 |
- |
- |
1,767 |
Banks, trusts and insurance companies |
19,784 |
- |
13 |
19,797 |
12,322 |
- |
5 |
12,327 |
Industrial miscellaneous and all other |
52,179 |
- |
64 |
52,243 |
41,447 |
- |
19 |
41,466 |
Non-redeemable preferred shares |
28 |
- |
- |
28 |
91 |
- |
- |
91 |
Total |
74,033 |
- |
77 |
74,110 |
55,627 |
- |
24 |
55,651 |
Total % |
99.9% |
- |
0.1% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
- |
- |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
115 |
- |
74 |
189 |
8 |
- |
- |
8 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
73,918 |
- |
3 |
73,921 |
55,619 |
- |
24 |
55,643 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
100.0% |
- |
- |
100.0% |
100.0% |
- |
- |
100.0% |
|
|
|
|
2017 |
|
|
|
20161 |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||||
Equity securities - Participating fund assets |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Public utilities |
356 |
- |
- |
356 |
415 |
- |
- |
415 |
Banks, trusts and insurance companies |
4,270 |
- |
89 |
4,359 |
3,715 |
- |
104 |
3,819 |
Industrial miscellaneous and all other |
9,776 |
- |
563 |
10,339 |
11,585 |
- |
689 |
12,274 |
Non-redeemable preferred shares |
4 |
- |
- |
4 |
8 |
- |
- |
8 |
Total |
14,406 |
- |
652 |
15,058 |
15,723 |
- |
793 |
16,516 |
Total % |
95.7% |
- |
4.3% |
100.0% |
95.2% |
- |
4.8% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
656 |
- |
- |
656 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
14,406 |
- |
652 |
15,058 |
15,067 |
- |
793 |
15,860 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
95.7% |
- |
4.3% |
100.0% |
95.0% |
- |
5.0% |
100.0% |
|
|
|
|
2017 |
|
|
|
20161 |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||||
Equity securities - Shareholder assets |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Public utilities |
4 |
- |
- |
4 |
6 |
- |
- |
6 |
Banks, trusts and insurance companies |
34 |
- |
106 |
140 |
125 |
- |
81 |
206 |
Industrial miscellaneous and all other |
624 |
- |
15 |
639 |
106 |
- |
15 |
121 |
Non-redeemable preferred shares |
212 |
- |
- |
212 |
206 |
- |
- |
206 |
Total |
874 |
- |
121 |
995 |
443 |
- |
96 |
539 |
Total % |
87.8% |
- |
12.2% |
100.0% |
82.2% |
- |
17.8% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
6 |
- |
- |
6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
868 |
- |
121 |
989 |
443 |
- |
96 |
539 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
87.8% |
- |
12.2% |
100.0% |
82.2% |
- |
17.8% |
100.0% |
1 Following a review of the Group's investment classifications, comparative amounts in respect of unit trusts and other investment vehicles and equity and debt securities have been amended from those previously reported. Refer to note D3.3 for further details of this adjustment and the financial statement impact arising.
Within our total shareholder exposure to equity securities 87.8% is based on quoted prices in an active market and as such is classified as level 1 (2016: 82.2%).
Page 115
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.3 - Financial investments continued
D3.3.3 - Other investments
|
|
|
|
2017 |
|
|
|
20161 |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||||
Other investments - Total |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Unit trusts and other investment vehicles |
42,518 |
437 |
2,711 |
45,666 |
39,348 |
956 |
2,758 |
43,062 |
Derivative financial instruments |
370 |
4,730 |
407 |
5,507 |
596 |
5,376 |
147 |
6,119 |
Deposits with credit institutions |
161 |
- |
- |
161 |
325 |
- |
- |
325 |
Minority holdings in property management undertakings |
- |
27 |
1,408 |
1,435 |
- |
27 |
1,159 |
1,186 |
Other |
507 |
- |
1 |
508 |
435 |
- |
- |
435 |
Total |
43,556 |
5,194 |
4,527 |
53,277 |
40,704 |
6,359 |
4,064 |
51,127 |
Total % |
81.8% |
9.7% |
8.5% |
100.0% |
79.6% |
12.4% |
8.0% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
5,307 |
- |
1,664 |
6,971 |
2,122 |
119 |
63 |
2,304 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
38,249 |
5,194 |
2,863 |
46,306 |
38,582 |
6,240 |
4,001 |
48,823 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
82.6% |
11.2% |
6.2% |
100.0% |
79.0% |
12.8% |
8.2% |
100.0% |
|
|
|
|
2017 |
|
|
|
20161 |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||||
Other investments - Policyholder assets |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Unit trusts and other investment vehicles |
39,550 |
260 |
1,670 |
41,480 |
36,548 |
853 |
1,692 |
39,093 |
Derivative financial instruments |
108 |
13 |
- |
121 |
63 |
32 |
- |
95 |
Deposits with credit institutions |
147 |
- |
- |
147 |
294 |
- |
- |
294 |
Minority holdings in property management undertakings |
- |
- |
183 |
183 |
- |
- |
172 |
172 |
Other |
437 |
- |
- |
437 |
427 |
- |
- |
427 |
Total |
40,242 |
273 |
1,853 |
42,368 |
37,332 |
885 |
1,864 |
40,081 |
Total % |
95.0% |
0.6% |
4.4% |
100.0% |
93.1% |
2.2% |
4.7% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
5,231 |
- |
1,660 |
6,891 |
1,876 |
85 |
39 |
2,000 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
35,011 |
273 |
193 |
35,477 |
35,456 |
800 |
1,825 |
38,081 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
98.7% |
0.8% |
0.5% |
100.0% |
93.1% |
2.1% |
4.8% |
100.0% |
|
|
|
|
2017 |
|
|
|
20161 |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||||
Other investments - Participating fund assets |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Unit trusts and other investment vehicles |
1,697 |
177 |
996 |
2,870 |
1,107 |
94 |
1,032 |
2,233 |
Derivative financial instruments |
216 |
2,873 |
34 |
3,123 |
492 |
3,508 |
102 |
4,102 |
Deposits with credit institutions |
10 |
- |
- |
10 |
28 |
- |
- |
28 |
Minority holdings in property management undertakings |
- |
- |
1,020 |
1,020 |
- |
- |
825 |
825 |
Other |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total |
1,923 |
3,050 |
2,050 |
7,023 |
1,627 |
3,602 |
1,959 |
7,188 |
Total % |
27.4% |
43.4% |
29.2% |
100.0% |
22.6% |
50.1% |
27.3% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
246 |
34 |
24 |
304 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
1,923 |
3,050 |
2,050 |
7,023 |
1,381 |
3,568 |
1,935 |
6,884 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
27.4% |
43.4% |
29.2% |
100.0% |
20.1% |
51.8% |
28.1% |
100.0% |
|
|
|
|
2017 |
|
|
|
20161 |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
||||
Other investments - Shareholders assets |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total |
Unit trusts and other investment vehicles |
1,271 |
- |
45 |
1,316 |
1,693 |
9 |
34 |
1,736 |
Derivative financial instruments |
46 |
1,844 |
373 |
2,263 |
41 |
1,836 |
45 |
1,922 |
Deposits with credit institutions |
4 |
- |
- |
4 |
3 |
- |
- |
3 |
Minority holdings in property management undertakings |
- |
27 |
205 |
232 |
- |
27 |
162 |
189 |
Other |
70 |
- |
1 |
71 |
8 |
- |
- |
8 |
Total |
1,391 |
1,871 |
624 |
3,886 |
1,745 |
1,872 |
241 |
3,858 |
Total % |
35.8% |
48.1% |
16.1% |
100.0% |
45.2% |
48.5% |
6.3% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
76 |
- |
4 |
80 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
1,315 |
1,871 |
620 |
3,806 |
1,745 |
1,872 |
241 |
3,858 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
34.5% |
49.2% |
16.3% |
100.0% |
45.2% |
48.5% |
6.3% |
100.0% |
1 Following a review of the Group's investment classifications, comparative amounts in respect of unit trusts and other investment vehicles and equity and debt securities have been amended from those previously reported. Refer to note D3.3 for further details of this adjustment and the financial statement impact arising.
Page 116
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.3 - Financial investments continued
D3.3.3 - Other investments continued
The unit trusts and other investment vehicles invest in a variety of assets, which can include cash equivalents, debt, equity and property securities. Total shareholder other investments classified as level 2 decreased during 2017 to 48.1% (2016: 48.5%), primarily due a decrease in Unit trusts and other investment vehicles. Total shareholder other investments classified as level 3 have increased during 2017 to 16.1% (2016: 6.3%), primarily due to disposals in minority holdings in property management undertakings.
In total 83.9% (2016: 93.7%) of total shareholder other investments are classified as level 1 or 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
D3.3.4 - Available for sale investments - Impairments and duration and amount of unrealised losses
The impairment expense during 2017 relating to AFS debt securities and other investments was £nil (2016: £nil) and £nil (2016: £nil) respectively.
Total unrealised losses on AFS debt securities, equity securities and other investments at 31 December 2017 was £1 million (2016: £2 million), £nil (2016: £nil) and £nil (2016: £nil) respectively.
|
0 - 6 months |
7 - 12 months |
more than 12 months |
Total |
||||
2017 |
Fair value1 £m |
Gross unrealised |
Fair value1 £m |
Gross unrealised |
Fair value1 £m |
Gross unrealised |
Fair value1 £m |
Gross unrealised |
Less than 20% loss position: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Debt securities |
- |
- |
3 |
- |
47 |
(1) |
50 |
(1) |
Equity securities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Other investments |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
3 |
- |
47 |
(1) |
50 |
(1) |
20%-50% loss position: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Debt securities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Equity securities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Other investments |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Greater than 50% loss position: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Debt securities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Equity securities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Other investments |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Debt securities |
- |
- |
3 |
- |
47 |
(1) |
50 |
(1) |
Equity securities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Other investments |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
3 |
- |
47 |
(1) |
50 |
(1) |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
- |
- |
3 |
- |
47 |
(1) |
50 |
(1) |
1 Only includes AFS securities that are in unrealised loss positions.
|
0 - 6 months |
7 - 12 months |
more than 12 months |
Total |
||||
2016 |
Gross unrealised |
Fair value1 £m |
Gross unrealised |
Fair value1 £m |
Gross unrealised |
Fair value1 £m |
Gross unrealised |
Fair value1 £m |
Less than 20% loss position: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Debt securities |
- |
- |
6 |
- |
73 |
(2) |
79 |
(2) |
Equity securities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Other investments |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
6 |
- |
73 |
(2) |
79 |
(2) |
20%-50% loss position: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Debt securities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Equity securities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Other investments |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Greater than 50% loss position: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Debt securities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Equity securities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Other investments |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Debt securities |
- |
- |
6 |
- |
73 |
(2) |
79 |
(2) |
Equity securities |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Other investments |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
6 |
- |
73 |
(2) |
79 |
(2) |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
- |
- |
6 |
- |
73 |
(2) |
79 |
(2) |
1 Only includes AFS securities that are in unrealised loss positions.
Page 117
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.3 - Financial investments continued
D3.3.5 - Exposures to peripheral European countries
Included in our debt securities and other financial assets are exposures to peripheral European countries. All of these assets are valued on a mark-to-market basis under IAS 39, and therefore our statement of financial position and income statement already reflect any reduction in value between the date of purchase and the balance sheet date. The significant majority of these holdings are within our participating funds where the risk to our shareholders is governed by the nature and extent of our participation within those funds.
Net of non-controlling interests, our direct shareholder and participating fund asset exposure to the government (and local authorities and agencies) of Italy is £6.6 billion (2016: £5.8 billion).
Direct sovereign exposures to Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Italy and Spain (net of non-controlling interests, excluding policyholder assets)
|
|
Participating |
|
Shareholder |
|
Total |
|
2017 |
2016 |
2017 |
2016 |
2017 |
2016 |
Greece |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Ireland |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
Portugal |
0.1 |
0.1 |
- |
- |
0.1 |
0.1 |
Italy |
6.0 |
5.4 |
0.6 |
0.4 |
6.6 |
5.8 |
Spain |
0.3 |
1.0 |
- |
0.4 |
0.3 |
1.4 |
Total Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Italy and Spain |
7.1 |
7.2 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
7.8 |
8.1 |
Direct sovereign exposures to Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Italy and Spain (gross of non-controlling interests, excluding policyholder assets)
|
|
Participating |
|
Shareholder |
|
Total |
|
2017 |
2016 |
2017 |
2016 |
2017 |
2016 |
Greece |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Ireland |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
Portugal |
0.1 |
0.1 |
- |
- |
0.1 |
0.1 |
Italy |
8.2 |
7.5 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
9.0 |
8.0 |
Spain |
0.3 |
1.4 |
0.2 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
2.1 |
Total Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Italy and Spain |
9.3 |
9.7 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
10.4 |
11.0 |
D3.3.6 - Non-UK Government debt securities (gross of non-controlling interests)
|
|
Policyholder |
|
Participating |
|
Shareholder |
|
Total |
Non-UK Government Debt Securities |
2017 |
20161 £m |
2017 |
20161 £m |
2017 |
20161 £m |
2017 |
20161 £m |
Austria |
5 |
11 |
550 |
715 |
127 |
138 |
682 |
864 |
Belgium |
22 |
21 |
967 |
1,273 |
314 |
357 |
1,303 |
1,651 |
France |
133 |
115 |
13,454 |
13,285 |
2,093 |
1,859 |
15,680 |
15,259 |
Germany |
127 |
142 |
1,437 |
1,629 |
615 |
606 |
2,179 |
2,377 |
Greece |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Ireland |
3 |
3 |
679 |
662 |
84 |
130 |
766 |
795 |
Italy |
183 |
223 |
8,223 |
7,500 |
823 |
556 |
9,229 |
8,279 |
Netherlands |
43 |
47 |
88 |
976 |
322 |
329 |
453 |
1,352 |
Poland |
845 |
807 |
790 |
769 |
598 |
384 |
2,233 |
1,960 |
Portugal |
2 |
2 |
136 |
118 |
- |
- |
138 |
120 |
Spain |
87 |
88 |
314 |
1,386 |
233 |
659 |
634 |
2,133 |
European Supranational debt |
213 |
174 |
1,841 |
2,404 |
1,777 |
1,821 |
3,831 |
4,399 |
Other European countries |
176 |
272 |
2,104 |
1,029 |
917 |
642 |
3,197 |
1,943 |
Europe |
1,839 |
1,905 |
30,583 |
31,746 |
7,903 |
7,481 |
40,325 |
41,132 |
Canada |
23 |
16 |
53 |
174 |
2,512 |
2,397 |
2,588 |
2,587 |
United States |
1,443 |
1,424 |
661 |
871 |
531 |
1,022 |
2,635 |
3,317 |
North America |
1,466 |
1,440 |
714 |
1,045 |
3,043 |
3,419 |
5,223 |
5,904 |
Singapore |
14 |
2 |
558 |
904 |
297 |
330 |
869 |
1,236 |
Other |
2,396 |
2,634 |
3,520 |
2,819 |
408 |
143 |
6,324 |
5,596 |
Asia Pacific and other |
2,410 |
2,636 |
4,078 |
3,723 |
705 |
473 |
7,193 |
6,832 |
Total |
5,715 |
5,981 |
35,375 |
36,514 |
11,651 |
11,373 |
52,741 |
53,868 |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
1 |
- |
- |
2,325 |
531 |
- |
532 |
2,325 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
5,714 |
5,981 |
35,375 |
34,189 |
11,120 |
11,373 |
52,209 |
51,543 |
At 31 December 2017, the Group's total government (non-UK) debt securities stood at £52.7 billion (2016: £53.9 billion). The significant majority of these holdings are within our participating funds where the risk to our shareholders is governed by the nature and extent of our participation within those funds.
Our direct shareholder asset exposure to government (non-UK) debt securities amounts to £11.7 billion (2016: £11.4 billion). The primary exposures, relative to total shareholder (non-UK) government debt exposure, are to Canadian (22%), French (18%), Italian (7%), German (5%), Polish (5%), and US (5%) government debt securities.
Page 118
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.3 - Financial investments continued
D3.3.6 - Non-UK Government debt securities (gross of non-controlling interests) continued
The participating funds exposure to (non-UK) government debt amounts to £35.4 billion (2016: £36.5 billion). The primary exposures, relative to total (non-UK) government debt exposures included within our participating funds, are to the (non-UK) government debt securities of France (38%), Italy (23%), Germany (4%), Belgium (3%), Poland (2%), and Ireland (2%).
D3.3.7 - Exposure to worldwide bank debt securities
Direct shareholder and participating fund assets exposures to worldwide bank debt securities (net of non-controlling interests, excluding policyholder assets)
|
Shareholder assets |
Participating fund assets |
||||
2017 |
Total senior debt |
Total subordinated debt |
Total debt |
Total senior debt |
Total subordinated debt |
Total debt |
Australia |
0.2 |
- |
0.2 |
0.6 |
0.2 |
0.8 |
Denmark |
- |
- |
- |
0.6 |
- |
0.6 |
France |
0.5 |
0.1 |
0.6 |
2.6 |
0.6 |
3.2 |
Germany |
- |
- |
- |
0.5 |
0.3 |
0.8 |
Ireland |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Italy |
- |
- |
- |
0.1 |
- |
0.1 |
Netherlands |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
1.4 |
0.2 |
1.6 |
Spain |
0.4 |
- |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
Sweden |
0.2 |
- |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
Switzerland |
- |
- |
- |
1.3 |
- |
1.3 |
United Kingdom |
1.3 |
0.4 |
1.7 |
1.4 |
0.8 |
2.2 |
United States |
1.0 |
0.2 |
1.2 |
1.7 |
0.1 |
1.8 |
Other |
0.4 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
1.2 |
0.1 |
1.3 |
Total |
4.4 |
1.0 |
5.4 |
12.1 |
2.5 |
14.6 |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
4.4 |
1.0 |
5.4 |
12.1 |
2.5 |
14.6 |
2016 Total |
5.4 |
1.2 |
6.6 |
14.8 |
3.1 |
17.9 |
Net of non-controlling interests, our direct shareholder assets exposure to worldwide bank debt securities is £5.4 billion (2016: £6.6 billion). The majority of our holding (81%) is in senior debt. The primary exposures are to UK (31%), US (22%), Dutch (11%), and French (11%) banks.
Net of non-controlling interests, the participating fund exposures to worldwide bank debt securities, where the risk to our shareholders is governed by the nature and extent of our participation within those funds, is £14.6 billion (2016: £17.9 billion). The majority of the exposure (83%) is in senior debt. Participating funds are most exposed to French (22%), UK (15%) and US (12%) banks.
Direct shareholder and participating fund assets exposures to worldwide bank debt securities (gross of non-controlling interests, excluding policyholder assets)
|
Shareholder assets |
Participating fund assets |
||||
2017 |
Total senior debt |
Total subordinated debt |
Total debt |
Total senior debt |
Total subordinated debt |
Total debt |
Australia |
0.2 |
- |
0.2 |
0.6 |
0.2 |
0.8 |
Denmark |
- |
- |
- |
0.6 |
- |
0.6 |
France |
0.5 |
0.1 |
0.6 |
2.7 |
0.6 |
3.3 |
Germany |
- |
- |
- |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.9 |
Ireland |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Italy |
- |
- |
- |
0.2 |
- |
0.2 |
Netherlands |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
1.4 |
0.2 |
1.6 |
Spain |
0.4 |
- |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
Sweden |
0.2 |
- |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
Switzerland |
- |
- |
- |
1.3 |
- |
1.3 |
United Kingdom |
1.3 |
0.4 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
0.8 |
2.3 |
United States |
1.0 |
0.2 |
1.2 |
1.7 |
0.1 |
1.8 |
Other |
0.4 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
1.2 |
0.1 |
1.3 |
Total |
4.4 |
1.0 |
5.4 |
12.5 |
2.5 |
15.0 |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
4.4 |
1.0 |
5.4 |
12.5 |
2.5 |
15.0 |
2016 Total |
5.5 |
1.2 |
6.7 |
16.2 |
3.3 |
19.5 |
Gross of non-controlling interests, our direct shareholder assets exposure to worldwide bank debt securities is £5.4 billion (2016: £6.7 billion). The majority of our holding (81%) is in senior debt. The primary exposures are to UK (31%), US (22%), Dutch (11%), and French (11%) banks.
Gross of non-controlling interests, the participating fund exposures to worldwide bank debt securities, where the risk to our shareholders is governed by the nature and extent of our participation within those funds, is £15.0 billion (2016: £19.5 billion). The majority of the exposure (83%) is in senior debt. Participating funds are most exposed to French (22%), UK (15%) and US (12%) banks.
Page 119
D3 - Analysis of asset quality continued
D3.4 - Reinsurance assets
The Group assumes and cedes reinsurance in the normal course of business, with retention limits varying by line of business. Reinsurance assets primarily include balances due from both insurance and reinsurance companies for ceded insurance liabilities. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the outstanding claims provisions or settled claims associated with the reinsured policies and in accordance with the relevant reinsurance contract.
If a reinsurance asset is impaired, the Group reduces the carrying amount accordingly and recognises that impairment loss in the income statement. A reinsurance asset is impaired if there is objective evidence, as a result of an event that occurred after initial recognition of the reinsurance asset, that the Group may not receive all amounts due to it under the terms of the contract, and the event has a reliably measurable impact on the amounts that the Group will receive from the reinsurer.
For the table below, reinsurance asset credit ratings are stated in accordance with information from leading rating agencies.
|
|
|
|
|
Ratings |
|
|
Ratings 2017 |
AAA |
AA |
A |
BBB |
Less than BBB |
Not rated |
Total |
Policyholders assets |
- |
5,335 |
511 |
- |
- |
257 |
6,103 |
Participating fund assets |
- |
218 |
14 |
3 |
- |
- |
235 |
Shareholder assets |
- |
6,327 |
588 |
261 |
3 |
98 |
7,277 |
Total |
- |
11,880 |
1,113 |
264 |
3 |
355 |
13,615 |
Total % |
- |
87.3% |
8.2% |
1.9% |
- |
2.6% |
100.0% |
Assets of operations classified as held for sale |
- |
51 |
70 |
- |
- |
2 |
123 |
Total (excluding assets held for sale) |
- |
11,829 |
1,043 |
264 |
3 |
353 |
13,492 |
Total % (excluding assets held for sale) |
- |
87.7% |
7.7% |
2.0% |
- |
2.6% |
100.0% |
2016 Total |
- |
24,608 |
1,689 |
14 |
- |
443 |
26,754 |
2016 Total % |
- |
92.0% |
6.3% |
- |
- |
1.7% |
100.0% |
D3.5 - Receivables and other financial assets
The credit quality of receivables and other financial assets is managed at the local business unit level. Where assets classed as 'past due and impaired' exceed local credit limits, and are also deemed at sufficiently high risk of default, an analysis of the asset is performed and a decision is made whether to seek sufficient collateral from the counterparty or to write down the value of the asset as impaired. At 2017, 99% (2016: 99%) of the receivables and other financial assets were neither past due nor impaired.
Credit terms vary from subsidiary to subsidiary, and from country to country, and are set locally within overall credit limits prescribed by the Group credit limit framework, and in line with the Group Credit Policy. The carrying value of receivables is reviewed at each reporting period. If the carrying value of a receivable or other financial asset is greater than the recoverable amount, the carrying value is reduced through a charge to the income statement in the period of impairment.
D3.6 - Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash at banks and in hand, deposits held at call with banks, treasury bills and other short-term highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. Such investments are normally those with less than three months maturity from the date of acquisition, and include certificates of deposit with maturities of less than three months at the date of issue.
Page 120
D4 - Pension fund assets
In addition to the assets recognised directly on the Group's statement of financial position outlined in the disclosures above, the Group is also exposed to the 'Scheme assets' that are shown net of the present value of scheme liabilities within the IAS 19 net pension surplus. Pension surpluses are included within other assets and pension deficits are recognised within provisions in the Group's consolidated statement of financial position. Refer to note B15 for details on the movements in the main schemes' surpluses and deficits.
Scheme assets are stated at their fair values. Total scheme assets are comprised in the UK, Ireland and Canada as follows:
|
|
|
|
2017 |
|
|
|
2016 |
|
UK |
Ireland |
Canada |
Total |
UK |
Ireland |
Canada |
Total |
Bonds |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fixed interest |
6,925 |
408 |
163 |
7,496 |
7,085 |
249 |
151 |
7,485 |
Index-linked |
11,744 |
292 |
- |
12,036 |
11,469 |
157 |
- |
11,626 |
Equities |
129 |
- |
- |
129 |
71 |
- |
- |
71 |
Property |
365 |
- |
- |
365 |
338 |
- |
- |
338 |
Pooled investment vehicles |
4,955 |
238 |
107 |
5,300 |
3,433 |
200 |
96 |
3,729 |
Derivatives |
(34) |
4 |
- |
(30) |
86 |
1 |
- |
87 |
Cash and other1 |
(5,710) |
(284) |
6 |
(5,988) |
(3,046) |
3 |
34 |
(3,009) |
Total fair value of scheme assets |
18,374 |
658 |
276 |
19,308 |
19,436 |
610 |
281 |
20,327 |
Less: consolidation elimination for non-transferable Group insurance policy2 |
(630) |
- |
- |
(630) |
(633) |
- |
- |
(633) |
Total IAS 19 fair value of scheme assets |
17,744 |
658 |
276 |
18,678 |
18,803 |
610 |
281 |
19,694 |
1 Cash and other assets comprise cash at bank, insurance policies, receivables, payables and repos. At 31 December 2017, cash and other assets primarily consist of repos of £5,386 million (2016: £4,666 million).
2 The Friends Provident Pension Scheme (FPPS) assets are included in the UK balances. As at 31 December 2017, the FPPS's cash and other balances includes an insurance policy of £630 million (2016: £633 million) issued by a Group company that is not transferable under IAS 19 and is consequently eliminated from the Group's IAS 19 scheme assets.
Total scheme assets are analysed by those that have a quoted price in an active market and those that do not as follows:
|
|
|
2017 |
|
|
2016 |
|
Total Quoted |
Total Unquoted |
Total |
Total Quoted |
Total |
Total |
Bonds |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fixed interest |
4,334 |
3,162 |
7,496 |
3,697 |
3,788 |
7,485 |
Index-linked |
11,627 |
409 |
12,036 |
11,141 |
485 |
11,626 |
Equities |
35 |
94 |
129 |
71 |
- |
71 |
Property |
- |
365 |
365 |
- |
338 |
338 |
Pooled investment vehicles |
167 |
5,133 |
5,300 |
189 |
3,540 |
3,729 |
Derivatives |
4 |
(34) |
(30) |
70 |
17 |
87 |
Cash and other1 |
(1,801) |
(4,187) |
(5,988) |
714 |
(3,723) |
(3,009) |
Total fair value of scheme assets |
14,366 |
4,942 |
19,308 |
15,882 |
4,445 |
20,327 |
Less: consolidation elimination for non-transferable Group insurance policy2 |
- |
(630) |
(630) |
- |
(633) |
(633) |
Total IAS 19 fair value of scheme assets |
14,366 |
4,312 |
18,678 |
15,882 |
3,812 |
19,694 |
1 Cash and other assets comprise cash at bank, insurance policies, receivables, payables and repos. At 31 December 2017, cash and other assets primarily consist of repos of £5,386 million (2016: £4,666 million).
2 The Friends Provident Pension Scheme (FPPS) assets are included in the UK balances. As at 31 December 2017, the FPPS's cash and other balances includes an insurance policy of £630 million (2016: £633 million) issued by a Group company that is not transferable under IAS 19 and is consequently eliminated from the Group's IAS 19 scheme assets.
Risk management and asset allocation strategy
The long-term investment objectives of the trustees and the employers are to limit the risk of the assets failing to meet the liabilities of the schemes over the long-term, and to maximise returns consistent with an acceptable level of risk so as to control the long-term costs of these schemes. To meet these objectives, the schemes' assets are invested in a portfolio consisting primarily of debt securities. The investment strategy will continue to evolve over time and is expected to match the liability profile increasingly closely with swap overlays to improve interest rate and inflation matching. The schemes are generally matched to interest rate risk relative to the funding basis.
Main UK Scheme
The Company works closely with the trustee, who is required to consult it on the investment strategy.
Interest rate and inflation risk are managed using a combination of liability-matching assets and swaps. Exposure to equity risk has been reducing over time and credit risk is managed within appetite. Currency risk is relatively small and is largely hedged. The other principal risk is longevity risk. This risk has reduced due to the Aviva Staff Pension Scheme entering into a longevity swap in 2014 covering approximately £5 billion of pensioner in payment scheme liabilities.
Other schemes
The other schemes are considerably less material but their risks are managed in a similar way to those in the main UK scheme. During 2015, the RAC pension scheme entered into a longevity swap covering approximately £600 million of pensioner in payment scheme liabilities.
Page 121
D5 - Available funds
To ensure access to liquidity as and when needed, the Group maintains £1.7 billion of undrawn committed central borrowing facilities with a range of leading international banks, all of which have investment grade credit ratings. These facilities are used to support the Group's commercial paper programme. The expiry profile of the undrawn committed central borrowing facilities is as follows:
|
2017 |
2016 |
Expiring within one year |
- |
- |
Expiring beyond one year |
1,650 |
1,650 |
Total |
1,650 |
1,650 |
D6 - Guarantees
As a normal part of their operating activities, various Group companies have given guarantees and options, including investment return guarantees, in respect of certain long-term insurance and fund management products.
For the UK Life with-profits business, provisions in respect of these guarantees and options are calculated on a market consistent basis, in which stochastic models are used to evaluate the level of risk (and additional cost) under a number of economic scenarios, which allow for the impact of volatility in both interest rates and equity prices. For UK Life non-profit business, provisions do not materially differ from those determined on a market consistent basis.
In all other businesses, provisions for guarantees and options are calculated on a local basis with sensitivity analysis undertaken where appropriate to assess the impact on provisioning levels of a movement in interest rates and equity levels (typically a 1% decrease in interest rates and 10% decline in equity markets).
Page 122
VNB & Sales analysis
In this section |
Page |
|
E1 |
Sales, VNB and new business margin analysis |
123 |
|
by market (adjusted Solvency II basis) |
|
E2 |
Trend analysis of adjusted Solvency II VNB - cumulative |
123 |
E3 |
Trend analysis of adjusted Solvency II VNB - discrete |
124 |
E4 |
Trend analysis of PVNBP - cumulative |
124 |
E5 |
Trend analysis of PVNBP - discrete |
124 |
E6 |
Trend analysis of PVNBP by product - |
125 |
|
cumulative |
|
E7 |
Trend analysis of PVNBP by product - discrete |
125 |
E8 |
Geographical analysis of regular and single |
126 |
|
premiums |
|
E9 |
Trend analysis of Investment sales - |
126 |
|
cumulative |
|
E10 |
Trend analysis of Investment sales - discrete |
126 |
E11 |
Trend analysis of general insurance and health net written premiums - cumulative |
127 |
|
net written premiums - cumulative |
|
E12 |
Trend analysis of general insurance and health net written premiums - discrete |
127 |
|
net written premiums - discrete |
|
E13 |
Reconciliation of sales to net written |
128 |
|
premiums in IFRS |
|
E14 |
Principal Assumptions underlying the |
|
|
calculation of VNB (on an adjusted SII basis) |
129 |
Page 123
E1 - Sales, VNB and new business margin analysis by market (adjusted Solvency II basis)
The table below sets out the present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) written by the life and related businesses, value generated by new business written during the period (VNB) and the resulting margin, gross of tax and non-controlling interests, on an adjusted Solvency II basis. Following the introduction of the Solvency II regime on 1 January 2016, MCEV (which was calculated on the expired Solvency I basis) is no longer used as an indicator of the drivers of financial performance of the Group's in-force Life and related businesses. The MCEV VNB and MCEV PVNBP were disclosed for the last time at 31 December 2016.
The VNB shown below is the present value of the projected stream of pre-tax distributable profit generated by the new business written during the period, including expected profit between point of sale and the valuation date on an adjusted Solvency II basis. It reflects the additional value to shareholders created through the activity of writing new business including the impacts of interactions between in-force and new business. The VNB and PVNBP for 2016 include £(12) million and £257 million respectively relating to the internal transfer of annuities from a with-profits fund to a non-profit fund during the second half of 2016 in the UK. The methodology underlying the calculation of adjusted Solvency II VNB remains unchanged from the prior year as set out in note 4. The demographic assumptions used are derived from an analysis of recent operating experience to give a best estimate of future experience. The demographic assumptions have been updated to reflect the position as at 31 December 2017 and produce an adjusted Solvency II VNB which is materially the same as using the assumptions used at 31 December 2016 as set out in D.2.2 of the Aviva 2016 Solvency and Financial Condition Report (SFCR). The economic assumptions have been updated to be those relevant at the point of sale which has been implemented with the assumptions being taken as those appropriate to the start of each quarter. For contracts that are re-priced more frequently, weekly or monthly economic assumptions have been used. The principal economic assumptions are set out in note E14. Adjusted Solvency II PVNBP is calculated using assumptions consistent with those used to determine the adjusted Solvency II VNB.
|
|
Present value of new business premiums1 |
|
Value of new business2 |
|
New business margin2 |
Gross of tax and non-controlling interests |
2017 |
2016 |
2017 |
2016 |
2017 |
2016 |
United Kingdom |
23,764 |
18,142 |
527 |
429 |
2.2% |
2.4% |
France |
4,453 |
5,523 |
228 |
225 |
5.1% |
4.1% |
Poland |
468 |
421 |
57 |
54 |
12.2% |
12.8% |
Italy |
4,617 |
3,634 |
179 |
83 |
3.9% |
2.3% |
Ireland3 |
1,050 |
710 |
11 |
12 |
1.0% |
1.7% |
Spain |
1,004 |
935 |
38 |
34 |
3.8% |
3.6% |
Turkey |
473 |
455 |
20 |
21 |
4.2% |
4.6% |
Europe |
12,065 |
11,678 |
533 |
429 |
4.4% |
3.7% |
Asia |
2,719 |
2,372 |
162 |
106 |
6.0% |
4.5% |
Aviva Investors |
2,247 |
2,845 |
21 |
28 |
0.9% |
1.0% |
Total |
40,795 |
35,037 |
1,243 |
992 |
3.0% |
2.8% |
1 A reconciliation to IFRS net written premiums can be found in note E13.
2 This is an Alternative Performance Measure (APM) which provides useful information to enhance the understanding of financial performance. See the glossary for further details.
3 Following the launch of UK Insurance which brings together UK Life, UK General Insurance and UK Health into a combined business, the Ireland Life and General Insurance businesses have been aligned to the new management structure and reported with Europe. As a result, comparative balances have been restated.
E2 - Trend analysis of adjusted Solvency II VNB - cumulative
|
|
|
|
|
Growth on 2H16 |
|
Gross of tax and non-controlling interests |
1H16 YTD |
2H16 YTD |
1H17 YTD |
2H17 YTD |
Sterling |
Constant currency |
United Kingdom1 |
200 |
429 |
267 |
527 |
23% |
23% |
France2 |
101 |
225 |
120 |
228 |
1% |
(5)% |
Poland3 |
22 |
54 |
28 |
57 |
5% |
(4)% |
Italy |
42 |
83 |
60 |
179 |
116% |
102% |
Ireland4 |
5 |
12 |
3 |
11 |
(3)% |
(9)% |
Spain |
12 |
34 |
25 |
38 |
10% |
3% |
Turkey |
11 |
21 |
10 |
20 |
(7)% |
7% |
Europe |
193 |
429 |
246 |
533 |
24% |
17% |
Asia |
43 |
106 |
71 |
162 |
52% |
47% |
Aviva Investors |
12 |
28 |
12 |
21 |
(23)% |
(23)% |
Total |
448 |
992 |
596 |
1,243 |
25% |
21% |
1 Includes £(12) million relating to the internal transfer of annuities from a with-profits fund to a non-profit fund in 2H16.
2 France includes Antarius up until 2H16.
3 Poland includes Lithuania.
4 Following the launch of UK Insurance which brings together UK Life, UK General Insurance and UK Health into a combined business, the Ireland Life and General Insurance businesses have been aligned to the new management structure and reported with Europe. As a result, comparative balances have been restated.
Page 124
E3 - Trend analysis of adjusted Solvency II VNB - discrete
|
|
|
|
|
Growth on 2H16 |
|
Gross of tax and non-controlling interests |
1H16 Discrete £m |
2H16 Discrete £m |
1H17 Discrete £m |
2H17 Discrete £m |
Sterling % |
Constant currency % |
United Kingdom1 |
200 |
229 |
267 |
260 |
13% |
13% |
France2 |
101 |
124 |
120 |
108 |
(13)% |
(19)% |
Poland3 |
22 |
32 |
28 |
29 |
(8)% |
(16)% |
Italy |
42 |
41 |
60 |
119 |
192% |
173% |
Ireland4 |
5 |
7 |
3 |
8 |
22% |
14% |
Spain |
12 |
22 |
25 |
13 |
(43)% |
(47)% |
Turkey |
11 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
(13)% |
- |
Europe |
193 |
236 |
246 |
287 |
21% |
14% |
Asia |
43 |
63 |
71 |
91 |
45% |
40% |
Aviva Investors |
12 |
16 |
12 |
9 |
(40)% |
(40)% |
Total |
448 |
544 |
596 |
647 |
19% |
15% |
1 Includes £(12) million relating to the internal transfer of annuities from a with-profits fund to a non-profit fund in 2H16.
2 France includes Antarius up until 2H16.
3 Poland includes Lithuania.
4 Following the launch of UK Insurance which brings together UK Life, UK General Insurance and UK Health into a combined business, the Ireland Life and General Insurance businesses have been aligned to the new management structure and reported with Europe. As a result, comparative balances have been restated.
E4 - Trend analysis of PVNBP - cumulative
|
|
|
|
|
Growth on 2H16 |
|
Present value of new business premiums1 |
1H16 YTD |
2H16 YTD |
1H17 YTD |
2H17 YTD |
Sterling |
Constant currency |
United Kingdom2 |
8,232 |
18,142 |
11,191 |
23,764 |
31% |
31% |
France3 |
2,898 |
5,523 |
2,405 |
4,453 |
(19)% |
(25)% |
Poland4 |
190 |
421 |
202 |
468 |
11% |
1% |
Italy |
2,024 |
3,634 |
2,191 |
4,617 |
27% |
19% |
Ireland5 |
339 |
710 |
495 |
1,050 |
48% |
38% |
Spain |
299 |
935 |
677 |
1,004 |
7% |
- |
Turkey |
216 |
455 |
274 |
473 |
4% |
20% |
Europe |
5,966 |
11,678 |
6,244 |
12,065 |
3% |
(3)% |
Asia |
982 |
2,372 |
1,328 |
2,719 |
15% |
11% |
Aviva Investors |
1,388 |
2,845 |
1,262 |
2,247 |
(21)% |
(21)% |
Total |
16,568 |
35,037 |
20,025 |
40,795 |
16% |
14% |
1 Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) is the present value of new regular premiums plus 100% of single premiums, calculated using assumptions consistent with those used to determine the value of new business.
2 Includes £257 million relating to the internal transfer of annuities from a with-profits fund to a non-profit fund in 2H16.
3 France includes Antarius up until 2H16.
4 Poland includes Lithuania.
5 Following the launch of UK Insurance which brings together UK Life, UK General Insurance and UK Health into a combined business, the Ireland Life and General Insurance businesses have been aligned to the new management structure and reported with Europe. As a result, comparative balances have been restated.
E5 - Trend analysis of PVNBP - discrete
|
|
|
|
|
Growth on 2H16 |
|
Present value of new business premiums1 |
1H16 Discrete |
2H16 Discrete |
1H17 Discrete |
2H17 Discrete |
Sterling |
Constant currency |
United Kingdom2 |
8,232 |
9,910 |
11,191 |
12,573 |
27% |
27% |
France3 |
2,898 |
2,625 |
2,405 |
2,048 |
(22)% |
(27)% |
Poland4 |
190 |
231 |
202 |
266 |
15% |
5% |
Italy |
2,024 |
1,610 |
2,191 |
2,426 |
51% |
41% |
Ireland5 |
339 |
371 |
495 |
555 |
49% |
40% |
Spain |
299 |
636 |
677 |
327 |
(48)% |
(52)% |
Turkey |
216 |
239 |
274 |
199 |
(16)% |
(3)% |
Europe |
5,966 |
5,712 |
6,244 |
5,821 |
2% |
(4)% |
Asia |
982 |
1,390 |
1,328 |
1,391 |
- |
(3)% |
Aviva Investors |
1,388 |
1,457 |
1,262 |
985 |
(32)% |
(32)% |
Total |
16,568 |
18,469 |
20,025 |
20,770 |
12% |
10% |
1 Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) is the present value of new regular premiums plus 100% of single premiums, calculated using assumptions consistent with those used to determine the value of new business.
2 Includes £257 million relating to the internal transfer of annuities from a with-profits fund to a non-profit fund in 2H16.
3 France includes Antarius up until 2H16.
4 Poland includes Lithuania.
5 Following the launch of UK Insurance which brings together UK Life, UK General Insurance and UK Health into a combined business, the Ireland Life and General Insurance businesses have been aligned to the new management structure and reported with Europe. As a result, comparative balances have been restated
Page 125
E6 - Trend analysis of PVNBP by product - cumulative
|
|
|
|
|
Growth on 2H16 |
|
Present value of new business premiums1 |
1H16 YTD |
2H16 YTD |
1H17 YTD |
2H17 YTD |
Sterling |
Constant currency |
Pensions |
5,578 |
11,615 |
7,169 |
14,430 |
24% |
24% |
Annuities2 |
571 |
2,074 |
1,075 |
3,510 |
69% |
69% |
Bonds |
62 |
141 |
70 |
284 |
101% |
101% |
Protection |
887 |
1,770 |
1,006 |
1,964 |
11% |
11% |
Equity release |
247 |
637 |
360 |
777 |
22% |
22% |
Other |
887 |
1,905 |
1,511 |
2,799 |
47% |
47% |
United Kingdom |
8,232 |
18,142 |
11,191 |
23,764 |
31% |
31% |
Savings |
2,704 |
5,114 |
2,151 |
4,043 |
(21)% |
(26)% |
Protection |
194 |
409 |
254 |
410 |
- |
(6)% |
France3 |
2,898 |
5,523 |
2,405 |
4,453 |
(19)% |
(25)% |
Pensions |
515 |
1,195 |
721 |
1,372 |
15% |
14% |
Savings |
2,188 |
4,177 |
2,604 |
5,229 |
25% |
18% |
Annuities |
63 |
109 |
119 |
233 |
115% |
101% |
Protection |
302 |
674 |
395 |
778 |
15% |
9% |
Poland4, Italy, Ireland5, Spain and Turkey |
3,068 |
6,155 |
3,839 |
7,612 |
24% |
17% |
Europe |
5,966 |
11,678 |
6,244 |
12,065 |
3% |
(3)% |
Asia |
982 |
2,372 |
1,328 |
2,719 |
15% |
11% |
Aviva Investors |
1,388 |
2,845 |
1,262 |
2,247 |
(21)% |
(21)% |
Total |
16,568 |
35,037 |
20,025 |
40,795 |
16% |
14% |
1 Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) is the present value of new regular premiums plus 100% of single premiums, calculated using assumptions consistent with those used to determine the value of new business.
2 Includes £257 million relating to the internal transfer of annuities from a with-profits fund to a non-profit fund in 2H16.
3 France includes Antarius up until 2H16.
4 Poland includes Lithuania.
5 Following the launch of UK Insurance which brings together UK Life, UK General Insurance and UK Health into a combined business, the Ireland Life and General Insurance businesses have been aligned to the new management structure and reported with Europe. As a result, comparative balances have been restated.
E7 - Trend analysis of PVNBP by product - discrete
|
|
|
|
|
Growth on 2H16 |
|
Present value of new business premiums1 |
1H16 Discrete |
2H16 Discrete |
1H17 Discrete |
2H17 Discrete £m |
Sterling |
Constant currency |
Pensions |
5,578 |
6,037 |
7,169 |
7,261 |
20% |
20% |
Annuities2 |
571 |
1,503 |
1,075 |
2,435 |
62% |
62% |
Bonds |
62 |
79 |
70 |
214 |
171% |
171% |
Protection |
887 |
883 |
1,006 |
958 |
8% |
8% |
Equity release |
247 |
390 |
360 |
417 |
7% |
7% |
Other |
887 |
1,018 |
1,511 |
1,288 |
27% |
27% |
United Kingdom |
8,232 |
9,910 |
11,191 |
12,573 |
27% |
27% |
Savings |
2,704 |
2,410 |
2,151 |
1,892 |
(22)% |
(27)% |
Protection |
194 |
215 |
254 |
156 |
(27)% |
(32)% |
France3 |
2,898 |
2,625 |
2,405 |
2,048 |
(22)% |
(27)% |
Pensions |
515 |
680 |
721 |
651 |
(4)% |
(5)% |
Savings |
2,188 |
1,989 |
2,604 |
2,625 |
32% |
23% |
Annuities |
63 |
46 |
119 |
114 |
151% |
134% |
Protection |
302 |
372 |
395 |
383 |
3% |
(3)% |
Poland4, Italy, Ireland5, Spain and Turkey |
3,068 |
3,087 |
3,839 |
3,773 |
22% |
16% |
Europe |
5,966 |
5,712 |
6,244 |
5,821 |
2% |
(4)% |
Asia |
982 |
1,390 |
1,328 |
1,391 |
- |
(3)% |
Aviva Investors |
1,388 |
1,457 |
1,262 |
985 |
(32)% |
(32)% |
Total |
16,568 |
18,469 |
20,025 |
20,770 |
12% |
10% |
1 Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) is the present value of new regular premiums plus 100% of single premiums, calculated using assumptions consistent with those used to determine the value of new business.
2 Includes £257 million relating to the internal transfer of annuities from a with-profits fund to a non-profit fund in 2H16.
3 France includes Antarius up until 2H16.
4 Poland includes Lithuania.
5 Following the launch of UK Insurance which brings together UK Life, UK General Insurance and UK Health into a combined business, the Ireland Life and General Insurance businesses have been aligned to the new management structure and reported with Europe. As a result, comparative balances have been restated
Page 126
E8 - Geographical analysis of regular and single premiums
|
Regular premiums |
Single premiums |
||||||||
|
2017 |
Constant currency growth |
WACF |
Present |
2016 |
WACF |
Present |
2017 |
2016 |
Constant currency growth |
United Kingdom |
1,807 |
8% |
5.3 |
9,605 |
1,679 |
5.3 |
8,881 |
14,159 |
9,261 |
53% |
France |
94 |
(14)% |
9.0 |
842 |
103 |
8.7 |
899 |
3,611 |
4,624 |
(27)% |
Poland1 |
51 |
10% |
7.3 |
371 |
42 |
7.7 |
324 |
97 |
97 |
(8)% |
Italy |
50 |
(28)% |
7.5 |
375 |
65 |
3.0 |
194 |
4,242 |
3,440 |
15% |
Ireland2 |
40 |
15% |
7.0 |
281 |
32 |
6.3 |
203 |
769 |
507 |
42% |
Spain |
32 |
(15)% |
6.3 |
202 |
34 |
6.9 |
236 |
802 |
699 |
7% |
Turkey |
97 |
14% |
3.7 |
358 |
98 |
3.8 |
373 |
115 |
82 |
62% |
Europe |
364 |
(5)% |
6.7 |
2,429 |
374 |
5.9 |
2,229 |
9,636 |
9,449 |
(5)% |
Asia |
301 |
28% |
7.0 |
2,092 |
227 |
7.6 |
1,733 |
627 |
639 |
(3)% |
Aviva Investors |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2,247 |
2,845 |
(21)% |
Total |
2,472 |
8% |
5.7 |
14,126 |
2,280 |
5.6 |
12,843 |
26,669 |
22,194 |
17% |
1 Poland includes Lithuania.
2 Following the launch of UK Insurance which brings together UK Life, UK General Insurance and UK Health into a combined business, the Ireland Life and General Insurance businesses have been aligned to the new management structure and reported with Europe. As a result, comparative balances have been restated.
E9 - Trend analysis of investment sales - cumulative
|
|
|
|
|
Growth on 2H16 |
|
Investment sales1 |
1H16 YTD |
2H16 YTD |
1H17 YTD |
2H17 YTD |
Sterling |
Constant currency |
United Kingdom2 |
575 |
1,390 |
1,143 |
2,137 |
54% |
54% |
Aviva Investors3 |
3,587 |
5,765 |
2,949 |
5,510 |
(4)% |
(8)% |
Asia4 |
58 |
137 |
116 |
241 |
76% |
67% |
Total investment sales5 |
4,220 |
7,292 |
4,208 |
7,888 |
8% |
5% |
1 Investment sales are calculated as new single premiums plus the annualised value of new regular premiums.
2 UK investment sales are also reported in UK Life PVNBP, YTD investment sales of £575 million for 1H16, £1,390 million for 2H16, £1,143 million for 1H17 and £2,137 million for 2H17 are equivalent to £636 million, £1,484 million, £1,202 million and £2,258 million respectively on a PVNBP basis.
3 YTD investment sales of £1,381 million for 1H16, £2,834 million for 2H16, £1,259 million for 1H17 and £2,243 million 2H17 are also included in Aviva Investors' PVNBP.
4 Asia investment sales are also reported in Asia PVNBP.
5 This is an Alternative Performance Measure (APM) which provides useful information to enhance the understanding of financial performance. See the glossary for further details.
E10 - Trend analysis of investment sales - discrete
|
|
|
|
|
Growth on 2H16 |
|
Investment sales1 |
1H16 |
2H16 |
1H17 |
2H17 |
Sterling |
Constant currency |
United Kingdom2 |
575 |
815 |
1,143 |
994 |
22% |
22% |
Aviva Investors3 |
3,587 |
2,178 |
2,949 |
2,561 |
18% |
21% |
Asia4 |
58 |
79 |
116 |
125 |
60% |
58% |
Total investment sales |
4,220 |
3,072 |
4,208 |
3,680 |
20% |
22% |
1 Investment sales are calculated as new single premiums plus the annualised value of new regular premiums.
2 UK investment sales are also reported in UK Life PVNBP, YTD investment sales of £575 million for 1H16, £815 million for 2H16, £1,143 million for 1H17 and £994 million for 2H17 are equivalent to £636 million, £847 million, £1,202 million and £1,056 million respectively on a PVNBP basis.
3 Discrete investment sales of £1,381 million for 1H16, £1,453 million for 2H16, £1,259 million for 1H17 and £984 million for 2H17 are also included in Aviva Investors' PVNBP.
4 Asia investment sales are also reported in Asia PVNBP.
Page 127
E11 - Trend analysis of general insurance and health net written premiums - cumulative
|
|
|
|
|
Growth on 2H16 |
|
|
1H16 YTD |
2H16 YTD |
1H17 YTD |
2H17 YTD |
Sterling |
Constant currency |
General insurance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
United Kingdom4 |
2,001 |
3,930 |
2,105 |
4,078 |
4% |
4% |
Canada |
1,049 |
2,453 |
1,477 |
3,028 |
23% |
15% |
Europe4 |
936 |
1,816 |
1,100 |
2,018 |
11% |
4% |
Asia and Other |
5 |
12 |
6 |
17 |
47% |
40% |
|
3,991 |
8,211 |
4,688 |
9,141 |
11% |
7% |
Health insurance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
United Kingdom1 |
292 |
514 |
293 |
509 |
(1)% |
(1)% |
Europe2 |
198 |
284 |
165 |
240 |
(15)% |
(22)% |
Asia3 |
64 |
125 |
78 |
145 |
16% |
10% |
|
554 |
923 |
536 |
894 |
(3)% |
(6)% |
Total |
4,545 |
9,134 |
5,224 |
10,035 |
10% |
6% |
1 These premiums are also reported in UK Life PVNBP, 1H16 YTD NWP of £292 million, 2H16 YTD NWP of £514 million, 1H17 YTD NWP of £293 million, 2H17 YTD NWP of £509 million are equivalent to £255 million, £424 million, £308 million and £540 million on a PVNBP basis respectively.
2 The sale of Ireland Health business was completed in 2016. Ireland Health businesses have been aligned to the new management structure and reported within Europe.
3 Singapore long-term health business is also reported in Asia PVNBP. For Singapore long-term health business, 1H16 YTD NWP of £30 million, 2H16 YTD NWP of £67 million, 1H17 YTD NWP of £38 million and 2H17 YTD NWP £82 million are equivalent to £97 million, £209 million, £69 million and £147million on a PVNBP basis respectively.
4 Following the launch of UK Insurance which brings together UK Life, UK General Insurance and UK Health into a combined business, the Ireland Life and General Insurance businesses have been aligned to the new management structure and reported within Europe. As a result, comparative balances have been restated.
E12 - Trend analysis of general insurance and health net written premiums - discrete
|
|
|
|
|
Growth on 2H16 |
|
|
1H16 |
2H16 |
1H17 |
2H17 |
Sterling |
Constant currency |
General insurance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
United Kingdom4 |
2,001 |
1,929 |
2,105 |
1,973 |
2% |
2% |
Canada |
1,049 |
1,404 |
1,477 |
1,551 |
10% |
8% |
Europe4 |
936 |
880 |
1,100 |
918 |
4% |
3% |
Asia and Other |
5 |
7 |
6 |
11 |
82% |
82% |
|
3,991 |
4,220 |
4,688 |
4,453 |
6% |
4% |
Health insurance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
United Kingdom1 |
292 |
222 |
293 |
216 |
(2)% |
(2)% |
Europe2 |
198 |
86 |
165 |
75 |
(13)% |
(10)% |
Asia3 |
64 |
61 |
78 |
67 |
9% |
10% |
|
554 |
369 |
536 |
358 |
(3)% |
(2)% |
Total |
4,545 |
4,589 |
5,224 |
4,811 |
5% |
4% |
1 These premiums are also reported in UK Life PVNBP. 1H16 NWP of £292 million, 2H16 NWP of £222 million, 1H17 NWP of £293 million and 2H17 NWP of £216 million , are equivalent to £255 million, £255 million, £308 million and £232 million on a PVNBP basis respectively.
2 The sale of the Ireland Health business was completed in 2016. Ireland Health businesses have been aligned to the new management structure and reported within Europe.
3 Singapore long-term health business is also reported in Asia PVNBP. For Singapore long-term health business, 1H16 NWP of £30 million, 2H16 NWP of £37 million, 1H17 NWP of £38 million and 2H17 NWP of £44 million are equivalent to £97 million, £112 million, £69 million and £78 million on a PVNBP basis respectively.
4 Following the launch of UK Insurance which brings together UK Life, UK General Insurance and UK Health into a combined business, the Ireland Life and General Insurance businesses have been aligned to the new management structure and reported within Europe. As a result, comparative balances have been restated.
Page 128
E13 - Reconciliation of sales to net written premiums in IFRS
The table below presents our consolidated sales for the year ended 31 December 2017 and the year ended 31 December 2016 as well as the reconciliation of sales to net written premiums in IFRS.
|
2017 |
2016 |
Present value of new business premiums |
40,795 |
35,037 |
Investment sales |
7,888 |
7,292 |
General insurance and health net written premiums |
10,035 |
9,134 |
Less: long-term health and collectives business1 |
(5,213) |
(4,944) |
Total sales |
53,505 |
46,519 |
Less: Effect of capitalisation factor on regular premium long-term business |
(11,412) |
(10,563) |
Share of long-term new business sales from JVs and associates |
(618) |
(552) |
Annualisation impact of regular premium long-term business |
(281) |
(264) |
Deposits taken on non-participating investment contracts and equity release contracts |
(10,953) |
(7,834) |
Retail sales of mutual fund type products (investment sales) |
(7,888) |
(7,292) |
Add: IFRS gross written premiums from existing long-term business |
4,765 |
4,867 |
Less: long-term insurance and savings business premiums ceded to reinsurers |
(1,741) |
(1,696) |
Less: Outward reinsurance premium relating to general insurance business |
- |
(107) |
Total IFRS net written premiums |
25,377 |
23,078 |
Analysed as: |
|
|
Long-term insurance and savings net written premiums |
15,342 |
14,051 |
General insurance and health net written premiums |
10,035 |
9,027 |
|
25,377 |
23,078 |
1 Long-term health and collectives business are included as part of PVNBP.
Effect of capitalisation factor on regular premium long-term business
PVNBP is derived from the single and regular premiums of the products sold during the financial period and is expressed at the point of sale. The PVNBP calculation is equal to total single premium sales received in the year plus the discounted value of regular premiums expected to be received over the term of the new contracts. The discounted value of regular premiums is calculated using the same methodology as for VNB (on an adjusted Solvency II basis).
The discounted value reflects the expected income streams over the life of the contract, adjusted for expected levels of persistency, discounted back to present value. The discounted value can also be expressed as annualised regular premiums multiplied by a weighted average capitalisation factor (WACF). The WACF varies over time depending on the mix of new products sold, the average outstanding term of the new contracts and the projection assumptions.
Share of long-term new business sales from joint ventures and associates
Total long-term new business sales include our share of sales from joint ventures and associates. Under IFRS reporting, premiums from these sales are excluded from our consolidated accounts, with only our share of profits or losses from such businesses being brought into the income statement separately.
Annualisation impact of regular premium long-term business
As noted above, the calculation of PVNBP includes annualised regular premiums. The impact of this annualisation is removed in order to reconcile the non-GAAP new business sales to IFRS premiums and will vary depending on the volume of regular premium sales during the year.
Deposits taken on non-participating investment contracts and equity release contracts
Under IFRS, non-participating investment contracts are recognised in the Statement of Financial Position by recording the cash received as a deposit and an associated liability and are not recorded as premiums received in the IFRS income statement. Only the margin earned is recognised in the IFRS income statement.
Retail sales of mutual fund type products (investment sales)
Investment sales included in the total sales number represent the cash inflows received from customers to invest in mutual fund type products such as unit trusts and OEICs. We earn fees on the investment and management of these funds which are recorded separately in the IFRS income statement as 'fees and commissions received' and are not included in statutory premiums.
IFRS gross written premiums from existing long-term business
The non-GAAP measure of long-term and savings sales focuses on new business written in the year under review while the IFRS income statement includes premiums received from all business, both new and existing.
Page 129
E14 - Principal assumptions underlying the calculation of VNB (on an adjusted SII basis)
Economic assumptions are derived actively, based on market yields on risk-free fixed interest assets at the end of each reporting period.
The risk-free interest rate curves used to calculate VNB reflect the basic risk-free interest rate curves (including the credit risk adjustment), volatility adjustment and fundamental spread for the matching adjustment published by EIOPA on their website. The details on methodology are unchanged from those set out in D.2.2.3 of the Aviva 2016 Solvency and Financial Condition Report (SFCR).
(a) Basic risk-free interest rates
The basic risk-free rate curves are stated in the table below, including a credit risk adjustment.
United Kingdom |
4Q |
3Q |
2Q |
1Q |
4Q |
3Q |
2Q |
1Q |
Reference rate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 year |
0.6% |
0.5% |
0.4% |
0.4% |
0.4% |
0.3% |
0.4% |
0.6% |
5 years |
0.9% |
1.0% |
0.8% |
0.7% |
0.7% |
0.4% |
0.5% |
0.9% |
10 years |
1.2% |
1.3% |
1.2% |
1.0% |
1.1% |
0.6% |
0.9% |
1.3% |
15 years |
1.3% |
1.5% |
1.4% |
1.2% |
1.3% |
0.8% |
1.1% |
1.5% |
20 years |
1.4% |
1.6% |
1.5% |
1.3% |
1.3% |
0.9% |
1.1% |
1.6% |
Eurozone |
4Q |
3Q |
2Q |
1Q |
4Q |
3Q |
2Q |
1Q |
Reference rate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 year |
(0.4)% |
(0.4)% |
(0.3)% |
(0.3)% |
(0.3)% |
(0.3)% |
(0.3)% |
(0.2)% |
5 years |
0.2% |
0.2% |
0.2% |
0.1% |
- |
(0.2)% |
(0.2)% |
(0.1)% |
10 years |
0.8% |
0.8% |
0.8% |
0.7% |
0.6% |
0.2% |
0.3% |
0.5% |
15 years |
1.2% |
1.3% |
1.2% |
1.1% |
1.0% |
0.5% |
0.7% |
0.8% |
20 years |
1.4% |
1.5% |
1.4% |
1.3% |
1.1% |
0.7% |
0.8% |
0.9% |
(b) Matching adjustment
The matching adjustment (MA) is an increase applied to the risk-free rate used to value insurance liabilities where the cash flows are relatively fixed (e.g. no future premiums or surrender risk) and are well matched by assets that are intended to be held to maturity and have cash flows that are also relatively fixed. The intention is that, if held to maturity, the business can earn the additional yield on these assets that relate to illiquidity risk.
Aviva applies a matching adjustment to certain obligations in UK Life and Spain Life, using methodology which is set out in the SFCR Report. The matching adjustments used to value new business will reflect the characteristics of the assets allocated to back the new business. The allocation of assets to new business anticipates the expected assets chosen to back new business at the end of year closing balance sheet. These may be different to the matching adjustments applied at the portfolio level.
The matching adjustments used for new business are shown in the table below:
Matching adjustment portfolio |
2H |
1H |
2H |
1H |
UK Life |
116 |
123 |
171 |
152 |
Spain Life |
- |
19 |
24 |
30 |
A combined MA of 116 bps and 123 bps was calculated for new business at FY17 and HY17 respectively within the Friends Life UK and the Aviva UK annuity portfolios. Prior to HY17 separate MAs were calculated for these portfolios and the assumptions shown in the table above for the comparative periods relate to the Aviva UK annuity portfolio. For Friends Life UK, the MAs were 106 bps and 123 bps at 2H2016 and 1H2016 respectively. In the comparative periods, the higher MA for Aviva UK new business partly reflects the allocation to Aviva UK of a higher proportion of illiquid assets. Following the sale of the majority of the Spanish business in the second half of 2017, none of the retained entities apply a MA.
(c) Volatility adjustment
The volatility adjustment (VA) is intended to reflect temporary distortions in spreads caused by illiquidity in the market or extreme widening of credit spreads, in particular in relation to government bonds. VAs are prescribed by EIOPA and published along with the basic risk-free interest rate curves on their website. Where applicable the VA is applied to all those liabilities where a MA is not applied, with the exception of unit-linked business in UK Life where, in line with the approved applications, no allowance for the VA is made.
The volatility adjustments used are shown in the table below:
Volatility Adjustment (bps) |
2H |
1H |
2H |
1H |
United Kingdom |
18 |
21 |
30 |
38 |
Eurozone |
4 |
9 |
13 |
16 |
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Glossary
This glossary to the Analyst Pack contains the definitions of non-GAAP financial Alternative Performance Measures (APMs) which are not bound by the requirements of IFRS.
Annual Premium Equivalent (APE)
Annual Premium Equivalent is a measure of sales in our life insurance businesses. APE is calculated as the sum of new regular premiums plus 10% of new single premiums written in the period. Whilst not a key performance metric of the Group, the APE measure provides useful information on sales and new business when considered alongside other measures such as the present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) or Solvency II value of new business (VNB).
Assets under management (AUM)
Assets under management represent all assets managed or administered by or on behalf of the Group, including those assets managed by third parties. AUM include managed assets that are included within the Group's statement of financial position and those assets belonging to external clients outside the Aviva Group which are therefore not included in the Group's statement of financial position. AUM is monitored as this reflects the potential earnings arising from investment interest and commission and measures the size and scale of the AUM business.
Cash remittances
Cash remittances represent amounts paid by our operating businesses to the Group, comprise dividends and interest on internal loans. Dividend payments by operating businesses may be subject to insurance regulations that restrict the amount that can be paid. The business monitors total cash remittances at a group level and in each of its markets.
These amounts eliminate on consolidation and hence are not directly reconcilable to the Group's IFRS consolidated statement of cash flows.
Claims ratio
A financial measure of the performance of our general insurance business which is derived from incurred claims as a percentage of net earned premiums.
Combined Operating Ratio (COR)
A financial measure of the Group's general insurance underwriting profitability which is derived from total underwriting costs - comprising of incurred claims, written commissions and expenses - expressed as a percentage of net earned premiums. A combined operating ratio below 100% indicates profitable underwriting.
Commission and expense ratio
A financial measure of the performance of our general insurance business which is derived from the sum of written commissions and expenses expressed as a percentage of net earned premiums.
Estimated Solvency II cover ratio
The Solvency II cover ratio is an indicator of the Group's balance sheet strength which is derived from 'Own funds' divided by the Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR), as calculated on a shareholder view. The shareholder view excludes the contribution to Group SCR and Group 'Own funds' of fully ring fenced with-profits funds and staff pension schemes in surplus. These exclusions have no impact on Solvency II surplus.
The most material fully ring fenced with-profits funds and staff pension schemes are self-supporting on a Solvency II capital basis with any surplus capital above SCR not recognised in the Group position. The shareholder view is therefore considered by management to be more representative of the shareholders' risk-exposure and the Group's ability to cover the SCR with eligible own funds.
The Solvency II cover ratio is shown inclusive of pro forma adjustments to align it with the capital information presented to management internally. Pro forma adjustments are made when, in the opinion of the Directors, the cover ratio does not fully reflect the effect of transactions or capital actions that are known as at each reporting date. Such adjustments may be required in respect of planned acquisitions and disposals, group reorganisations and adjustments to the Solvency II valuation basis arising from changes to the underlying Regulations or updated interpretations provided by EIOPA.
Estimated Solvency II own funds
Available capital resources determined under Solvency II are referred to as 'Own Funds'. This includes the excess of assets over liabilities in the Solvency II balance sheet (calculated on best estimate, market consistent assumptions and net of transitional measures on technical provisions), subordinated liabilities that qualify as capital under Solvency II, and off-balance sheet Own Funds.
Estimated Solvency II Surplus
The surplus represents 'Own funds' less the SCR. Holding capital in excess of the SCR demonstrates an insurer has adequate financial resources in place to meet all its liabilities as and when they fall due and that there is sufficient capital to absorb significant losses.
Excess centre cash flow
This represents the cash remitted by business units to the Group centre less central operating expenses and debt financing costs. Excess centre cash flow is a measure of the cash available to pay dividends, reduce debt or invest back into our business.
These amounts eliminate on consolidation and hence are not directly reconcilable to the Group's IFRS consolidated statement of cash flows.
Group adjusted operating profit (operating profit)
Operating profit is a non-GAAP APM which is reported to the Group chief operating decision maker for the purpose of decision making and internal performance management of the Group's operating segments that incorporates an expected return on investments supporting the life and non-life insurance businesses. Throughout the Preliminary Announcement, Group adjusted operating profit is referred to as operating profit.
The various items taken out of operating profit are:
Investment variances and economic assumptions changes
Operating profit for the life insurance business is based on expected investment returns on financial investments backing shareholder and policyholder funds over the reporting period, with allowance for the corresponding expected movements in liabilities.
· The expected rate of return is determined using consistent assumptions between operations, having regard to local economic and market forecasts of investment return and asset classification.
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· For fixed interest securities classified as fair value through profit or loss, the expected investment returns are based on average prospective yields for the actual assets held less an adjustment for credit risks. Where such securities are classified as available for sale the expected return comprises interest or dividend payments and amortisation of the premium or discount at purchase.
· The expected return on equities and properties is calculated by reference to the opening 10-year swap rate in the relevant currency plus an appropriate risk margin.
Operating profit includes the effect of variances in experience for non-economic items, such as mortality, persistency and expenses, and the effect of changes in non-economic assumptions. This would include movements in liabilities due to changes in discount rate arising from management decisions that impact on product profitability over the lifetime of products. Changes due to economic items, such as market value movement and interest rate changes, which give rise to variances between actual and expected investment returns, and the impact of changes in economic assumptions on liabilities, are disclosed separately outside operating profit.
Operating profit for the non-life insurance business is based on expected investment returns on financial investments backing shareholder funds over the period.
· Expected investment returns are calculated for equities and properties by multiplying the opening market value of the investments, adjusted for sales and purchases during the year, by the longer-term rate of return. This rate of return is the same as that applied for the long-term business expected returns.
· The longer-term return for other investments is the actual income receivable for the period.
Changes due to market value movement and interest rate changes, which give rise to variances between actual and expected investment returns, are disclosed separately outside operating profit. The impact of changes in the discount rate applied to claims provisions is also disclosed outside operating profit.
The exclusion of short-term investment variances from this APM reflects the long-term nature of much of our business. The operating profit which is used in managing the performance of our operating segments excludes the impact economic factors, to provide a comparable measure year-on-year.
Impairment, amortisation and profit/loss on disposal
Operating profit also excludes impairment of goodwill, associates and joint ventures; amortisation and impairment of other intangibles; amortisation and impairment of acquired value of in-force business; and the profit or loss on disposal and re-measurement of subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates. These items principally relate to merger and acquisition activity which we view as strategic in nature, hence they are excluded from the operating profit APM as this is principally used to manage the performance of our operating segments, when reporting to the Group chief operating decision maker.
Other items
These items are, in the Directors' view, required to be separately disclosed by virtue of their nature or incidence to enable a full understanding of the Group's financial performance.
Operating profit is presented before and after integration and restructuring costs.
The Group adjusted operating profit APM should be viewed as complementary to IFRS GAAP measures. It is important to consider Group adjusted operating profit and profit before tax together to understand the performance of the business in the period.
Investment sales
This measure comprises of retail sales of mutual fund-type products such as unit trusts, individual savings accounts (ISAs) and open ended investment companies (OEICs).
Net Asset Value (NAV) per share
NAV per share is calculated as the equity attributable to shareholders of Aviva plc, less preference share capital (both within the consolidated statement of financial position), divided by the actual number of shares in issue as at the balance sheet date.
Net fund flows
Net fund flows is one of the measures of growth used by management and is a component of the movement in the Life and platform business managed assets (excluding UK with-profits) during the period. It is the difference between the inflows (being IFRS net written premiums plus deposits received under investment contracts) and outflows (being IFRS net paid claims plus redemptions and surrenders under investment contracts). It excludes market and other movements.
New business income
New business income represents the impact on group adjusted operating profit of new business written in the period. New business income comprises income arising from premiums written during the period less initial reserves, expenses and commission. Expense and commission are shown net of deferred acquisition costs. Whilst not a key performance metric of the Group, new business income provides useful information on sales and new business when considered alongside other measures such as the present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) or Solvency II value of new business (VNB).
New business margin
New business margins are calculated as the adjusted Solvency II value of new business divided by the adjusted Solvency II present value of new business premiums (PVNBP), and expressed as a percentage.
Normalised accident year claims ratio
The normalised accident year claims ratio is derived from the claims ratio (as defined above) with adjustments made to exclude the impact of exceptional and non-recurring items; prior year claims development and weather variations versus expectations. These adjustments are made so that the underlying performance of the Group can be assessed excluding factors that might distort the trend in the claims ratio on a year-on-year basis. The ratio is shown gross of the impact of profit sharing arrangements.
Normalised accident year Combined Operating Ratio
The normalised accident year combined operating ratio is derived from the COR (as defined above) with adjustments made to exclude the impact of exceptional and non-recurring items; prior year claims development and weather variations versus expectations, gross of the impact of profit sharing arrangements. These adjustments are made so that the underlying performance of the Group can be assessed excluding factors that might distort the trend in the claims ratio on a year-on-year basis.
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Operating Capital Generation (OCG)
Operating Capital Generation represents the movement in the Solvency II surplus in the period due to the impact of new business, expected returns on existing business, operating variances, non-economic assumption changes and non-recurring capital actions.
OCG excludes economic variances, economic assumption changes and integration and restructuring costs. The exclusion of these items from OCG reflects the long-term nature of much of the Group's business and excludes the impact of economic factors which are typically outside the control of management.
'Underlying' OCG is the component of the OCG which excludes the effect of non-recurring capital actions and non-economic assumption changes and is therefore considered to be more representative of the long-term trend.
Operating Earnings per Share (EPS)
Operating EPS is calculated based on the adjusted operating profit attributable to ordinary shareholders net of tax, deducting non-controlling interests, preference dividends, the direct capital instrument (DCI) and tier one note coupons divided by the weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue, after deducting treasury shares.
Operating expense ratio
The operating expense ratio expresses operating expenses as a percentage of operating income.
Operating income is calculated as Group adjusted operating profit before Group debt costs and operating expenses.
Operating expenses
The day-to-day expenses involved in running the business are classified as operating expenses. These expenses include other acquisition costs and claims handling costs as these are considered to be controllable by the Group's operating segments and directly impact their performance.
Operating expenses exclude impairment of goodwill, associates and joint ventures; amortisation and impairment of other intangibles; amortisation and impairment of acquired value of in-force business; and the profit or loss on disposal and re-measurement of subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates. These items principally relate to merger and acquisition activity which we view as strategic in nature, hence they are excluded as this measure is principally used to manage segment performance. Operating expenses also exclude integration & restructuring costs and other similar expenses incurred which are considered to be non-recurring and strategic in nature.
Present value of new business premiums
The present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) is a financial measure which is used as a measure of sales in the Group's life insurance businesses. PVNBP is derived from the present value of new regular premiums plus 100% of single premiums from new business written at the point of sale. PVNBP also includes any changes to existing contracts which were not anticipated at the outset of the contract that generates additional shareholder risk and associated premium income of the nature of a new policy. An example of a change to existing contracts that is considered to generate additional PVNBP is an internal transfer of annuities from a with-profits fund to a non-profit fund.
Return on equity
The return on equity calculation is based on operating return after tax attributable to ordinary shareholders expressed as a percentage of weighted average ordinary shareholders' equity (excluding non-controlling interests and direct capital instrument and tier 1 notes).
Return on capital employed (ROCE)
ROCE indicates the efficiency with which a company uses its assets to generate profits. Usually calculated as pre-tax profit divided by capital employed (total assets minus current liabilities) and expressed as a percentage.
Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR)
The Solvency II regime requires insurers to hold own funds in excess of the Solvency Capital Requirement. The SCR is calculated at Group level using a risk based capital model which is calibrated to reflect the cost of mitigating the risk of insolvency to a 99.5% confidence level over a one year time horizon - equivalent to a 1 in 200 year event - against financial and non-financial shocks. As a number of subsidiaries utilise the standard formula rather than a risk based capital model to assess economic capital requirements, the overall Aviva Group SCR is calculated using a partial internal model, and it is shown after the impact of diversification benefit.
Spread margin
The spread margin represents the return made on the Group's annuity and other non-linked business, based on the expected investment return, less amounts credited to policyholders. Whilst not a key performance metric of the Group, the spread margin is a useful indicator of the expected investment return arising on this business.
Underwriting margin
The underwriting margin represents the release of reserves held to cover claims, surrenders and administrative expenses less the cost of actual claims and surrenders in the period. Whilst not a key performance metric of the Group; the underwriting margin is a useful measure of the financial performance of our Life insurance business when considered alongside other financial metrics.
Unit linked margin
The unit linked margin represents the annual management charges on unit-linked business based on expected investment return. Whilst not a key performance metric of the Group, the unit linked margin is a useful indicator of the expected investment return arising on this business.
Value of New Business (VNB)
The Solvency II value of new business (VNB) represents the increase in own funds arising from business written in the period, with adjustments made to i) include VNB not included in Solvency II (e.g. UK and Asia Healthcare business, retail fund management business and UK Equity Release business) ii) remove the impact of contract boundaries and iii) include a 'look through' to the value of profits arising in service companies (which would otherwise be excluded from Solvency II). These adjustments are considered to reflect a more realistic basis than the prudential Solvency II rules. The VNB is derived from the present value of projected pre-tax distributable profits generated by new business plus a risk margin. Adjusted Solvency II VNB can be reconciled to the Solvency II Own Funds impact of new business; however there is no equivalent IFRS metric.