HY11 Part 5 of 5

RNS Number : 7149L
Aviva PLC
04 August 2011
 



Part 5 of 5

 

 

Page 107

 

MCEV Supplement

 

 

In this section


Page



Condensed consolidated income statement - MCEV basis


108

Condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive income - MCEV basis


110

Condensed consolidated statement of changes in equity - MCEV basis


110

Condensed consolidated statement of financial position - MCEV basis


111

Reconciliation of shareholders' equity on IFRS and MCEV bases


112

Reconciliation of IFRS total equity to MCEV net worth


112

Group MCEV analysis of earnings


113

E1 - Basis of preparation


114

E2 - Geographical analysis of life MCEV operating earnings


118

E3 - Geographical analysis of fund management operating earnings


126

E4 - Analysis of other operations and regional costs


126

E5 - Exceptional items


126

E6 - Segmentation of condensed consolidated statement of financial position


127

E7 - Analysis of life and pension earnings


128

E8 - Life MCEV operating earnings


130

E9 - Free surplus emergence


131

E10 - Maturity profile of business


132

E11 - Segmental analysis of life and related business embedded value


133

E12 - Risk allowance within present value of in-force (VIF)


134

E13 - Implied discount rates (IDR)


135

E14 - Summary of non-controlling interest in life and related businesses' MCEV results


136

E15 - Principal assumptions


136

E16 - Sensitivity analysis


142

Statement of directors' responsibilities in respect of the Market Consistent Embedded Value (MCEV) basis

Independent review report for the six months to 30 June 2011


146




 



Page 108

 

 

MCEV financial statements

 

 

Condensed consolidated income statement - MCEV basis

For the six month period ended 30 June 2011

 

 

6 months
2011
€m



6 months
2011
£m


Restated

6 months
2010
£m


Full year
2010
£m

Total



Continuing operations

Discontinued operations

Total


Continuing operations

Discontinued operations

Total


Continuing operations

Discontinued operations

Total



Operating profit before tax
   attributable to shareholders'
   profits












599


United Kingdom

521

-

521


559

-

559


1,085

-

1,085

1,052


Europe

645

270

915


893

157

1,050


2,013

83

2,096

156


North America

136

-

136


271

-

271


289

-

289

55


Asia Pacific

48

-

48


38

-

38


109

-

109

1,862


Long-term business

1,350

270

1,620


1,761

157

1,918


3,496

83

3,579

524


General insurance and health

455

1

456


444

81

525


904

146

1,050

21


Fund management1

9

9

18


-

13

13


31

94

125

(84)


Other operations and regional
   costs2

(80)

7

(73)


(61)

28

(33)


(171)

(24)

(195)

2,323


Regional Operating Profit

1,734

287

2,021


2,144

279

2,423


4,260

299

4,559

(76)


Corporate centre

(66)

-

(66)


(54)

-

(54)


(143)

-

(143)

(373)


Group debt costs and other interest

(321)

(4)

(325)


(327)

(11)

(338)


(644)

(12)

(656)

1,874


Operating profit before tax
   attributable to shareholders'
   profits (excluding Delta Lloyd
   as an associate)

1,347

283

1,630


1,763

268

2,031


3,473

287

3,760

40


Share of operating profit (before
   tax) of Delta Lloyd as an associate

35

-

35


-

-

-


-

-

-

1,914


Operating profit before tax
   attributable to shareholders'
   profits

1,382

283

1,665


1,763

268

2,031


3,473

287

3,760



Adjusted for the following:












(200)


Economic variances on long-term
   business

142

(316)

(174)


9

(577)

(568)


(32)

(71)

(103)

(161)


Short-term fluctuation in return on
   investments on non-long-term
   business

(80)

(60)

(140)


26

(20)

6


(199)

(44)

(243)

(9)


Economic assumption changes
   on general insurance and
   health business

(8)

-

(8)


(64)

-

(64)


(61)

-

(61)

(23)


Impairment of goodwill

(20)

-

(20)


(2)

-

(2)


(23)

(1)

(24)

(54)


Amortisation and impairment
   of intangibles

(42)

(5)

(47)


(44)

(7)

(51)


(173)

(14)

(187)

170


Profit on the disposal of
   subsidiaries and associates

(11)

159

148


28

-

28


163

(4)

159

(69)


Integration and restructuring costs

(60)

-

(60)


(72)

-

(72)


(294)

(18)

(312)

-


Exceptional items

-

-

-


(10)

(50)

(60)


(303)

(125)

(428)

(346)


Non-operating items before
   tax (excluding Delta Lloyd
   as an associate)

(79)

(222)

(301)


(129)

(654)

(783)


(922)

(277)

(1,199)

(9)


Share of Delta Lloyd's non-
   operating items (before tax)
   as an associate

(8)

-

(8)


-

-

-


-

-

-

(355)


Non-operating items before tax

(87)

(222)

(309)


(129)

(654)

(783)


(922)

(277)

(1,199)

(8)


Share of Delta Lloyd's tax expense,
    as an associate

(7)

-

(7)


-

-

-


-

-

-

1,551


Profit / (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders' profits

1,288

61

1,349


1,634

(386)

1,248


2,551

10

2,561

(624)


Tax on operating profit

(469)

(74)

(543)


(546)

(70)

(616)


(1,044)

(79)

(1,123)

42


Tax on other activities

(61)

98

37


5

193

198


226

82

308

(582)



(530)

24

(506)


(541)

123

(418)


(818)

3

(815)

969


Profit / (loss) for the period

758

85

843


1,093

(263)

830


1,733

13

1,746

1. Excludes the proportion of the results of Aviva Investors fund management businesses and other fund management operations within the Group that arises from the provision of fund management services to our life businesses.
These results are included within the life MCEV operating earnings consistent with the MCEV methodology.

2. Excludes the proportion of the results of subsidiaries providing services to the Life business. These results are included within the life MCEV operating earnings consistent with the MCEV methodology.

 

 

Page 109

 

 

Earnings per share - MCEV basis

 

 

6 months
2011


Earnings per share

6 months
 2011


Restated

6 months
2010


Full year
2010

Total



Continuing operations

Discontinued operations

Total


Continuing operations

Discontinued operations

Total


Continuing operations

Discontinued operations

Total



Operating earnings per share
   on an MCEV basis after
   tax, attributable to ordinary
   shareholders of Aviva plc












35.9p


Basic (pence per share)

27.3p

3.9p

31.2p


37.7p

3.5p

41.2p


74.5p

2.8p

77.3p

35.2p


Diluted (pence per share)

26.8p

3.8p

30.6p


37.2p

3.4p

40.6p


73.2p

2.8p

76.0p



Earnings after tax on an MCEV
   basis, attributable to ordinary
   shareholders of Aviva plc












34.8c


Basic (pence per share)

26.3p

4.0p

30.3p


33.3p

(6.2p)

27.1p


58.2p

1.0p

59.2p

34.3c


Diluted (pence per share)

25.8p

4.0p

29.8p


32.9p

(6.1p)

26.8p


57.2p

1.0p

58.2p

Total Group MCEV operating profit before shareholder tax was £1,665 million (HY10: £2,031 million), a decrease of 18%. Within this total the long-term business operating profit before shareholder tax was £1,620 million (HY10: £1,918 million), a decrease of 16%.

 

 

Page 110

 

 

Condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive income - MCEV basis

For the six month period ended 30 June 2011

 

6 months

2011
€m



6 months
2011
£m

Restated

6 months
2010
£m

Full year
2010
£m

871


Profit for the period from continuing operations

758

1,093

1,733

98


Profit / (loss) for the period from discontinued operations

85

(263)

13

969


Profit for the period

843

830

1,746



Other comprehensive income from continuing operations




(69)


Fair value losses on AFS securities, owner-occupied properties and hedging instruments

(60)

-

-

25


Actuarial gains /(losses) on pension schemes

22

(255)

1,078

(34)


Actuarial gains on pension schemes transferred to unallocated divisible surplus and other movements

(30)

-

(18)

453


Foreign exchange rate movements

394

(449)

(60)

(13)


Aggregate tax effect - shareholder tax

(11)

37

37

362


Other comprehensive income, net of tax from continuing operations

315

(667)

1,037

151


Other comprehensive income, net of tax from discontinued operations

131

(335)

(198)

513


Other comprehensive income / (expense), net of tax

446

(1,002)

839

1,233


Total comprehensive income for the period from continuing operations

1,073

426

2,770

248


Total comprehensive income for the period from discontinued operations

216

(598)

(185)

1,481


Total comprehensive income / (expense) for the period

1,289

(172)

2,585









Attributable to:




1,309


   Equity shareholders of Aviva plc

1,139

95

2,714

172


   Non-controlling interests

150

(267)

(129)

1,481



1,289

(172)

2,585

Condensed consolidated statement of changes in equity - MCEV basis

For the six month period ended 30 June 2011

 

6 months

2011
€m



6 months
2011
£m

Restated

6 months
2010
£m

Full year
2010
£m

22,736


Balance at 1 January

20,462

18,561

18,561

1,431


Total comprehensive (expense)/income for the year

1,289

(172)

2,585

(511)


Dividends and appropriations

(460)

(424)

(757)

-


Issues of share capital

-

-

-

204


Shares issued in lieu of dividends

184

151

209

28


Capital contributions from minority shareholders

25

1

42

(351)


Movements in ordinary shareholder equity following deconsolidation of Delta Lloyd

(316)

-

-

(1,649)


Movements in non controlling interests following deconsolidation of Delta Lloyd

(1,484)

-

-

(84)


Minority share of dividends declared in the year

(76)

(81)

(187)

-


Non-controlling interest in (disposed)/acquired subsidiaries

-

-

3

(12)


Changes in non-controlling interest in existing subsidiaries

(11)

(43)

(38)

-


Shares acquired by employee trusts

-

-

(14)

20


Reserves credit for equity compensation plans

18

36

41

-


Share issued under equity compensation plans

-

-

-

-


Aggregate tax effect - shareholder tax

-

-

17

21,812


Total equity

19,631

18,029

20,462

(2,868)


Non-controlling interests

(2,580)

(3,899)

(3,977)

18,944


Balance at 30 June/31 December

17,051

14,130

16,485

 

 

Page 111

 

 

Condensed consolidated statement of financial position - MCEV basis

As at 30 June 2011

 

30 June
2011
€m



30 June
2011
£m

Restated

30 June
2010
£m

31 December 2010
£m



Assets




3,137


Goodwill

2,823

3,377

3,391

2,662


Acquired value of in-force business and intangible assets

2,396

2,642

2,806

4,918


Additional value of in-force long-term business1

4,426

2,251

2,737

2,393


Interests in, and loans to, joint ventures

2,154

1,871

1,994

1,586


Interests in, and loans to, associates

1,427

1,268

643

519


Property and equipment

467

686

750

12,484


Investment property

11,236

12,536

13,064

27,587


Loans

24,828

41,394

43,074

253,341


Financial investments

228,006

236,582

253,288

7,300


Reinsurance assets

6,570

7,271

7,084

151


Deferred tax assets

136

288

288

124


Current tax assets

112

269

198

10,300


Receivables

9,271

9,041

8,295

6,618


Deferred acquisition costs and other assets

5,956

5,365

6,072

3,767


Prepayments and accrued income

3,390

3,576

3,691

25,673


Cash and cash equivalents

23,106

28,446

25,455

809


Assets of operations classified as held for sale

728

6

14

363,369


Total assets

327,032

356,869

372,844



Equity




796


Ordinary share capital

716

701

705

4,949


Capital reserves

4,455

4,469

4,465

1,815


Other reserves

1,634

1,951

2,069

(36)


Shares held by employee trusts

(32)

(68)

(32)

5,892


Retained earnings

5,303

3,971

5,411

4,206


Additional retained earnings on an MCEV basis1

3,785

1,916

2,677

17,622


Equity attributable to ordinary shareholders of Aviva plc

15,861

12,940

15,295

1,322


Preference share capital and direct capital instruments

1,190

1,190

1,190

2,868


Non-controlling interests1

2,580

3,899

3,977

21,812


Total equity

19,631

18,029

20,462



Liabilities




166,128


Gross insurance liabilities

149,515

171,182

177,700

132,538


Gross liabilities for investment contracts

119,284

107,203

117,787

3,637


Unallocated divisible surplus

3,273

4,225

3,428

9,706


Net asset value attributable to unitholders

8,735

9,842

9,032

1,226


Provisions

1,103

4,003

2,943

1,296


Deferred tax liabilities

1,166

1,246

1,758

277


Current tax liabilities

249

455

314

9,869


Borrowings

8,882

14,127

14,949

13,366


Payables and other financial liabilities

12,029

22,800

20,292

3,133


Other liabilities

2,822

3,757

4,179

381


Liabilities of operations classified as held for sale

343

-

-

341,557


Total liabilities

307,401

338,840

352,382

363,369


Total equity and liabilities

327,032

356,869

372,844

The summarised consolidated statement of financial position presented above is unaltered from the corresponding IFRS summarised consolidated statement of financial position with the exception of the following:

1. Adding the excess of the Life MCEV, including non controlling interests, over the corresponding Life IFRS net assets represented as the additional value of in-force long-term business; corresponding item within equity represented by the additional
retained profit on an MCEV basis; and, corresponding adjustments to non-controlling interests.

 

 

 

 

Reconciliation of shareholders' equity on IFRS and MCEV bases

For the six month period to 30 June 2011

 

 

30 June 2011

IFRS
£m

Adjustment
£m

MCEV
£m

Ordinary share capital

716

-

716

Capital reserves

4,455

-

4,455

Other reserves

1,729

(95)

1,634

Shares held by employee trusts

(32)

-

(32)

Retained earnings

5,303

-

5,303

Additional retained earnings on an MCEV basis

-

3,785

3,785

Equity attributable to ordinary shareholders of Aviva plc

12,171

3,690

15,861

Preference share capital

200

-

200

Direct capital instruments

990

-

990

Non-controlling interests

1,844

736

2,580

Total equity

15,205

4,426

19,631

 

30 June 2010

IFRS
£m

Adjustment
£m

Restated

MCEV
£m

Ordinary share capital

701

-

701

Capital reserves

4,469

-

4,469

Other reserves

1,978

(27)

1,951

Shares held by employee trusts

(68)

-

(68)

Retained earnings

3,971

-

3,971

Additional retained earnings on an MCEV basis

-

1,916

1,916

Equity attributable to ordinary shareholders of Aviva plc

11,051

1,889

12,940

Preference share capital

200

-

200

Direct capital instruments

990

-

990

Non-controlling interests

3,537

362

3,899

Total equity

15,778

2,251

18,029

Reconciliation of IFRS total equity to MCEV net worth

For the six month period to 30 June 2011

 


30 June
2011
£m

Restated

30 June
2010
£m

31 December
2010
£m

Net assets on a statutory IFRS net basis

15,205

15,778

17,725

Adjusting for general business and other net assets on a statutory IFRS net basis

350

1,952

1,331

Life and related businesses net assets on a statutory IFRS net basis

15,555

17,730

19,056

Goodwill and other intangibles

(2,378)

(2,593)

(2,356)

Acquired value of in-force business

(1,285)

(1,298)

(1,447)

Adjustment for share of joint ventures and associates

(5)

(370)

(120)

Adjustment for assets to regulatory value net of tax

(1,005)

(730)

(890)

Adjustment for DAC and DIR net of tax

(2,899)

(2,531)

(2,839)

Adjustment for differences in technical provisions

2,843

1,049

1,303

Other accounting and tax differences

(616)

316

(467)

MCEV net worth

10,210

11,573

12,240

MCEV value of in-force1

7,197

6,122

7,024

MCEV2

17,407

17,695

19,264

1. Comprises PVFP of £9,878 million (30 June 2010: £9,008 million; 31 December 2010: £10,180 million), FC of £(758) million (30 June 2010: (866) million; 31 December 2010: £(882) million), CNHR of £(942) million (30 June 2010: (£765) million; 31 December 2010: £(1,070) million), and TVOG of £(981) million (30 June 2010: (£1,255) million; 31 December 2010: £(1,204) million).

2. Comprises embedded value of £15,557 million (30 June 2010: £14,529 million; 31 December 2010: £16,131 million) and non-controlling interest in long-term business assets of £1,850 million (30 June 2010: £3,166 million; 31 December 2010: £3,133 million).

Movements in the reconciling items during the period arise mainly from the deconsolidation of Delta Lloyd on 6th May and consequent removal of the Delta Lloyd life business from covered business.

       The adjustment for assets to regulatory value and differences in technical provisions relate mainly to the US, reflecting differences between the IFRS and local solvency reserving basis. The DAC and DIR adjustment relates mainly to the UK and US.

 

 

Page 113

 

 

Group MCEV analysis of earnings

 

 

30 June 2011

Covered

business1

£m

A

Non-covered
but related
to life

business2

£m
B

Total life

business3

£m

A+B

Non-covered relating to non-life
£m
C

Total non-covered
business
£m
B+C

Total
£m
A+B+C

Opening Group MCEV

16,131

2,339

18,470

(1,985)

354

16,485

Operating MCEV earnings

956

-

956

(67)

(67)

889

Non-operating MCEV earnings

90

(41)

49

(74)

(115)

(25)

Total MCEV earnings

1,046

(41)

1,005

(141)

(182)

864

Other movements in IFRS net equity

-

23

23

(92)

(69)

(69)

Capital and dividend flows

(417)

-

(417)

(156)

(156)

(573)

Foreign exchange variances

316

23

339

5

28

344

Acquired/divested businesses

(1,519)

34

(1,485)

1,485

1,519

-

Closing Group MCEV

15,557

2,378

17,935

(884)

1,494

17,051

Preference share capital and direct capital instruments






(1,190)

Equity attributable to ordinary shareholders of Aviva plc on an MCEV basis






15,861

1. Covered business represents the business that the MCEV calculations cover, as detailed in the Basis of preparation note. The embedded value is presented net of non-controlling interests and tax.

2. Non-covered but related to life business represents the adjustments to the MCEV and goodwill, to calculate the long-term business net assets on an MCEV basis. An analysis of net assets on an MCEV basis gross of non-controlling interests is provided in E6.

3. Net assets for the total life businesses on an MCEV basis presented net of non-controlling interests.

 

Restated
30 June 2010

Covered

business1

£m
A

Non-covered
but related
to life

business2

£m
B

Total life

business3

£m
A+B

Non-covered relating to
non-life
£m
C

Total non-covered
business
£m
B+C

Total
£m
A+B+C

Opening Group MCEV

15,058

2,055

17,113

(2,831)

(776)

14,282

Operating MCEV earnings

1,132

-

1,132

15

15

1,147

Non-operating MCEV earnings

(246)

(25)

(271)

(117)

(142)

(388)

Total MCEV earnings

886

(25)

861

(102)

(127)

759

Other movements in IFRS net equity

-

45

45

(316)

(271)

(271)

Capital and dividend flows

(892)

-

(892)

646

646

(246)

Foreign exchange variances

(509)

(1)

(510)

116

115

(394)

Acquired/divested businesses

(14)

31

17

(17)

14

-

Closing Group MCEV

14,529

2,105

16,634

(2,504)

(399)

14,130

Preference share capital and direct capital instruments






(1,190)

Equity attributable to ordinary shareholders of Aviva plc on an MCEV basis






12,940

1. Covered business represents the business that the MCEV calculations cover, as detailed in the Basis of preparation note. The embedded value is presented net of non-controlling interests and tax.

2. Non-covered but related to life business represents the adjustments to the MCEV, including goodwill, to calculate the long-term business net assets on an MCEV basis. An analysis of net assets on an MCEV basis gross of non-controlling interests is provided in E6.

3. Net assets for the total life businesses on an MCEV basis presented net of non-controlling interests.

 


31 December 2010

Covered 
business1
£m 
A 

Non-covered 
 but related
to life 
business2
£m 
B 

Total life 
business3
£m 
A+B 

Non-covered relating to non-life
£m
C

Total
non-covered
business
£m
B+C

Total
£m
A+B+C

Opening Group MCEV

15,058

2,055

17,113

(2,831)

(776)

14,282

Operating MCEV earnings

2,199

-

2,199

12

12

2,211

Non-operating MCEV earnings

(361)

(63)

(424)

(79)

(142)

(503)

Total MCEV earnings

1,838

(63)

1,775

(67)

(130)

1,708

Other movements in IFRS net equity

-

525

525

536

1,061

1,061

Capital and dividend flows

(1,020)

-

(1,020)

509

509

(511)

Foreign exchange variances

(170)

2

(168)

113

115

(55)

Acquired/divested businesses

425

(180)

245

(245)

(425)

-

Closing Group MCEV

16,131

2,339

18,470

(1,985)

354

16,485

Preference share capital and direct capital instruments






(1,190)

Equity attributable to ordinary shareholders of Aviva plc on an MCEV basis






15,295

1. Covered business represents the business that the MCEV calculations cover, as detailed in the Basis of preparation note. The embedded value is presented net of non-controlling interests and tax.

2. Non-covered but related to life business represents the adjustments to the MCEV, including goodwill, to calculate the long-term business net assets on an MCEV basis. An analysis of net assets on an MCEV basis gross of non-controlling interests is provided in E6.

3. Net assets for the total life businesses on an MCEV basis presented net of non-controlling interests.

 

 

Page 114

 

 

E1 - Basis of preparation

The condensed consolidated income statement and condensed consolidated statement of financial position on pages 108 to 111 present the Group's results and financial position for the covered life and related businesses on the Market Consistent Embedded Value (MCEV) basis and for its non-covered businesses on the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) basis. The MCEV methodology adopted is in accordance with the MCEV Principles published by the CFO Forum in October 2009.

      The directors consider that the MCEV methodology gives useful insight into the drivers of financial performance of the Group's life and related businesses. This basis values future cash flows from assets consistently with market prices, including more explicit allowance for the impact of uncertainty in future investment returns and other risks. Embedded value is also consistent with the way pricing is assessed and the business is managed.

      The results for our half year report have been reviewed by our auditors, Ernst & Young. Their report in respect of the half year report can be found on page 147.

Covered business

The MCEV calculations cover the following lines of business: life insurance, long-term health and accident insurance, savings, pensions and annuity business written by our life insurance subsidiaries, including managed pension fund business and our share of certain life and related business written in our associated undertakings and joint ventures, as well as the equity release business written in the UK.

      Covered business includes the Group's share of our joint ventures including our associated undertakings in India, China, Turkey, Malaysia, Taiwan and South Korea. In addition, the results of group companies providing significant administration, fund management and other services and of Group holding companies have been included to the extent that they relate to covered business. Together these businesses are referred to as "Life and related businesses".

      Aviva's associate holding of Delta Lloyd is not included within covered business as MCEV is not used to manage Delta Lloyd. For 'Group' MCEV reporting, which includes general insurance and other non-covered business, Delta Lloyd is included on an IFRS basis.

New business premiums

New business premiums include:

n premiums arising from the sale of new contracts during the period;

n non-contractual additional premiums; and

n expected renewals on new contracts and expected future contractual alterations to new contracts.

 

The Group's definition of new business under MCEV includes contracts that meet the definition of "non-participating investment" contracts under IFRS.

      For products sold to individuals, premiums are considered to represent new business where a new contract has been signed, or where underwriting has been performed. Renewal premiums include contractual renewals, non-contractual variations that are reasonably predictable and recurrent single premiums that are pre-defined and reasonably predictable.

      For Group products, new business includes new contracts and increases to aggregate premiums under existing contracts. Renewal premiums are based on the level of premium received during the reporting period and allow for premiums expected to be received beyond the expiry of any guaranteed premium rates.

Life and pensions operating earnings

For life and pensions operating earnings, Aviva uses normalised investment returns. The use of asset risk premia reflects management's long-term expectations of asset returns in excess of the swap yield from investing in different asset classes.

      The normalised investment return on equities and property has been calculated by reference to the 10 year swap rate in the relevant currency plus an appropriate risk premium. The expected return on bonds has been calculated by reference to the swap rate consistent with the duration of the backing assets in the relevant currency plus an appropriate risk margin (equivalent to the gross redemption yield less an allowance for defaults).

      The expected existing business contribution (in excess of reference rate) is calculated using the implied discount rates (IDR), which itself is based on the normalised investment returns. The methodology applies the IDR to the Value of In Force (VIF) and Required Capital (RC) components of the MCEV and adds to this the total expected return for Free Surplus (FS) to derive the total expected return, in a manner consistent with that previously used under European Embedded Value reporting. This total is presented as the expected existing business contribution (reference rate), expected existing business contribution (in excess of reference rate) and expected return on shareholders' net worth (grossed up for tax for pre tax presentation), with only the excess contribution being impacted by the change. The change to expected returns has no impact on total return or on the closing balance sheet.

 

 

Page 115

 

 

E1 - Basis of preparation continued

MCEV methodology

 

 

Overview

Under the MCEV methodology, profit is recognised as it is earned over the life of products defined within covered business. The total profit recognised over the lifetime of a policy is the same as under the IFRS basis of reporting, but the timing of recognition is different.

Calculation of the embedded value

The shareholders' interest in the life and related businesses is represented by the embedded value. The embedded value is the total of the net worth of the life and related businesses and the value of in-force covered business. Calculations are performed separately for each business and are based on the cash flows of that business, after allowing for both external and intra-Group reinsurance. Where one life business has an interest in another, the net worth of that business excludes the interest in the dependent company.

      The embedded value is calculated on an after-tax basis applying current legislation and practice together with future known changes. Where gross results are presented, these have been calculated by grossing up post-tax results at the full rate of corporation tax for each country based on opening period tax rates, apart from the UK, where a 26% tax rate was used for 2011 for grossing up.

Net worth

The net worth is the market value of the shareholders' funds and the shareholders' interest in the surplus held in the non-profit component of the long-term business funds, determined on a statutory solvency basis and adjusted to add back any non-admissible assets, and consists of the required capital and free surplus.

      Required capital is the market value of assets attributed to the covered business over and above that required to back liabilities for covered business, for which distribution to shareholders is restricted. Required capital is reported net of implicit items permitted on a local regulatory basis to cover minimum solvency margins which are assessed at a local entity level. The level of required capital for each business unit is generally set equal to the higher of:

n The level of capital at which the local regulator is empowered to take action;

n The capital requirement of the business unit under the group's economic capital requirements; and

n The target capital level of the business unit.

 

For Aviva US, the required capital is set at 325% of the NAIC Company Action Level in line with management targets and target credit ratings.

      This methodology reflects the level of capital considered by the directors to be appropriate to manage the business, and includes any additional shareholder funds not available for distribution, such as the reattributed inherited estate in the UK. The same definition of required capital is used for both existing and new business.

      The free surplus is the market value of any assets allocated to, but not required to support, the in-force covered business at the valuation date. The level of required capital across the business units expressed as a percentage of the EU minimum solvency margin (or equivalent) can be found in E15.

Value of in-force covered business (VIF)

The value of in-force covered business consists of the following components:

n present value of future profits;

n time value of financial options and guarantees;

n frictional costs of required capital; and

n cost of residual non-hedgeable risks.

Present value of future profits (PVFP)

This is the present value of the distributable profits to shareholders arising from the in-force covered business projected on a best estimate basis.

      Distributable profits generally arise when they are released following actuarial valuations. These valuations are carried out in accordance with any local statutory requirements designed to ensure and demonstrate solvency in long-term business funds. Future distributable profits will depend on experience in a number of areas such as investment return, discontinuance rates, mortality, administration costs, as well as management and policyholder actions. Releases to shareholders arising in future years from the in-force covered business and associated required capital can be projected using assumptions of future experience.

      Future profits are projected using best estimate non-economic assumptions and market consistent economic assumptions. In principle, each cash flow is discounted at a rate that appropriately reflects the riskiness of that cash flow, so higher risk cash flows are discounted at higher rates. In practice, the PVFP is calculated using the "certainty equivalent" approach, under which the reference rate is used for both the investment return and the discount rate. This approach ensures that asset cash flows are valued consistently with the market prices of assets without options and guarantees. Further information on the risk-free rates is given in note E15.

      The PVFP includes the capitalised value of profits and losses arising from subsidiary companies providing administration, investment management and other services to the extent that they relate to covered business. This is referred to as the "look through" into service company expenses. In addition, expenses arising in holding companies that relate directly to acquiring or maintaining covered business have been allowed for. Where external companies provide services to the life and related businesses, their charges have been allowed for in the underlying projected cost base.

 

 

Page 116

 

 

E1 - Basis of preparation continued

US capital solutions

 

 

Credit has been taken within the US embedded value, and value of new business, for the anticipated reduction in capital requirements based on management's intention to enact transactions which allow recognition of additional assets that can be held against certain reserves, reducing shareholder capital requirements. Similar transactions have been enacted for business written between 2006 and 2009.

US new business tax

US new business has been valued on a standalone basis with tax applied at the full corporation rate and consequential movements in the value of the Deferred Tax Asset included as a variance within existing business operating return.

Time value of financial options and guarantees (TVOG)

The PVFP calculation is based on a single (base) economic scenario; however, a single scenario cannot appropriately allow for the effect of certain product features. If an option or guarantee affects shareholder cash flows in the base scenario, the impact is included in the PVFP and is referred to as the intrinsic value of the option guarantee; however, future investment returns are uncertain and the actual impact on shareholder profits may be higher or lower. The value of in-force business needs to be adjusted for the impact of the range of potential future outcomes. Stochastic modelling techniques can be used to assess the impact of potential future outcomes, and the difference between the intrinsic value and the total stochastic value is referred to as the time value of the option or guarantee.

      Stochastic modelling typically involves projecting the future cash flows of the business under thousands of economic scenarios that are representative of the possible future outcomes for market variables such as interest rates and equity returns. Under a market consistent approach, the economic scenarios generated reflect the market's tendency towards risk aversion. Allowance is made, where appropriate, for the effect of management and/or policyholder actions in different economic conditions on future assumptions such as asset mix, bonus rates and surrender rates.

      Stochastic models are calibrated to market yield curves and volatility levels at the valuation date. Tests are performed to confirm that the scenarios used produce results that replicate the market price of traded instruments.

      Where evidence exists that persistency rates are linked to economic scenarios, dynamic lapse assumptions are set that vary depending on the individual scenarios. This cost is included in the TVOG. Dynamic lapses are modelled for parts of the UK, US and French businesses. Asymmetries in non-economic assumptions that are linked to economic scenarios, but that have insufficient evidence for credible dynamic assumptions, are allowed for within mean best estimate assumptions.

Frictional costs of required capital

The additional costs to a shareholder of holding the assets backing required capital within an insurance company rather than directly in the market are called frictional costs. They are explicitly deducted from the PVFP. The additional costs allowed for are the taxation costs and any additional investment expenses on the assets backing the required capital. The level of required capital is set out above in the net worth section.

      Frictional costs are calculated by projecting forwards the future levels of required capital. Tax on investment return and investment expenses are payable on the assets backing required capital, up until the point that they are released to shareholders.

Cost of residual non-hedgeable risks (CNHR)

The cost of residual non-hedgeable risks (CNHR) covers risks not already allowed for in the time value of options and guarantees or the PVFP. The allowance includes the impact of both non-hedgeable financial and non-financial risks. The most significant risk not included in the PVFP or TVOG is operational risk.

      Asymmetric risks allowed for in the TVOG or PVFP are described earlier in the basis of preparation. No allowance has been made within the cost of non-hedgeable risk for symmetrical risks as these are diversifiable by investors.

Participating business

Future regular bonuses on participating business are projected in a manner consistent with current bonus rates and expected future market-consistent returns on assets deemed to back the policies.

      For with-profit funds in the UK and Ireland, for the purpose of recognising the value of the estate, it is assumed that terminal bonuses are increased to exhaust all of the assets in the fund over the future lifetime of the in-force with-profit policies. However, under stochastic modelling there may be some extreme economic scenarios when the total assets in the Group's with-profit funds are not sufficient to pay all policyholder claims. The average additional shareholder cost arising from this shortfall has been included in the TVOG.

      For profit sharing business in continental Europe, where policy benefits and shareholder value depend on the timing of realising gains, the apportionment of unrealised gains between policyholders and shareholders reflect contractual requirements as well as existing practice. Under certain economic scenarios where additional shareholder injections are required to meet policyholder payments, the average additional cost has been included in the TVOG.

 

 

Page 117

 

 

E1 - Basis of preparation continued

The embedded value of the US spread-based products anticipates the application of management discretion allowed for contractually within the policies, subject to contractual guarantees. This includes the ability to change the crediting rates and indexed strategies available within the policy. Consideration is taken of the economic environment assumed in future projections and returns in excess of the reference rate are not assumed. Anticipated market and policyholder reaction to management action has been considered. The anticipated management action is consistent with current decision rules and has been approved and signed off by management and legal counsel.

Consolidation adjustments

The effect of transactions between group life companies such as loans and reinsurance arrangements have been included in the results split by territory in a consistent manner. No elimination is required on consolidation.

      As the MCEV methodology incorporates the impact of profits and losses arising from subsidiary companies providing administration, investment management and other services to the Group's life companies, the equivalent profits and losses have been removed from the relevant segment (non-insurance or fund management) and are instead included within the results of life and related businesses. In addition, the underlying basis of calculation for these profits has changed from the IFRS basis to the MCEV basis.

      The capitalised value of the future profits and losses from such service companies are included in the embedded value and value of new business calculations for the relevant business, but the net assets (representing historical profits and other amounts) remain under non-insurance or fund management. In order to reconcile the profits arising in the financial period within each segment with the assets on the opening and closing statement of financial positions, a transfer of IFRS profits from life and related business to the appropriate segment is deemed to occur. An equivalent approach has been adopted for expenses within our holding companies. The assessments of goodwill, intangibles and pension schemes relating to life insurance business utilise the IFRS measurement basis.

Exchange rates

The Group's principal overseas operations during the period were located within the Eurozone and the United States.

      The results and cash flows of these operations have been translated at the average rates for that period and the assets and liabilities have been translated at the period end rates. Please refer to note A2 on page 39 of the IFRS financial statements.

Restatement

During 2010, the Group's Dutch subsidiary, Delta Lloyd, reviewed its approach to the scope of business using adjusted swap rates (also known as a 'liquidity premium'). Delta Lloyd's approach was aligned with the Quantitative Impact Study (QIS) 5 methodology set out as part of Solvency II developments. The swap rate adjustment is applied in full to immediate annuity type contracts (as previously). In addition, 75% of the liquidity premium is applied to participating contracts and 50% to all other life covered business.

      Results for HY 2010 have been restated on a consistent basis leading to an increase in the opening 2010 Embedded Value of £57 million, which was restated at FY 2010, and an increase in closing HY 2010 Embedded Value of £19 million, all net of non-controlling interests. The impact on value of new business and expected return are not material. The movement in the restatement (£(38) million) is reported in economic variances.

Impact of Delta Lloyd disposal

On 6 May 2011, the Group sold 25 million shares in Delta Lloyd N.V. ("Delta Lloyd") (the Group's Dutch long-term insurance, general insurance and fund management subsidiary), reducing our holding to approximately 43% of Delta Lloyd's ordinary share capital.

      In line with IFRS, up to the date of partial disposal, Delta Lloyd has been presented as a discontinued operation. Following the partial disposal, when Delta Lloyd became an associate of Aviva, Delta Lloyd has been removed from covered business as it is not managed by either Aviva or Delta Lloyd on an MCEV basis. The impact on closing MCEV is a reduction of £1,519 million.

 

 

Page 118

 

 

E2 - Geographical analysis of life MCEV operating earnings

 

 







6 months
2011


United Kingdom
£m

Aviva
Europe
£m

North America
£m

Asia
Pacific
£m

Continuing operations

£m

Discontinued operations

£m

Total
£m

Value of new business

190

231

(86)

34

369

1

370

Earnings from existing business:








- expected returns at the reference rate

79

138

33

11

261

19

280

- expected returns in excess of the reference rate

190

170

198

4

562

109

671

- expected returns

269

308

231

15

823

128

951

- experience variances

(10)

33

(55)

(7)

(39)

3

(36)

- operating assumption changes

1

(17)

(14)

5

(25)

99

74

Expected return on shareholders' net worth

80

102

40

7

229

41

270

Other operating variances

(9)

(12)

20

(6)

(7)

(2)

(9)

Operating earnings before tax

521

645

136

48

1,350

270

1,620

 







6 months
 2010


United Kingdom
£m

Aviva
 Europe
£m

North America
£m

Asia
Pacific
£m

Continuing operations

£m

Discontinued operations

£m

Total
£m

Value of new business

176

285

4

18

483

(58)

425

Earnings from existing business:








- expected returns at the reference rate

78

129

34

6

247

26

273

- expected returns in excess of the reference rate

219

175

179

17

590

98

688

- expected returns

297

304

213

23

837

124

961

- experience variances

(8)

62

8

(12)

50

(25)

25

- operating assumption changes

2

(13)

-

(2)

(13)

-

(13)

Expected return on shareholders' net worth

87

79

40

6

212

50

262

Other operating variances

5

176

6

5

192

66

258

Operating earnings before tax

559

893

271

38

1,761

157

1,918

 







Full year
2010


United Kingdom
£m

Aviva
Europe
£m

North America
£m

Asia
Pacific
£m

Continuing operations

£m

Discontinued operations

£m

Total
£m

Value of new business

354

504

(194)

52

716

(92)

624

Earnings from existing business:








- expected returns at the reference rate

169

244

20

20

453

49

502

- expected returns in excess of the reference rate

425

357

401

25

1,208

181

1,389

- expected returns

594

601

421

45

1,661

230

1,891

- experience variances

(20)

147

(7)

(28)

92

(16)

76

- operating assumption changes

(18)

338

(146)

13

187

(320)

(133)

Expected return on shareholders' net worth

179

152

82

12

425

124

549

Other operating variances

(4)

271

133

15

415

157

572

Operating earnings before tax

1,085

2,013

289

109

3,496

83

3,579

United Kingdom

MCEV operating earnings were 7% lower at £521 million (HY10: £559 million) driven by a reduced expected return partially offset by an increased value of new business.

 

Value of new business grew 8% to £190 million (HY10: £176 million), reflecting higher sales of Group Personal Pensions and Annuities, alongside our continued focus on value maximisation through active management of our new business mix, robust cost control and pricing discipline.

 

Total expected return decreased to £349 million (HY10: £384 million), as a result of lower implied discount rate, albeit on higher embedded value.

 

Experience variances of £10 million adverse (HY10: £8 million adverse) reflect adverse pensions persistency experience driven by current economic conditions partially offset by favourable mortality experience.

 

Other operating variancesof £9 million adverse (HY10: £5 million positive) reflect the finalisation of previous years regulatory returns.

 

 

Page 119

 

 

E2 - Geographical analysis of life MCEV operating earnings continued

Aviva Europe

MCEV operating earning sdecreased 28% to £645 million (HY10: £893 million) predominantly because the prior period included £188 million for modelling refinements recorded in France. Additionally our focus on value over volume has driven life and pensions sales down with a corresponding decline in the value of new business whilst improving margin to 3.7% (HY10: 3.6%).

 

Value of new business decreased 19% to £231 million (HY10: £285 million) following lower sales in Spain and the management action to reduce sales of profit-sharing products in Italy and, to a lesser extent, in France.

 

Total expected return increased 7% to £410 million (HY10: £383 million) resulting from increased yields on shareholders' net worth.

 

Experience variances were positive at £33 million (HY10: £62 million) following positive mortality and other experience in France and Poland.

 

Assumption changes of negative £17 million (HY10: £13 million adverse) reflects strengthening of expense assumptions in Ireland partially offset by a provision release in Poland.

 

Other operating variances were negative at £12 million (HY10: £176 million positive). The significant variance from the prior period is accounted for in the £188 million of prior period modelling refinements that were recorded in France.

North America

MCEV operating earnings decreased to £136 million (HY10: £271 million) due to lower value of new business combined with lower earnings from existing business. The decline in in-force earnings was primarily driven by unfavourable mortality and spread experience variances.

 

Value of new business of negative £86 million (HY10: £4 million positive) reflected adverse economic movements from lower risk-free rates and adverse impacts of assumption changes from 2010, partially offset by the benefits of pricing and product management actions.

 

Total expected return increased to £271 million (HY10: £253 million) reflecting the growing book of existing business.

 

Operating experience and assumption changes on existing business were £69 million adverse (HY10: £8 million favourable) reflecting higher mortality and unfavourable spread variances.

 

Other operating variances were £20 million favourable (HY10: £6 million favourable) reflecting modelling refinements offset by the marginal impact of new business on the value of deferred tax losses.

Asia Pacific

MCEV operating earnings were 26% higher at £48 million (HY10: £38 million) as higher value of new business was partly offset by adverse other operating variances.

 

Value of new business was 89% higher at £34 million (HY10: £18 million), reflecting improved product mix and volumes.

 

Total expected return was £22 million (HY10: £29 million), as a result of lower implied discount rates.

 

Operating experience variances, other operating variances and assumption changes on existing business of £8 million unfavourable (HY10: £9 million unfavourable), is relatively unchanged.

 

 

Page 120

 

 

E2 - Geographical analysis of life MCEV operating earnings continued

 

 

Gross of tax and
non-controlling interests
30 June 2011

UK
£m

France
£m

Ireland
£m

Italy
£m

Poland
£m

Spain

£m

Other Europe
£m

Aviva Europe
£m

North America
£m

Asia
Pacific
£m

Continuing operations

£m

Discontinued operations

£m

Total
£m

Value of new business

190

97

2

50

20

49

13

231

(86)

34

369

1

370

Earnings from existing    business














- expected existing
   business contribution
   (reference rate)

79

57

8

12

36

16

9

138

33

11

261

19

280

- expected existing business
   contribution (in excess
   of reference rate)

190

71

12

35

12

37

3

170

198

4

562

109

671

Experience variances














- maintenance expense

12

(3)

(4)

(1)

3

-

3

(2)

1

-

11

(1)

10

- project and other related
   expenses

(10)

(4)

-

-

-

-

(2)

(6)

(5)

(1)

(22)

4

(18)

- mortality/morbidity1

4

19

(3)

5

5

(7)

3

22

(18)

6

14

(8)

6

- lapses2

(14)

3

(5)

(3)

-

-

-

(5)

(5)

(10)

(34)

(1)

(35)

- other3

(2)

14

(4)

5

6

-

3

24

(28)

(2)

(8)

9

1


(10)

29

(16)

6

14

(7)

7

33

(55)

(7)

(39)

3

(36)

Operating assumption
   changes:














- maintenance expense4

-

-

(26)

-

11

-

2

(13)

-

5

(8)

100

92

- project and other
   related expenses

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- mortality/morbidity

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

1

(1)

-

- lapses5

-

-

-

-

-

-

(4)

(4)

(14)

(1)

(19)

-

(19)

- other

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

1


1

-

(26)

-

11

-

(2)

(17)

(14)

5

(25)

99

74

Expected return on    shareholders' net worth

80

40

14

23

6

16

3

102

40

7

229

41

270

Other operating variances6

(9)

1

(3)

4

(1)

-

(13)

(12)

20

(6)

(7)

(2)

(9)

Earnings before tax and
   non-controlling interests

521

295

(9)

130

98

111

20

645

136

48

1,350

270

1,620

1. Mortality experience continues to be better than the assumption set across a number of our businesses, most notably in France. Adverse experience reflects normal volatility in mortality and increased retention limits in the US.

2. Persistency experience remains volatile across most of our businesses, in part reflecting the wider economic circumstances. Asia reflects an accumulation of small adverse experience across businesses.

3. Other experience includes positive tax variances in France and adverse spread variance in the US.

4. Maintenance expense assumptions reflect the adverse impact of reallocating expenses from acquisition to maintenance in Ireland, provision release in Poland and the benefits of restructuring in Delta Lloyd.

5. Persistency assumptions have been updated in a number of businesses, including refinement of 2010 assumptions in the US.

6. Other operating variances for the US relate to modelling enhancements offset by the marginal impact of new business on the value of deferred tax losses, and in Other Europe, management action to improve persistency.

 

 

Page 121

 

 

E2 - Geographical analysis of life MCEV operating earnings continued

 

 

Gross of tax and
non-controlling interests
30 June 2010

UK
£m

France
£m

Ireland
£m

Italy
£m

Poland
£m

Spain

£m

Other Europe
£m

Aviva Europe
£m

North America
£m

Asia
Pacific
£m

Continuing operations

£m

Discontinued operations

£m

Total
£m

Value of new business

176

102

1

84

20

66

12

285

4

18

483

(58)

425

 

Earnings from existing    business














 

- expected existing
   business contribution
   (reference rate)

78

53

6

8

37

16

9

129

34

6

247

26

273

 

- expected existing business
   contribution (in excess
   of reference rate)

219

90

16

18

14

36

1

175

179

17

590

98

688

 

Experience variances














 

- maintenance expense1

(2)

(12)

-

1

5

4

2

-

-

-

(2)

(15)

(17)

 

- project and other related
   expenses

(6)

-

-

-

-

-

(2)

(2)

(8)

-

(16)

(1)

(17)

 

- mortality/morbidity2

12

22

5

1

5

(5)

2

30

9

3

54

3

57

 

- lapses3

(10)

18

(6)

1

-

(13)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(14)

(26)

4

(22)

 

- other4

(2)

6

10

6

14

-

(1)

35

8

(1)

40

(16)

24

 


(8)

34

9

9

24

(14)

-

62

8

(12)

50

(25)

25

 

Operating assumption
   changes:














 

- maintenance expense5

95

-

4

-

-

-

-

4

-

3

102

-

102

 

- project and other
   related expenses5

(89)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

(89)

-

(89)

 

- mortality/morbidity

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

- lapses6

-

-

-

-

-

(17)

-

(17)

-

(3)

(20)

-

(20)

 

- other

(4)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

(2)

(6)

-

(6)

 


2

-

4

-

-

(17)

-

(13)

-

(2)

(13)

-

(13)

 

Expected return on    shareholders' net worth

87

27

8

27

5

9

3

79

40

6

212

50

262

 

Other operating variances7

5

188

(3)

-

(1)

(1)

(7)

176

6

5

192

66

258

 

Earnings before tax and
   non-controlling interests

559

494

41

146

99

95

18

893

271

38

1,761

157

1,918

 

1. Adverse expense experience occurs across several countries, partly offset by favourable experience in Poland.

2. Mortality experience continues to be better than the assumptions set across a number of our businesses, most notably in France and the UK annuity business.

3. Persistency experience remains volatile across most of our businesses, in part reflecting the wider economic circumstances. In France, persistency experience reflects a release of the short term provision.

4. Other experience relates to a number of smaller items within various business including a reduction in the allowance for non hedgeable risk in Poland. In the USA, there were positive impacts from spread variances.

5. For UK, the expense assumptions include a reallocation of provisions in the service company, better reflecting the expected future allocation of expenses. The impact in Ireland reflected the benefit of a release of prudent regulatory reserves.

6. Persistency assumptions have been strengthened in Spain.

7. Other operating variances for France relate to modelling changes, particularly relating to the time value of options and guarantees. In Delta Lloyd, modelling changes include impacts related to commercial mortgages partly offset by changes to group pension business.

 

 

Page 122

 

 

E2 - Geographical analysis of life MCEV operating earnings continued

 

 

Gross of tax and
non-controlling interests
31 December 2010

UK
£m

France
£m

Ireland
£m

Italy
£m

Poland
£m

Spain

£m

Other Europe
£m

Aviva Europe
£m

North America
£m

Asia
Pacific
£m

Continuing operations

£m

Discontinued operations

£m

Total
£m

Value of new business

354

175

1

142

40

128

18

504

(194)

52

716

(92)

624

Earnings from existing    business











 

 



- expected existing
   business contribution
   (reference rate)

169

98

12

13

74

34

13

244

20

20

453

49

502

- expected existing business
   contribution (in excess
   of reference rate)

425

183

30

34

25

76

9

357

401

25

1,208

181

1,389

Experience variances














- maintenance expense1

12

(25)

6

(11)

5

(1)

5

(21)

(16)

(2)

(27)

(21)

(48)

- project and other related
   expenses1

(8)

(5)

(2)

-

-

(2)

(5)

(14)

(18)

(3)

(43)

(4)

(47)

- mortality/morbidity2

23

27

3

(4)

13

2

3

44

(7)

9

69

13

82

- lapses3

(29)

27

(10)

18

(1)

(11)

(11)

12

(3)

(27)

(47)

5

(42)

- other4

(18)

93

(4)

12

14

3

8

126

37

(5)

140

(9)

131


(20)

117

(7)

15

31

(9)

-

147

(7)

(28)

92

(16)

76

Operating assumption
   changes:














- maintenance expense5

83

31

(3)

(11)

140

132

-

289

(88)

8

292

220

512

- project and other
   related expenses5

(92)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

(92)

(6)

(98)

- mortality/morbidity6

2

57

7

1

7

(2)

-

70

(64)

17

25

(470)

(445)

- lapses7

(3)

(12)

(17)

39

13

(49)

(7)

(33)

6

(12)

(42)

(52)

(94)

- other

(8)

4

-

(2)

8

-

2

12

-

-

4

(12)

(8)


(18)

80

(13)

27

168

81

(5)

338

(146)

13

187

(320)

(133)

Expected return on    shareholders' net worth

179

47

20

50

9

18

8

152

82

12

425

124

549

Other operating variances8

(4)

271

(6)

(15)

30

(9)

-

271

133

15

415

157

572

Earnings before tax and
   non-controlling interests

1,085

971

37

266

377

319

43

2,013

289

109

3,496

83

3,579

1. Adverse expense experience occurred across a number of businesses.

2. Mortality experience continues to be better than the assumption set across a number of our businesses, most notably in France and the UK Annuity business.

3. Persistency experience remains volatile across most of our businesses, in part reflecting the wider economic circumstances. In France, persistency experience reflects a release of the short-term provision.

4. Other experience includes, in France, the benefit from policyholders switching to unit linked funds, and, in the USA favourable spread experience.

5. Favourable maintenance expense assumptions reflect the benefit of the shared service centre in Spain, together with the release of margins in Spain, related to bancassurance joint venture governance costs, and Poland. In the UK, the expense assumptions include a reallocation of provisions in the service company, better reflecting the expected future allocation of costs. In the USA, the adverse impact reflects a revised allocation of costs between ongoing and one-off. In Delta Lloyd, favourable expense assumptions relate to planned expense saving following restructuring activities.

6. Delta Lloyd have updated mortality assumptions to reflect recently published tables, which include a significantly increased allowance for mortality improvements. In France and the USA, mortality assumptions have been updated reflecting experience.

7. Persistency assumptions have been updated in a number of businesses.

8. Other operating variances for France relate to modelling changes, particularly relating to the time value of options and guarantees, and the benefit of reducing minimum guarantee rates. In Delta Lloyd, modelling changes include impacts related to commercial mortgages partly offset by changes to group pensions business. In the US, other operating variances related to the benefit of an AXXX capital solution together with modelling refinements on our asset portfolio.

 

 

Page 123

 

 

E2 - Geographical analysis of life MCEV operating earnings continued

 

 

Net of tax and
non-controlling interests
30 June 2011

UK
£m

France
£m

Ireland
£m

Italy
£m

Poland
£m

Spain

£m

Other Europe
£m

Aviva Europe
£m

North America
£m

Asia
Pacific
£m

Continuing operations

£m

Discontinued operations

£m

Total
£m

Value of new business

140

53

1

15

14

17

11

111

(55)

27

223

-

223

Earnings from existing
   business














- expected existing
   business contribution
   (reference rate)

58

36

5

4

26

6

8

85

21

8

172

7

179

- expected existing business
   contribution (in excess
   of reference rate)

141

43

9

11

8

13

3

87

128

3

359

41

400

Experience variances














- maintenance expense

9

(2)

(3)

(1)

3

-

2

(1)

1

-

9

-

9

- project and other related
   expenses

(7)

(2)

-

-

-

-

(2)

(4)

(3)

(1)

(15)

2

(13)

- mortality/morbidity1

3

11

(2)

2

4

(3)

3

15

(12)

5

11

(4)

7

- lapses2

(10)

3

(3)

(1)

-

(2)

-

(3)

(4)

(8)

(25)

-

(25)

- other3

(2)

8

(3)

2

4

-

2

13

(18)

(1)

(8)

4

(4)


(7)

18

(11)

2

11

(5)

5

20

(36)

(5)

(28)

2

(26)

Operating assumption
   changes:














- maintenance expense4

-

-

(17)

-

8

-

1

(8)

-

3

(5)

43

38

- project and other related
   expenses

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- mortality/morbidity

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

(1)

(1)

- lapses5

-

-

-

-

-

-

(4)

(4)

(9)

2

(11)

-

(11)

- other

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

1


1

-

(17)

-

8

-

(3)

(12)

(9)

5

(15)

42

27

Expected return
   on shareholders'
   net worth

60

24

9

8

4

7

2

54

26

5

145

17

162

Other operating variances6

(6)

4

(2)

1

(1)

-

(10)

(8)

13

(5)

(6)

(3)

(9)

Earnings after tax and
   non-controlling interests

387

178

(6)

41

70

38

16

337

88

38

850

106

956

1. Mortality experience continues to be better than the assumption set across a number of our businesses, most notably in France. Adverse experience reflects normal volatility in mortality and increased retention limits in the US.

2. Persistency experience remains volatile across most of our businesses, in part reflecting the wider economic circumstances. Asia reflects an accumulation of small adverse experience across businesses.

3. Other experience includes positive tax variances in France and adverse spread variance in the US.

4. Maintenance expense assumptions reflect the adverse impact of reallocating expenses from acquisition to maintenance in Ireland, provision release in Poland and the benefits of restructuring in Delta Lloyd.

5. Persistency assumptions have been updated in a number of businesses, including refinement of 2010 assumptions in the US.

6. Other operating variances for the US relate to modelling enhancements offset by the marginal impact of new business on the value of deferred tax losses, and in Other Europe, management action to improve persistency.

 

 

Page 124

 

 

 E2 - Geographical analysis of life MCEV operating earnings continued

 

 

Net of tax and
non-controlling interests
30 June 2010

UK
£m

France
£m

Ireland
£m

Italy
£m

Poland
£m

Spain

£m

Other Europe
£m

Aviva Europe
£m

North America
£m

Asia
Pacific
£m

Continuing operations

£m

Discontinued operations

£m

Total
£m

Value of new business

126

58

1

24

15

22

9

129

2

14

271

(25)

246

Earnings from existing
   business














- expected existing
   business contribution
   (reference rate)

56

32

4

3

26

6

8

79

22

3

160

11

171

- expected existing business
   contribution (in excess
   of reference rate)

158

53

11

5

10

11

1

91

116

14

379

38

417

Experience variances














- maintenance expense1

(2)

(7)

-

-

4

1

1

(1)

-

1

(2)

(5)

(7)

- project and other related
   expenses

(5)

1

-

-

-

-

(2)

(1)

(5)

-

(11)

(1)

(12)

- mortality/morbidity2

9

12

4

-

4

(2)

1

19

6

3

37

(1)

36

- lapses3

(7)

12

(5)

1

(1)

(5)

-

2

-

(11)

(16)

-

(16)

- other4

(2)

4

6

2

10

1

-

23

5

(1)

25

(5)

20


(7)

22

5

3

17

(5)

-

42

6

(8)

33

(12)

21

Operating assumption
   changes:














- maintenance expense5

68

-

3

-

-

-

-

3

-

2

73

-

73

- project and other related
   expenses5

(64)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

(64)

-

(64)

- mortality/morbidity

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- lapses6

-

-

-

-

-

(6)

-

(6)

-

(1)

(7)

-

(7)

- other

(2)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

(2)

(4)

-

(4)


2

-

3

-

-

(6)

-

(3)

-

(1)

(2)

-

(2)

Expected return
   on shareholders'
   net worth

63

16

5

9

3

4

2

39

26

4

132

21

153

Other operating variances7

4

101

(2)

-

(1)

(1)

(6)

91

4

2

101

25

126

Earnings after tax and
   non-controlling interests

402

282

27

44

70

31

14

468

176

28

1,074

58

1,132

1. Adverse expense experience occurs across several countries, partly offset by favourable experience in Poland.

2. Mortality experience continues to be better than the assumptions set across a number of our businesses, most notably in France and the UK annuity business.

3. Persistency experience remains volatile across most of our businesses, in part reflecting the wider economic circumstances. In France, persistency experience reflects a release of the short term provision.

4. Other experience relates to a number of smaller items within various business including a reduction in the allowance for non hedgeable risk in Poland. In the USA, there were positive impacts from spread variances.

5. For UK, the expense assumptions include a reallocation of provisions in the service company, better reflecting the expected future allocation of expenses. The impact in Ireland reflected the benefit of a release of prudent regulatory reserves.

6. Persistency assumptions have been strengthened in Spain.

7. Other operating variances for France relate to modelling changes, particularly relating to the time value of options and guarantees. In Delta Lloyd, modelling changes include impacts related to commercial mortgages partly offset by changes to group pension business.



 

Page 125

 

 

E2 - Geographical analysis of life MCEV operating earnings continued

 

 

Net of tax and
non-controlling interests
31 December 2010

UK
£m

France
£m

Ireland
£m

Italy
£m

Poland
£m

Spain

£m

Other Europe
£m

Aviva Europe
£m

North America
£m

Asia
Pacific
£m

Continuing operations

£m

Discontinued operations

£m

Total
£m

Value of new business

254

100

1

42

29

43

15

230

(126)

41

399

(41)

358

Earnings from existing
   business














- expected existing
   business contribution
   (reference rate)

122

61

8

4

53

13

11

150

13

14

299

19

318

- expected existing business
   contribution (in excess
   of reference rate)

306

115

19

11

18

27

7

197

261

20

784

68

852

Experience variances














- maintenance expense1

8

(16)

5

(6)

3

(3)

4

(13)

(10)

(1)

(16)

(9)

(25)

- project and other related
   expenses1

(6)

(3)

(1)

-

-

(2)

(4)

(10)

(12)

(3)

(31)

(1)

(32)

- mortality/morbidity2

17

15

2

(2)

10

-

2

27

(5)

7

46

3

49

- lapses3

(21)

19

(7)

6

-

(6)

(9)

3

(2)

(22)

(42)

-

(42)

- other4

(12)

62

(3)

3

10

2

6

80

24

(4)

88

(3)

85


(14)

77

(4)

1

23

(9)

(1)

87

(5)

(23)

45

(10)

35

Operating assumption
   changes:














- maintenance expense5

57

21

(2)

(8)

97

83

-

191

(57)

8

199

89

288

- project and other related
   expenses

(65)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

(65)

(3)

(68)

- mortality/morbidity6

1

38

5

1

4

-

-

48

(42)

13

20

(198)

(178)

- lapses7

(2)

(8)

(12)

10

10

(17)

(6)

(23)

4

(9)

(30)

(21)

(51)

- other

(6)

3

-

-

6

-

1

10

-

-

4

(5)

(1)


(15)

54

(9)

3

117

66

(5)

226

(95)

12

128

(138)

(10)

Expected return
   on shareholders'
   net worth

129

27

14

17

6

7

6

77

53

9

268

50

318

Other operating variances8

(4)

162

(4)

(2)

20

(4)

-

172

87

9

264

64

328

Earnings after tax and
   non-controlling interests

778

596

25

76

266

143

33

1,139

188

82

2,187

12

2,199

1. Adverse expense experience occurred across a number of businesses.

2. Mortality experience continues to be better than the assumption set across a number of our businesses, most notably in France and the UK Annuity business.

3. Persistency experience remains volatile across most of our businesses, in part reflecting the wider economic circumstances. In France, persistency experience reflects a release of the short-term provision.

4. Other experience includes, in France, the benefit from policyholders switching to unit linked funds, and, in the USA favourable spread experience.

5. Favourable maintenance expense assumptions reflect the benefit of the shared service centre in Spain, together with the release of margins in Spain, related to bancassurance joint venture governance costs, and Poland. In the UK, the expense assumptions include a reallocation of provisions in the service company, better reflecting the expected future allocation of costs. In the USA, the adverse impact reflects a revised allocation of costs between ongoing and one-off. In Delta Lloyd, favourable expense assumptions relate to planned expense saving following restructuring activities.

6. Delta Lloyd have updated mortality assumptions to reflect recently published tables, which include a significantly increased allowance for mortality improvements. In France and the USA, mortality assumptions have been updated reflecting experience.

7. Persistency assumptions have been updated in a number of businesses.

8. Other operating variances for France relate to modelling changes, particularly relating to the time value of options and guarantees, and the benefit of reducing minimum guarantee rates. In Delta Lloyd, modelling changes include impacts related to commercial mortgages partly offset by changes to group pensions business. In the US, other operating variances related to the benefit of an AXXX capital solution together with modelling refinements on our asset portfolio.

 

 

Page 126

 

 

E3 - Geographical analysis of fund management operating earnings

The summarised consolidated income statement - MCEV basis, includes earnings from the Group's fund management operations
as analysed below. This excludes the proportion of the results of Aviva Investors fund management businesses and other fund management operations within the group that arise from the provision of fund management services to our Life businesses. These results are included within the Life MCEV operating earnings.

 


6 months
2011
£m

6 months 2010
£m

Full year
2010
£m

United Kingdom

2

2

28

Europe

7

6

10

North America

(3)

(3)

(8)

Asia Pacific

-

(2)

-

Aviva Investors

6

3

30

United Kingdom

3

(2)

3

Aviva Europe

-

-

-

Asia Pacific

-

(1)

(2)

Total - continuing operations

9

-

31

Total - discontinued operations

9

13

94

Total

18

13

125

E4 - Analysis of other operations and regional costs

Where subsidiaries provide services to our life business, that proportion has been excluded. These results are included within the Life MCEV operating return.

 


6 months 2011


6 months 2010


Full year 2010


Regional
costs
£m

Other operations
£m


Total
£m


Regional
costs
£m

Other operations
£m


Total
£m


Regional
costs
£m

Other operations
£m


Total
£m

United Kingdom

-

(28)

(28)


-

(1)

(1)


-

(21)

(21)

Aviva Europe

(20)

(7)

(27)


(18)

(15)

(33)


(55)

(43)

(98)

North America

(6)

(2)

(8)


(12)

3

(9)


(26)

6

(20)

Asia Pacific

(17)

-

(17)


(19)

1

(18)


(32)

-

(32)

Total - continuing operations

(43)

(37)

(80)


(49)

(12)

(61)


(113)

(58)

(171)

Total - discontinued operations

-

7

7


-

28

28


-

(24)

(24)

Total

(43)

(30)

(73)


(49)

16

(33)


(113)

(82)

(195)

E5 - Exceptional items and Integration and restructuring costs

There were no exceptional items in the first half of 2011 (HY10: £(60) million; FY10: £(428) million). Exceptional items for the half year 2010 were mainly due to Delta Lloyd which recognised a total of £(50) million costs in relation to unit-linked insurance compensation scheme and compensation costs in defined contribution pension schemes.

      For full year 2010, exceptional items were mainly due to a change in the cost of capital charge for the Cost of Non-Hedgeable Risk, from 2.5% to 3.3% p.a. with total impact of £(365) million, the impact of reducing state contributions to Pillar II Pension funds in Poland, following the announcement to change legislation on 1 April 2011 of £(280) million, and the recognition by Delta Lloyd of £(59) million costs in relation to unit-linked insurance compensation scheme and compensation costs in defined contribution pension schemes, partly offset by a £286 million benefit from the closure of the final salary section of the UK staff pension scheme to future accruals.

      Integration and restructuring costs incurred in the year amounted to £(60) million (HY10: £(72) million; FY10: £(312) million). This includes costs associated with preparing the businesses for Solvency II implementation of £34 million, expenditure relating to the Quantum Leap project in Europe of £23 million, and other restructuring exercises across the Group of £17 million, partially offset by benefits of regulatory changes of £14 million.

 

 

Page 127

 

 

E6 - Segmentation of condensed consolidated statement of financial position

 

 


30 June 2011


Restated

30 June 2010


31 December 2010


Life and related businesses
£m

General business and other
£m

Group
£m


Life and related businesses
£m

General business and other
£m

Group
£m


Life and related businesses
£m

General business and other
£m

Group
£m

Total assets before acquired value
   of in-force long-term business

291,631

29,880

321,511


308,194

45,211

353,405


323,476

45,378

368,854

Acquired additional value of in-force
   long-term business

1,095

-

1,095


1,213

-

1,213


1,253

-

1,253

Total assets included in the IFRS
   statement of financial position

292,726

29,880

322,606


309,407

45,211

354,618


324,729

45,378

370,107

Liabilities of the long-term business

(277,171)

-

(277,171)


(291,677)

-

(291,677)


(305,673)

-

(305,673)

Liabilities of the general insurance and
   other businesses

-

(30,230)

(30,230)


-

(47,163)

(47,163)


-

(46,709)

(46,709)

Net assets on a statutory IFRS basis

15,555

(350)

15,205


17,730

(1,952)

15,778


19,056

(1,331)

17,725

Additional value of in-force long-term
   business1

4,426

-

4,426


2,251

-

2,251


2,737

-

2,737

Net assets on an MCEV basis2

19,981

(350)

19,631


19,981

(1,952)

18,029


21,793

(1,331)

20,462

Equity capital, capital reserves, shares
   held by employee trusts and other
   reserves



6,773




7,053




7,207

IFRS basis retained earnings



5,303




3,971




5,411

Additional MCEV basis retained earnings



3,785




1,916




2,677

Equity attributable to ordinary
   shareholders of Aviva plc
   on an MCEV basis



15,861




12,940




15,295

Preference share capital and direct
   capital instruments



1,190




1,190




1,190

Non-controlling interests



2,580




3,899




3,977

MCEV basis total equity



19,631




18,029




20,462

 

1. The analysis between the group's and non-controlling interests' share of the additional value of in-force long-term business is as follows:

 


30 June
2011
£m

31 December
2010
£m

Movement
in period
£m

Group's share included in shareholders' funds

3,785

2,677

1,108

Non-controlling interests' share

736

236

500

Movements in AFS securities

(95)

(176)

81

Additional value of in-force long-term business

4,426

2,737

1,689

 

2. Analysis of net assets on an MCEV basis is made up as follows:

 


30 June
2011
£m

Restated

30 June
2010
£m

31 December 2010
£m

Embedded value

15,557

14,529

16,131

Non-controlling interests

1,850

3,166

3,133


17,407

17,695

19,264

Goodwill and intangible assets allocated to long-term business3

2,378

2,593

2,356

Notional allocation of IAS19 pension fund surplus/(deficit) to long-term business4

196

(307)

173

Investment in Delta Lloyd long-term business

-

-

-

Long-term business net assets on an MCEV basis

19,981

19,981

21,793

3. Goodwill and intangible assets includes amounts related to associated undertakings and joint ventures.

4. The value of the Aviva Staff Pension Scheme surplus has been notionally allocated between segments, based on current funding and the Life proportion has been included within the long-term business net assets on an MCEV basis. The pension fund surplus notionally allocated to long-term business is net of the agreed funding borne by the UK with-profit funds.

 

 

Page 128

 

 

E7 - Analysis of life and pension earnings

The following table provides an analysis of the movement in embedded value for covered business. The analysis is shown separately for free surplus, required capital and the value of in-force covered business, and includes amounts transferred between these categories. All figures are shown net of tax and non-controlling interests.

 

 


Continuing operations


Discontinued operations


Total

Net of tax and

non-controlling interests

30 June 2011

Free surplus
£m

Required

capital1

£m

VIF
£m

Total
MCEV
£m


Free surplus
£m

Required

capital1

£m

VIF
£m

Total
MCEV
£m


Total MCEV

£m

Opening Group MCEV

1,285

7,398

5,952

14,635


356

944

196

1,496


16,131

New business value

(488)

319

392

223


(29)

14

15

-


223

Expected existing business contribution (reference rate)

-

-

172

172


-

-

7

7


179

Expected existing business contribution (in excess of
   reference rate)

-

-

359

359


-

-

41

41


400

Transfers from VIF and required capital to the free surplus

897

(309)

(588)

-


85

(25)

(60)

-


-

Experience variances

25

50

(103)

(28)


2

-

-

2


(26)

Assumption changes

68

(126)

43

(15)


-

-

42

42


27

Expected return on shareholders' net worth

48

97

-

145


5

12

-

17


162

Other operating variances

(134)

23

105

(6)


(2)

3

(4)

(3)


(9)

Operating MCEV earnings

416

54

380

850


61

4

41

106


956

Economic variances

119

23

71

213


212

(83)

(255)

(126)


87

Other non-operating variances2

7

(19)

15

3


-

-

-

-


3

Total MCEV earnings

542

58

466

1,066


273

(79)

(214)

(20)


1,046

Capital and dividend flows3

(414)

-

-

(414)


(3)

-

-

(3)


(417)

Foreign exchange variances

17

110

143

270


16

28

2

46


316

Acquired/divested business

-

-

-

-


(642)

(893)

16

(1,519)


(1,519)

Closing MCEV

1,430

7,566

6,561

15,557


-

-

-

-


15,557

1. Required capital is shown net of implicit items permitted by local regulators to cover minimum solvency margins.

2. Other non-operating variances relate to costs for Solvency II implementation and other restructuring exercises offset by minor benefits of regulatory changes in Spain and Poland.

3. Included within capital and dividend flows is the transfer to Life and related businesses from other segments consisting of service company profits and losses during the reported period that have emerged from the value of in-force. Since the "look through" into service companies includes only future profits and losses, these amounts must be eliminated from the closing embedded value.

 

Divested business is the removal of Delta Lloyd from covered business subsequent to the reduction of our holding to 43%.

 


Continuing operations


Discontinued operations


Total

Restated

Net of tax and

non-controlling interests

30 June 2010

Free
 surplus
£m

Required

capital1

£m

VIF
£m

Total
MCEV
£m


Free surplus
£m

Required

capital1

£m

VIF
£m

Total
MCEV
£m


Total MCEV

£m

Opening Group MCEV

1,836

6,451

5,183

13,470


368

1,095

125

1,588


15,058

New business value

(605)

374

502

271


(63)

32

6

(25)


246

Expected existing business contribution (reference rate)

-

-

160

160


-

-

11

11


171

Expected existing business contribution (in excess of
   reference rate)

-

-

379

379


-

-

38

38


417

Transfers from VIF and required capital to the free surplus

819

(165)

(654)

-


96

(34)

(62)

-


-

Experience variances

48

1

(16)

33


(18)

-

6

(12)


21

Assumption changes

50

(3)

(49)

(2)


-

-

-

-


(2)

Expected return on shareholders' net worth

51

81

-

132


7

14

-

21


153

Other operating variances

58

(27)

70

101


-

-

25

25


126

Operating MCEV earnings

421

261

392

1,074

22

12

24

58

1,132

Economic variances

(26)

239

(202)

11


(13)

(130)

(92)

(235)


(224)

Other non-operating variances2

(11)

-

9

(2)


(30)

(1)

11

(20)


(22)

Total MCEV earnings

384

500

199

1,083

(21)

(119)

(57)

(197)

886

Capital and dividend flows3

(892)

-

-

(892)


-

-

-

-


(892)

Foreign exchange variances

(40)

(85)

(271)

(396)


(27)

(76)

(10)

(113)


(509)

Acquired/divested business

-

-

(5)

(5)


(2)

(7)

-

(9)


(14)

Closing MCEV

1,288

6,866

5,106

13,260


318

893

58

1,269


14,529

1. Required capital is shown net of implicit items permitted by local regulators to cover minimum solvency margins.

2. Other non-operating variances relate to unit-linked insurance compensation scheme and compensation costs in Delta Lloyd.

3. Included within capital and dividend flows is the transfer to Life and related businesses from other segments consisting of service company profits and losses during the reported period that have emerged from the value of in-force. Since the "look through" into service companies includes only future profits and losses, these amounts must be eliminated from the closing embedded value.

 

 

Page 129

 

 

E7 - Analysis of life and pension earnings continued

 

 


Continuing operations


Discontinued operations


Total

Net of tax and

non-controlling interests

31 December 2010

Free surplus
£m

Required

capital1

£m

VIF
£m

Total
MCEV
£m


Free surplus
£m

Required

capital1

£m

VIF
£m

Total
MCEV
£m


Total
MCEV
£m

Opening Group MCEV

1,836

6,451

5,183

13,470


368

1,095

125

1,588


15,058

New business value

(1,136)

846

689

399


(114)

55

18

(41)


358

Expected existing business contribution (reference rate)

-

-

299

299


-

-

19

19


318

Expected existing business contribution (in excess of
   reference rate)

-

-

784

784


-

-

68

68


852

Transfers from VIF and required capital to the free surplus

1,594

(509)

(1,085)

-


217

(78)

(139)

-


-

Experience variances

114

86

(155)

45


(7)

(10)

7

(10)


35

Assumption changes

22

18

88

128


(169)

(39)

70

(138)


(10)

Expected return on shareholders' net worth

111

157

-

268


15

35

-

50


318

Other operating variances

55

(2)

211

264


(8)

9

63

64


328

Operating MCEV earnings

760

596

831

2,187


(66)

(28)

106

12


2,199

Economic variances

(218)

175

229

186


43

(72)

(1)

(30)


156

Other non-operating variances2

(39)

-

(429)

(468)


(20)

-

(29)

(49)


(517)

Total MCEV earnings

503

771

631

1,905


(43)

(100)

76

(67)


1,838

Capital and dividend flows3

(1,068)

-

-

(1,068)


48

-

-

48


(1,020)

Foreign exchange variances

(13)

(26)

(75)

(114)


(13)

(39)

(4)

(56)


(170)

Acquired/divested business

27

202

213

442


(4)

(12)

(1)

(17)


425

Closing MCEV

1,285

7,398

5,952

14,635


356

944

196

1,496


16,131

1. Required capital is shown net of implicit items permitted by local regulators to cover minimum solvency margins.

2. Other non-operating variances relate to increase in CNHR charge from 2.5% to 3.3% p.a., legislation changes to Poland Pensions, costs for Solvency II implementation and other restructuring and unit-linked insurance compensation scheme and compensation costs in Delta Lloyd.

3. Included within capital and dividend flows is the transfer to Life and related businesses from other segments consisting of service company profits and losses during the reported period that have emerged from the value of in-force. Since the "look through" into service companies includes only future profits and losses, these amounts must be eliminated from the closing embedded value.

 

 

Page 130

 

 

E8 - Life MCEV operating earnings

 

 

In this table the life and pensions MCEV earnings have been broken down into constituent parts. The life and pensions MCEV operating earnings comprise: the value of new business written during the year; the earnings from existing business including other operating variances; and, the expected investment return on the shareholders' net worth.

      These components are calculated using economic assumptions as at the start of the year (in-force business) or start of the quarter (new business) and operating (demographic and expenses) assumptions as at the end of the year.

 

Gross of tax and
non-controlling interests

6 months
2011
£m

Restated

6 months
2010
£m

Full year
2010
£m

Value of new business

369

483

716

Earnings from existing business




- expected returns at the reference rate

261

247

453

- expected returns in excess of the reference rate

562

590

1,208

- expected returns

823

837

1,661

- experience variances

(39)

50

92

- operating assumption changes

(25)

(13)

187

Other operating variance

(7)

192

415

Expected return on shareholders' net worth

229

212

425

Life and Pensions operating earnings before tax

1,350

1,761

3,496

Economic Variances

142

12

(32)

Other non-operating variances

6

(2)

(686)

Life and Pensions earnings before tax

1,498

1,771

2,778

Tax on operating earnings

(390)

(534)

(1,035)

Tax on other activities

(47)

(1)

150

Life and Pensions earnings after tax - continuing operations

1,061

1,236

1,893

Life and Pensions earnings after tax - discontinued operations

(33)

(323)

(83)

Total Life and Pensions earnings after tax

1,028

913

1,810

There were no separate development costs reported in these years.

      Other non operating variances are described in note E7.

      The table above presents a summarised breakdown of the life and pensions MCEV earnings on a gross of non-controlling interests basis and gross of tax with tax shown separately. The Group favours the gross presentation for consistency with the IFRS results. The table below compares the key items on the different bases as the subsequent analysis is provided predominantly on a net of tax and non-controlling interests basis as preferred by the CFO Forum Principles.

Key indicators

 


6 months 2011


Restated

6 months 2010


Full year 2010


Net of non-controlling interests
and tax
£m

Gross of non-controlling interests
and tax
£m


Net of non-controlling interests
and tax
£m

Gross of non-controlling
interests
and tax
£m

 

 

Net of non-controlling interests
and tax
£m

Gross of non-controlling interests
and tax
£m

Value of new business - continuing operations

223

369


271

483


398

716

Value of new business - discontinued operations

-

1


(25)

(58)


(40)

(92)

Total value of new business

223

370


246

425


358

624










Life and pensions operating return - continuing operations

850

1,350


1,074

1,761


2,187

3,496

Life and pensions operating return - discontinued operations

106

270


58

157


12

83

Life and pensions operating return

956

1,620


1,132

1,918


2,199

3,579










Life and pensions earnings - continuing operations

1,066

1,498


1,083

1,771


1,905

2,778

Life and pensions earnings - discontinued operations

(20)

(46)


(197)

(470)


(67)

(113)

Life and pensions earnings

1,046

1,452


886

1,301


1,838

2,665

 

 

Page 131

 

 

E9 - Free surplus emergence

 

 


Existing business


New business


Total business

Net of tax and
non-controlling interests

30 June 2011

Transfer from VIF to net worth £m

Return on net worth

£m

Impact of experience variances and assumption changes on net worth

£m

Release of required capital to free surplus

£m

Total existing business surplus generation

£m


Impact on
net worth

£m

Reduction in free surplus from required capital

£m

Total new business surplus generation

£m


Total free surplus generation

£m

United Kingdom

151

60

(61)

96

246


(24)

(36)

(60)


186

Aviva Europe

273

54

7

72

406


(84)

(138)

(222)


184

North America

130

26

(39)

98

215


(36)

(129)

(165)


50

Asia Pacific

34

5

(1)

(1)

37


(25)

(16)

(41)


(4)

Total - continuing operations

588

145

(94)

265

904


(169)

(319)

(488)


416

Total - discontinued operations

60

17

3

10

90


(15)

(14)

(29)


61

Total

648

162

(91)

275

994


(184)

(333)

(517)


477

 


Existing business


New business


Total business

Net of tax and
non-controlling interests

30 June 2010

Transfer from VIF to net worth £m

Return on net worth

£m

Impact of experience variances and assumption changes on
net worth

£m

Release of required capital to free surplus

£m

Total existing business
surplus generation

£m


Impact on
net worth

£m

Reduction in free surplus from required capital

£m

Total new business surplus generation

£m


Total free surplus generation

£m

United Kingdom

232

62

96

(96)

294


(56)

(2)

(58)


236

Aviva Europe

210

40

70

71

391


(96)

(171)

(267)


124

North America

185

26

(36)

144

319


(50)

(177)

(227)


92

Asia Pacific

27

4

(3)

(6)

22


(29)

(24)

(53)


(31)

Total - continuing operations

654

132

127

113

1,026


(231)

(374)

(605)


421

Total - discontinued operations

62

21

(18)

20

85


(31)

(32)

(63)


22

Total

716

153

109

133

1,111


(262)

(406)

(668)


443

 


Existing business


New business


Total business

Net of tax and
non-controlling interests

31 December 2010

Transfer from VIF to net worth £m

Return on net worth

£m

Impact of experience variances and assumption changes on
net worth

£m

Release of required capital to free surplus

£m

Total existing business
surplus generation

£m


Impact on
net worth

£m

Reduction in free surplus from required capital

£m

Total new business surplus generation

£m


Total free surplus generation

£m

United Kingdom

345

129

208

(183)

499


(43)

(95)

(138)


361

Aviva Europe

478

77

147

126

828


(150)

(342)

(492)


336

North America

210

53

(56)

292

499


(41)

(375)

(416)


83

Asia Pacific

52

9

(5)

15

71


(57)

(34)

(91)


(20)

Total - continuing operations

1,085

268

294

250

1,897


(291)

(846)

(1,137)


760

Total - discontinued operations

139

50

(225)

83

47


(58)

(55)

(113)


(66)

Total

1,224

318

69

333

1,944


(349)

(901)

(1,250)


694

 

 

Page 132

 

 

E10 - Maturity profile of business

 

 

(a) Total in-force business

 

To show the profile of the VIF emergence, the value of VIF in the statements of financial position has been split into five year tranches depending on the date when the profit is expected to emerge.

 

 

30 June 2011
£m

0-5

6-10

11-15

16-20

20+

Total gross of non-controlling interest

Total net
of non-controlling interest

United Kingdom

67

871

624

388

677

2,627

2,627

Aviva Europe

1,734

1,024

583

316

395

4,052

3,426

North America

363

(147)

(38)

3

(37)

144

144

Asia Pacific

224

120

49

14

(33)

374

364

Total

2,388

1,868

1,218

721

1,002

7,197

6,561

 

31 December 2010
£m

0-5

6-10

11-15

16-20

20+

Total gross
of non-controlling interest

Total net
of non-controlling interest

United Kingdom

153

766

538

287

553

2,297

2,297

Aviva Europe

1,649

980

575

342

375

3,921

3,288

North America

56

(47)

12

12

9

42

42

Asia Pacific

187

94

35

15

3

334

325

Total excluding Delta Lloyd

2,045

1,793

1,160

656

940

6,594

5,952

Delta Lloyd

517

109

56

(176)

(76)

430

196

Total

2,562

1,902

1,216

480

864

7,024

6,148

(b) New business

To show the profile of the VIF emergence, the value of new business has been split into five year tranches depending on the date when the profit is expected to emerge.

 

30 June 2011
£m

0-5

6-10

11-15

16-20

20+

Total gross of non-controlling interest

Total net
 of non-controlling interest

United Kingdom

45

25

17

13

64

164

164

Aviva Europe

127

63

33

19

18

260

195

North America

19

(20)

(9)

(6)

(3)

(19)

(19)

Asia Pacific

29

14

6

4

1

54

52

Total - continuing operations

220

82

47

30

80

459

392

Total - discontinued operations

3

11

10

(1)

4

27

15

Total

223

93

57

29

84

486

407

 

31 December 2010
£m

0-5

6-10

11-15

16-20

20+

Total gross
of non-controlling interest

Total net
of non-controlling interest

United Kingdom

78

42

22

13

143

298

298

Aviva Europe

257

119

70

31

40

517

378

North America

(26)

(85)

10

22

(6)

(85)

(85)

Asia Pacific

59

22

11

5

3

100

98

Total - continuing operations

368

98

113

71

180

830

689

Total - discontinued operations

(6)

21

21

12

(10)

38

18

Total

362

119

134

83

170

868

707

 

 

Page 133

 

E11 - Segmental analysis of life and related business embedded value

 

 

Net of
non-controlling interests

30 June 2011

Free surplus

£m

Required

capital1

£m

VIF

£m

Total

MCEV

£m

United Kingdom

1,106

2,922

2,627

6,655

France2

(110)

1,854

1,537

3,281

Ireland

31

353

454

838

Italy

176

340

32

548

Poland

95

120

920

1,135

Spain

119

265

250

634

Other Europe

47

53

233

333

Aviva Europe

358

2,985

3,426

6,769

North America2,3

(151)

1,433

144

1,426

Asia Pacific

117

226

364

707

Total

1,430

7,566

6,561

15,557

1. Required capital is shown net of implicit items permitted by local regulators to cover minimum solvency margins.

2. France and Aviva USA have a positive surplus on a statutory basis.

3. Aviva USA's holding company debt amounting to £709 million at 30 June 2011 has been included within non-covered business.

 

Restated

Net of
non-controlling interests

30 June 2010

Free
surplus

£m

Required

capital1

£m

VIF

£m

Total

MCEV

£m

United Kingdom2

909

2,859

1,998

5,766

France3

(186)

1,527

1,267

2,608

Ireland

226

206

429

861

Italy

146

308

139

593

Poland

64

103

896

1,063

Spain

139

200

228

567

Other Europe

32

37

214

283

Aviva Europe

421

2,381

3,173

5,975

North America3,4

(164)

1,415

(309)

942

Asia Pacific

122

211

244

577

Total excluding Delta Lloyd

1,288

6,866

5,106

13,260

Delta Lloyd

318

893

58

1,269

Total

1,606

7,759

5,164

14,529

1. Required capital is shown net of implicit items permitted by local regulators to cover minimum solvency margins.

2. The large increase in required capital in the UK reflects the additional capital locked in following the reattribution of the inherited estate.

3. France and Aviva USA have a positive surplus on a statutory basis.

4. Aviva USA's holding company debt amounting to £824 million at 30 June 2010 has been included within non-covered business.

 

Net of
non-controlling interests

31 December 2010

Free
surplus

£m

Required

capital1

£m

VIF

£m

Total

MCEV

£m

United Kingdom

1,139

2,934

2,297

6,370

France2

(243)

1,737

1,446

2,940

Ireland

47

336

444

827

Italy

202

313

82

597

Poland

129

114

876

1,119

Spain

81

266

207

554

Other Europe

43

45

233

321

Aviva Europe

259

2,811

3,288

6,358

North America2,3

(248)

1,437

42

1,231

Asia Pacific

135

216

325

676

Total excluding Delta Lloyd

1,285

7,398

5,952

14,635

Delta Lloyd

356

944

196

1,496

Total

1,641

8,342

6,148

16,131

1. Required capital is shown net of implicit items permitted by local regulators to cover minimum solvency margins.

2. France and Aviva USA have a positive surplus on a statutory basis.

3. Aviva USA's holding company debt amounting to £765 million at 31 December 2010 has been included within non-covered business.

 

 

Page 134

 

 

E12 - Risk allowance within present value of in-force (VIF)

Within the VIF in the tables, there are additional allowances for risks not included within the basic present value of future
profits
calculation.

 

 

Net of
non-controlling interests

30 June 2011

PVFP

£m

Frictional costs
£m

Non-hedgeable risks

£m

Time value of financial options and guarantees

£m

VIF

£m

United Kingdom

3,294

(297)

(333)

(37)

2,627

France

2,287

(172)

(187)

(391)

1,537

Ireland

499

(16)

(26)

(3)

454

Italy

133

(21)

(12)

(68)

32

Poland

1,062

(15)

(122)

(5)

920

Spain

324

(18)

(43)

(13)

250

Other Europe

248

(3)

(10)

(2)

233

Aviva Europe

4,553

(245)

(400)

(482)

3,426

North America

670

(133)

(53)

(340)

144

Asia Pacific

469

(25)

(60)

(20)

364

Total

8,986

(700)

(846)

(879)

6,561

The allowance for Non-hedgeable risks has increased by £268 million, relative to 30 June 2010, reflecting the change to the charge from 2.5% to 3.3%.

 

Restated

Net of
non-controlling interests

30 June 2010

PVFP

£m

Frictional costs
£m

Non-hedgeable risks

£m

Time value of financial options and guarantees

£m

VIF

£m

United Kingdom

2,529

(295)

(211)

(25)

1,998

France

2,023

(124)

(149)

(483)

1,267

Ireland

453

(7)

(17)

-

429

Italy

202

(24)

(12)

(27)

139

Poland

980

(14)

(62)

(8)

896

Spain

283

(12)

(28)

(15)

228

Other Europe

226

(4)

(6)

(2)

214

Aviva Europe

4,167

(185)

(274)

(535)

3,173

North America

96

(157)

(51)

(197)

(309)

Asia Pacific

348

(24)

(42)

(38)

244

Total excluding Delta Lloyd

7,140

(661)

(578)

(795)

5,106

Delta Lloyd

426

(78)

(65)

(225)

58

Total

7,566

(739)

(643)

(1,020)

5,164

 

Net of
non-controlling interests

31 December 2010

PVFP

£m

Frictional costs
£m

Non-hedgeable risks

£m

Time value of financial options and guarantees

£m

VIF

£m

United Kingdom

2,938

(291)

(322)

(28)

2,297

France

2,051

(123)

(170)

(312)

1,446

Ireland

476

(9)

(23)

-

444

Italy

156

(19)

(11)

(44)

82

Poland

1,013

(14)

(118)

(5)

876

Spain

281

(18)

(41)

(15)

207

Other Europe

247

(3)

(9)

(2)

233

Aviva Europe

4,224

(186)

(372)

(378)

3,288

North America

607

(133)

(69)

(363)

42

Asia Pacific

441

(26)

(58)

(32)

325

Total excluding Delta Lloyd

8,210

(636)

(821)

(801)

5,952

Delta Lloyd

580

(107)

(85)

(192)

196

Total

8,790

(743)

(906)

(993)

6,148

 

 

Page 135

 

 

E13 - Implied discount rates (IDR)

 

 

In the valuation of a block of business, the implied discount rate is the rate of discount such that a traditional embedded value calculation for the covered business equates to the MCEV.

      The cash flows projected are the expected future cash flows including expected investment cash flows from equities, bonds and properties earning a risk premium in excess of risk free, statutory reserves and required capital. The risk premiums used are consistent with those used in the expected existing business contribution within operating earnings. As the risk premiums are positive, a discount rate higher than risk-free is required to give a value equal to the market-consistent embedded value.

      Average derived risk discount rates are shown below for the embedded value.

 


30 June
2011
%

31 December
2010
%

United Kingdom

8.4%

8.4%

France

6.1%

6.7%

Ireland

5.3%

4.4%

Italy

9.1%

7.3%

Poland

7.3%

7.3%

Spain

10.4%

9.6%

Other Europe

6.7%

8.0%

Aviva Europe

7.0%

6.9%

North America

23.7%

24.5%

Asia Pacific

4.3%

5.9%

Total excluding Delta Lloyd

9.1%

9.3%

Delta Lloyd

-

14.8%

Total

9.1%

9.9%

 

 

Page 136

 

 

E14 - Summary of non-controlling interest in life and related businesses' MCEV results

 

 

30 June 2011

France

£m

Ireland

£m

Italy

£m

Poland

£m

Spain

£m

Aviva Europe

£m

Asia

Pacific

£m

Delta

Lloyd

£m

Total

£m

Share-holders' interest

£m

Group

£m

Value of new business after tax

11

-

19

2

18

50

-

-

50

223

273

Life MCEV operating earnings after tax

15

(2)

47

9

40

109

-

94

203

956

1,159

Life MCEV (loss)/earnings after tax

11

(12)

(70)

10

55

(6)

1

(13)

(18)

1,046

1,028

Closing covered businesses'
   embedded value

260

266

608

155

541

1,830

20

-

1,850

15,557

17,407

 

Restated

30 June 2010

France

£m

Ireland

£m

Italy

£m

Poland

£m

Spain

£m

Aviva Europe

£m

Delta

Lloyd

£m

Europe

£m

Asia

Pacific

£m

Total

£m

Share-holders' interest

£m

Group

£m

Value of new business after tax

8

-

34

2

25

69

(17)

52

-

52

246

298

Life MCEV operating earnings after tax

43

9

55

10

35

152

58

210

2

212

1,132

1,344

Life MCEV (loss)/earnings after tax

55

16

44

13

23

151

(125)

26

1

27

886

913

Closing covered businesses'
   embedded value

334

281

694

150

559

2,018

1,132

3,150

16

3,166

14,529

17,695

 

31 December 2010

France

£m

Ireland

£m

Italy

£m

Poland

£m

Spain

£m

Aviva Europe

£m

Delta

Lloyd

£m

Europe

£m

Asia

Pacific

£m

Total

£m

Share-holders' interest

£m

Group

£m

Value of new business after tax

15

(1)

54

4

47

119

(26)

93

-

93

358

451

Life MCEV operating earnings after tax

41

6

104

40

81

272

49

321

3

324

2,199

2,523

Life MCEV (loss)/earnings after tax

47

(11)

(26)

2

(29)

(17)

(17)

(34)

6

(28)

1,838

1,810

Closing covered businesses'
   embedded value

250

268

630

153

489

1,790

1,324

3,114

19

3,133

16,131

19,264

There are no non-controlling interests in the United Kingdom or North America.

E15 - Principal assumptions

(a) Economic assumptions - Deterministic calculations

Economic assumptions are derived actively, based on market yields on risk-free fixed interest assets at the end of each reporting period.

      In setting the risk-free rate we have, wherever possible, used the mid-price swap yield curve for an AA-rated bank. The curve is extrapolated if necessary to get rates suitable to the liabilities. For markets in which there is no reliable swap yield curve the relevant government bond yields are used. For certain business, swap rates are adjusted for a 'liquidity premium' in deriving the risk free rates, and these adjustments are shown below the reference rate table.

      Required capital is shown as a multiple of the EU statutory minimum solvency margin or equivalent.

      The principal economic assumptions used are as follows:

Reference rate (spot, swap rates) and expense inflation

 


United Kingdom


30 June 2011
%

30 June
2010
%

31 December
2010
%

31 December 2009

%

Reference rate





   1 year

1.1%

1.3%

1.0%

1.2%

   5 years

2.5%

2.5%

2.7%

3.5%

   10 years

3.6%

3.6%

3.7%

4.3%

   15 years

4.1%

4.0%

4.1%

4.6%

   20 years

4.3%

4.1%

4.2%

4.6%

Expense inflation

3.4%

3.0%

3.3%

3.3%

 


Delta Lloyd


30 June 2011
%

30 June
2010
%

31 December
2010
%

31 December 2009

%

Reference rate





   1 year

n/a

1.2%

1.3%

1.3%

   5 years

n/a

2.1%

2.6%

2.9%

   10 years

n/a

3.0%

3.4%

3.7%

   15 years

n/a

3.4%

3.8%

4.1%

   20 years

n/a

3.4%

3.8%

4.2%

Expense inflation

n/a

2.5%

2.0%

2.4%

 

 

Page 137

 

 

E15 - Principal assumptions continued

(a)   Economic assumptions - Deterministic calculations continued

 

 


Eurozone

(excluding Delta Lloyd)


30 June 2011
%

30 June
2010
%

31 December
2010
%

31 December 2009

%

Reference rate





   1 year

2.0%

1.2%

1.3%

1.3%

   5 years

2.9%

2.1%

2.5%

2.8%

   10 years

3.5%

3.0%

3.4%

3.7%

   15 years

3.9%

3.4%

3.8%

4.1%

   20 years

4.0%

3.5%

3.8%

4.2%

Expense inflation

2.1%

2.7%

2.1%

2.5%

 


Poland


30 June 2011
%

30 June
2010
%

31 December
2010
%

31 December 2009

%

Reference rate





   1 year

5.0%

4.1%

4.4%

4.5%

   5 years

5.3%

5.2%

5.5%

5.8%

   10 years

5.4%

5.4%

5.7%

5.8%

   15 years

5.2%

5.3%

5.4%

5.7%

   20 years

5.1%

5.0%

5.1%

5.5%

Expense inflation

3.1%

2.7%

3.0%

3.0%

 


United States


30 June 2011
%

30 June
2010
%

31 December
2010
%

31 December 2009

%

Reference rate





   1 year

0.4%

0.7%

0.4%

0.7%

   5 years

2.1%

2.1%

2.2%

3.1%

   10 years

3.4%

3.2%

3.5%

4.2%

   15 years

4.0%

3.6%

4.0%

4.6%

   20 years

4.2%

3.8%

4.2%

4.8%

Expense inflation

3.0%

3.0%

3.0%

3.0%

For service companies, expense inflation relates to the underlying expenses rather than the fees charged to the life company.

      The following adjustments are made to the swap rate for immediate annuity type contracts and for all contracts for Aviva USA and for Delta Lloyd. The risk-free rate is taken as the swap yield curve for the currency of the liability, adjusted by:

 


New business


Embedded value


1Q 2011

2Q 2011

1Q 2010

2Q2010

3Q 2010

4Q 2010


30 June
2011

30 June
 2010

31 December 2010

UK1

1.14%/
0.72%

1.00%/
0.65%

0.80%/
0.75%

0.75%/
0.70%

0.87%/
0.69%

1.09%/
0.72%


1.06%

1.15%

1.09%

France

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a


0.33%

0.35%

0.36%

Spain

0.36%

0.31%

0.15%

0.20%

0.12%

0.15%


0.33%

0.25%

0.36%

Delta Lloyd

0.36%

0.31%

0.43%

0.34%

0.39%

0.38%


n/a

0.39%

0.36%

US immediate annuities

0.66%

0.57%

0.65%

0.65%

0.85%

0.76%


0.59%

0.85%

0.66%

US deferred annuities and all other contracts

0.56%

0.49%

0.55%

0.55%

0.70%

0.64%


0.51%

0.70%

0.56%

1. The rate provided is for immediate annuities/bulk purchase annuities.

For Delta Lloyd, the adjustment shown is applied to immediate annuity type contracts. For participating contracts, 75% of this value is used and for all other contracts, 50% of this value is used. This methodology is consistent with QIS 5 Solvency II requirements.

      The approach to estimating the market level of liquidity premium in corporate bond assets uses the formula structure proposed by CFO/CRO Forum working party.

 

The formula is:

      UK/Europe:      50% of (iBoxx Corporate bond spread - 40bp)

      USA:                 60% of (iBoxx Corporate bond spread - 40bp)

      Adjustments are made where liabilities are not fully backed by assets earning a liquidity premium and for contracts that are exposed to some lapse risk.

     

 

 

Page 138

 

 

E15 - Principal assumptions continued

 

 

(a) Economic assumptions - Deterministic calculations continued

 

      There has been no change to the types of contracts to which a liquidity premium is applied, apart from in Delta Lloyd, which has been restated for the move to the QIS 5 approach.

Risk premium - used for operating profit, Implied Discount Rates (IDR), Internal Rates of Return (IRR) and payback period

For life and pensions operating earnings, Aviva uses normalised investment returns. The normalised investment returns are expressed as a swap rate based on the typical duration of the assets held plus an asset risk premium. More detail is given in note E1 - Basis of Preparation.

      The use of asset risk premia only impacts operating earnings as expected returns reflect management's long-term expectations of asset returns in excess of the reference rate from investing in different asset classes. This assumption does not impact the embedded value or value of new business as asset risk premia are not recognised until earned. The asset risk premia set out in the table below are added to the ten year swap rate to calculate expected returns.

 


All territories


30 June
2011

30 June
2010

31 December
2010

31 December
2009

Equity risk premium

3.5%

3.5%

3.5%

3.5%

Property risk premium

2.0%

2.0%

2.0%

2.0%

 

Future returns on corporate fixed interest investments are calculated from prospective yields less an adjustment for credit risk.

Required capital and tax

 


Tax rates6


Required capital
(% EU minimum or equivalent)

 


30 June
2011

30 June
2010

31December 
2010 

31 December 
2009 


30 June
 2011

30 June
 2010

31 December
 2010

 

United Kingdom1

26.0%

28.0%

27.0%

28.0%


100%/200%

100%/110%/200%

100%/110%/200%

France

34.4%

34.4%

34.4%

34.4%


107.5%

110%

107.5%

Ireland2

12.5%

12.5%

12.5%

12.5%


174%/180%

150%

175%/250%

Italy3

32.4%

32.4%

32.4%

32.4%


115%/165%

115%/222%

111%/165%

Poland

19.0%

19.0%

19.0%

19.0%


125.5%

130%

125.5%

Spain4

30.0%

30.0%

30.0%

30.0%


130% - 134%/175%

110%/125%

130% - 134%/175%

Delta Lloyd5

n/a

25.5%

25.0%

25.5%


n/a

116%

120%

United States

35.0%

35.0%

35.0%

0.0%


325%

325%

325%

1. The required capital in the United Kingdom under MCEV is 100% for unit-linked, other non-participating business and annuity business with 200% for BPA business. In addition, the reattribution of the inherited Estate has led to additional capital being locked in to support the with-profit business, and this has been included within required capital.

2. Required capital in Ireland under MCEV is 174% for bancassurance and 180% for retail business.

3. Required capital in Italy under MCEV is 165% of the EU minimum for Eurovita and 115% for bancassurance and 130% for retail business.

4. Required capital in Spain is 175% of the EU minimum for Aviva Vida y Pensiones and 130% - 134% for bancassurance companies.

5. This capital level is the aggregate capital required for Delta Lloyd

6. Current tax legislation and rates have been assumed to continue unaltered except where changes in future tax rates have been substantively enacted as at the valuation date.

A gradual reduction in the UK corporation tax rate from 28% to 24% over 4 years was announced in the Emergency Budget of 22 June 2010. The first 1% rate reduction was enacted in the Finance (No.2) Act 2010. This was augmented in the Finance Act 2011 to include an additional 1% reduction from April 2011 which takes the rate to 26%. The effect of the 26% rate has been reflected in the Group's MCEV net assets at 30 June 2011. A further 1% rate reduction to 25%, with effect from 1 April 2012, was substantively enacted on 5 July 2011. Subsequent reductions in the rate to 23% are to be dealt with by future legislation. The benefit to the Group's MCEV net assets from the 3% reduction of the rate from 26% to 23% is estimated at approximately £170 million in total.

Other economic assumptions

Required capital relating to with-profit business is generally assumed to be covered by the surplus within the with-profit funds and
no effect has been attributed to shareholders. Where the fund is insufficient, and additional shareholder support is required, this is included within required capital, including the RIEESA in the UK. Bonus rates on participating business have been set at levels consistent with the economic assumptions. The distribution of profit between policyholders and shareholders within the with-profit funds assumes that the shareholder interest in conventional with-profit business in the United Kingdom and Ireland continues at the current rate of one-ninth of the cost of bonus.

(b) Economic Assumptions - Stochastic calculations

The calculation of time value of options and guarantees allows for expected management and policyholder actions in response to varying future investment conditions. The management actions modelled include changes to asset mix, bonus rates and rates of interest and other guarantees granted to policyholders. Modelled policyholder actions are described under "Other assumptions".

 

 

Page 139

 

 

E15 - Principal assumptions continued

Model - United Kingdom, Europe (excluding Delta Lloyd) and Asia Pacific

Swap rates are generated by a model, the LIBOR Market Model (LMM), that projects a full swap curve at monthly intervals. Forward rates are assumed to have a log-normal distribution which guarantees non-negative interest rates. The model is calibrated to at-the-money swaptions of a variety of terms and tenors. Swaption volatilities are taken from SuperDerivatives. Tests have been performed to ensure that sufficient scenarios have been used that the result converges to the stochastic value of the business being valued.

      The total annual return on equities is calculated as the return on one-year swaps plus an excess return. This excess return is generally modelled using a log-normal model where volatility varies by time horizon. This allows the model to capture the term structure of implied volatilities. The model is calibrated to at-the-money options of a variety of terms. For the UK, a two-dimensional model is used to capture the term structure of implied volatilities and the projected in the money position. Option volatilities are taken from Markit.

      The model also generates property total returns and real yield curves, although these are not significant asset classes for Aviva outside the UK. In the absence of liquid market data, the volatilities of these asset classes are based on historic data.

      Assumptions for correlations between asset classes have been set based on historic data.

Model - North America

Swap rates are generated by a model, the LIBOR Market Model Plus (LMM+), which projects a full swap curve at monthly intervals. Forward rates are assumed to have a distribution that lies between the log-normal and normal distributions. Although this no longer guarantees non-negative interest rates, it maintains interest rates within a more plausible range than the standard Libor Market Model, and gives a better fit to certain swaption volatility surfaces. The model is calibrated to volatilities for swaptions for 10 year swaps for a range of option terms and strike rates. Swaption volatilities are taken from SuperDerivatives. Tests have been performed to ensure that sufficient scenarios have been used that the result converges to the stochastic value of the business being valued.

      The total annual return on equities is calculated as the return on one-year swaps plus an excess return. This excess return is modelled using a log-normal model where volatility varies by time horizon. This allows the model to capture the term structure of implied volatilities. The model is calibrated to at-the-money options of a variety of terms. Option volatilities are taken from Markit.

      Assumptions for correlations between asset classes have been set based on historic data.

Model - Delta Lloyd

The interest rate model used is a short rate G2++ model. The model is calibrated to the QIS5 yield curve and the swaption implied volatilities. Swaption implied volatilities are taken from Bloomberg. The equity model is a Heston model.

      Assumptions for correlations between asset classes have been set based on historic data.

Asset classes

The significant asset classes for UK participating business are equities, property and long-term fixed rate bonds. The most significant assumptions are the distribution of future long-term interest rates (nominal and real) and swaption implied volatilities

      For many businesses, including US, France and Delta Lloyd, the most important assets are fixed rate bonds of various durations.

Summary statistics

Swaption implied volatilities

The implied volatility is that determined by Black-Scholes' formula to reproduce the market price of the option. The following table sets out the model swaption implied volatilities.

 


30 June 2011
Swap length


30 June 2010
Swap length


31 December 2010
Swap length

Option length

10 years

15 years

20 years

25 years


10 years

15 years

20 years

25 years


10 years

15 years

20 years

25 years

UK sterling















10 years

13.3%

12.8%

12.5%

n/a


n/a

n/a

12.5%

n/a


15.3%

14.8%

14.3%

13.6%

15 years

13.3%

12.7%

12.3%

n/a


n/a

n/a

12.3%

n/a


14.1%

13.6%

13.1%

12.3%

20 years

13.0%

12.3%

11.8%

n/a


n/a

n/a

11.9%

n/a


13.1%

12.5%

12.0%

11.2%

25 years

13.4%

12.5%

11.6%

n/a


n/a

n/a

11.5%

n/a


12.3%

11.7%

11.2%

10.4%

Euro















10 years

16.9%

16.4%

15.9%

15.5%


18.6%

18.4%

18.1%

17.8%


21.2%

20.9%

20.6%

20.3%

15 years

15.6%

15.0%

14.5%

14.0%


18.3%

17.8%

17.3%

16.6%


20.7%

20.1%

19.5%

18.8%

20 years

14.7%

14.0%

13.4%

12.9%


17.1%

16.5%

15.9%

15.2%


19.2%

18.5%

17.8%

16.9%

25 years

13.6%

13.0%

12.4%

11.8%


16.0%

15.2%

14.5%

13.8%


17.8%

16.9%

16.1%

15.2%

US dollar















10 years

18.9%

19.0%

18.9%

18.6%


20.4%

19.5%

18.6%

18.0%


24.0%

23.6%

22.9%

22.2%

15 years

17.8%

17.6%

17.3%

16.8%


18.5%

17.5%

16.7%

16.0%


23.9%

23.1%

22.2%

21.1%

20 years

16.5%

16.1%

15.6%

15.0%


16.7%

15.8%

15.1%

14.4%


23.0%

21.9%

20.6%

19.4%

25 years

15.0%

14.5%

13.9%

13.4%


15.0%

14.2%

13.5%

12.8%


21.7%

20.4%

19.1%

17.8%

Delta Lloyd















10 years

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a


16.4% 

17.0% 

17.9% 

19.2% 


17.8%

18.1%

18.8%

19.8%

15 years

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a


18.2% 

19.0% 

19.5% 

20.4% 


20.5%

21.0%

21.4%

21.7%

20 years

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a


22.1% 

22.4% 

22.0% 

21.6% 


25.2%

25.3%

24.3%

23.4%

25 years

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a


23.7% 

23.1% 

21.9% 

21.4% 


28.5%

26.4%

24.0%

22.5%

For businesses where stochastic scenarios are calibrated before the period end, the closing embedded value has been adjusted for the subsequent change in market volatilities up to the period end.

 

 

Page 140

 

 

E15 - Principal assumptions continued

 

 

Equity implied volatilities

The implied volatility is that determined by the Black-Scholes' formula to reproduce the market price of the option. The following tables set out the model equity implied volatilities.

 

 


30 June 2011

Option length

UK

France

Italy

Ireland

Spain

US

Delta Lloyd

5 years

22.6%

22.8%

24.5%

24.3%

25.2%

24.1%

n/a

10 years

23.4%

23.9%

24.5%

24.8%

26.7%

25.0%

n/a

15 years

24.2%

24.6%

24.9%

24.9%

25.9%

25.1%

n/a

 


30 June 2010

Option length

UK

France

Italy

Ireland

Spain

US

Delta Lloyd

5 years

27.8%

31.1%

30.1%

29.5%

34.1%

31.0%

27.6%

10 years

28.5%

29.4%

29.6%

28.7%

31.9%

31.2%

30.1%

15 years

29.1%

29.7%

28.2%

29.1%

30.5%

31.1%

31.7%

 

31 December 2010

Option length

UK

France

Italy

Ireland

Spain

US

Delta Lloyd

5 years

24.5%

29.0%

27.5%

27.7%

32.4%

28.8%

27.2%

10 years

25.5%

28.4%

27.0%

27.6%

31.2%

29.1%

27.0%

15 years

26.4%

29.1%

26.1%

28.4%

30.2%

29.7%

26.3%

Property implied volatilities

Best estimate levels of volatility have been used in the absence of meaningful option prices from which implied levels of volatility can be derived.

      For the UK and Delta Lloyd, model property implied volatility is 15% for 30 June 2011 (30 June 2010: 15%).

Demographic assumptions

Assumed future mortality, morbidity and lapse rates have been derived from an analysis of Aviva's recent operating experience with
a view to giving a best estimate of future experience. We have anticipated future changes in experience where that is appropriate,
e.g. we have allowed for improvements in future policyholder longevity.

      We have set the assumptions based on a best estimate of shareholder outcomes. In particular, where the policyholder behaviour varies with economic experience, we have set assumptions which are dynamic, i.e. vary depending on the economic assumptions.
For example, surrender and option take up rate assumptions that vary according to the investment scenario under consideration have been used in the calculation of the time value of options and guarantees, based on our assessment of likely policyholder behaviour in different investment scenarios.

      Additionally, where demographic experience is not driven by economic scenarios but is asymmetric on a stand-alone basis, the best estimate assumption considers the weighted-average expected experience, not simply the median or most likely outcome.

Expense assumptions

Management expenses and operating expenses of holding companies attributed to life and related businesses have been included in the MCEV calculations and split between expenses relating to the acquisition of new business, the maintenance of business in-force and project expenses. Future expense assumptions include an allowance for maintenance expenses and a proportion of recurring project expenses. Certain expenses of an exceptional nature, when they occur, are identified separately and are generally charged as incurred. No future productivity gains have been anticipated.

      Where subsidiary companies provide administration, investment management or other services to our life businesses, the value of profits or losses arising from these services have been included in the embedded value and value of new business.

Non-hedgeable risk

For the balance sheet and operating profit, a charge of 3.3% has been applied to the group-diversified capital required on
a 1-in-200 one-year basis over the remaining lifetime of in-force business.

      The charge is set so as to give an aggregate allowance that is in excess of the expected operational risk costs arising from the in-force covered business over its remaining lifetime.

      The capital levels used are projected to be sufficient to cover non-hedgeable risks at the 99.5% confidence level one-year after the valuation date. The capital is equal to the capital from the ICA results for those risks considered. The capital has been projected as running off over the remaining life of the in-force portfolio in line with the drivers of the capital requirement.

      In addition to the operational risk allowance, financial non-hedgeable risks and other product level asymmetries have been allowed for. These allowances are not material as significant financial non-hedgeable risks and product level asymmetries are either modelled explicitly and included in the TVOG or are included in the PVFP through the use of appropriate best estimate assumptions.

 

 

Page 141

 

 

E15 - Principal assumptions continued

 

(c) Other assumptions

 

Valuation of debt

 

Borrowings in the MCEV consolidated statement of financial position are valued on an IFRS basis, consistent with the primary financial statements. At 30 June 2011 the market value of the group's external debt, subordinated debt, preference shares including General Accident plc preference shares of £250 million (classified as non-controlling interests) and direct capital instrument was £7,104 million (30 June 2010: £6,399 million; 31 December 2010: £7,279 million).

 

 


30 June
2011

£m

30 June
2010

£m

31 December
2010
£m

Borrowings per summarised consolidated statement of financial position - MCEV basis

8,882

14,127

14,949

Add: amount included within held for sale

-

-

-

Less: Securitised mortgage funding

(1,259)

(6,574)

(6,332)

Borrowings excluding non-recourse funding - MCEV basis

7,623

7,553

8,617

Less: Operational financing by businesses

(1,790)

(2,195)

(2,551)

External debt and subordinated debt - MCEV basis

5,833

5,358

6,066

Add: Preference shares (including General Accident plc) and direct capital instrument

1,440

1,440

1,440

External debt, subordinated debt, preference shares and direct capital instrument - MCEV basis

7,273

6,798

7,506

Effect of marking these instruments to market

(169)

(399)

(227)

Market value of external debt, subordinated debt, preference shares and direct capital instrument

7,104

6,399

7,279

Other

It has been assumed that there will be no changes to the methods and bases used to calculate the statutory technical provisions and current surrender values, except where driven by varying future investment conditions under stochastic economic scenarios.

 

 

Page 142

 

 

E16 - Sensitivity analysis

 

(a) Economic assumptions

 

The following tables show the sensitivity of the embedded value and the value of new business to:

n 10 basis point increase in the liquidity premium adjustment, where applicable;

n one and two percentage point increase and decrease in the risk-free rate, including all consequential changes (including assumed investment returns for all asset classes, market values of fixed interest assets, risk discount rates);

n 10% increase and decrease in market values of equity and property assets;

n 25% increase in equity and swaption volatilities;

n 50 basis point increase and decrease in credit spreads with no change to liquidity premium; and

n decrease in the level of required capital to 100% EU minimum (or equivalent).

 

In each sensitivity calculation, all other assumptions remain unchanged except where they are directly affected by the revised economic conditions. For example, future bonus rates are automatically adjusted to reflect sensitivity changes to future investment returns. Some of the sensitivity scenarios may have consequential effects on valuation bases, where the basis for certain blocks of business is actively updated to reflect current economic circumstances. Consequential valuation impacts on the sensitivities are allowed for where an active valuation basis is used. Where businesses have a target asset mix, the portfolio is re-balanced after a significant market movement otherwise no re-balancing is assumed.

      For new business, the sensitivities reflect the impact of a change immediately after inception of the policy.

      In general, the magnitude of the sensitivities will reflect the size of the embedded values, though this will vary as the sensitivities have different impacts on the different components of the embedded value. In addition, other factors can have a material impact, such as the nature of the options and guarantees, as well as the types of investments held.

      The credit spread sensitivities assume that the change relates to credit risk and not liquidity risk; in practice, credit spread movements may be partially offset due to changes in liquidity risk.

      Sensitivities will also vary according to the current economic assumptions, mainly due to the impact of changes to both the intrinsic cost and time value of options and guarantees. Options and guarantees are the main reason for the asymmetry of the sensitivities where the guarantee impacts to different extents under the different scenarios. This can be seen in the sensitivity of a 1%-2% movement in the interest rate for the US, where there is a significant amount of business with investment return guarantees.

Embedded value




Interest rates

30 June 2011

Embedded value

(net of tax and non-controlling interest)

As reported on page 133

£m

10bp

increase in adjustment

to risk-free rates

£m

1%

increase

£m

1%

decrease

£m

2%

increase

£m

2%

decrease

£m

United Kingdom

6,655

155

(150)

140

(295)

290

France

3,281

5

(100)

(5)

(210)

(255)

Ireland

838

-

(30)

35

(50)

85

Italy

548

-

45

(40)

65

(80)

Poland

1,135

-

(60)

70

(115)

140

Spain

634

10

(25)

25

(55)

45

Other Europe

333

-

(10)

15

(20)

25

Aviva Europe

6,769

15

(180)

100

(385)

(40)

North America

1,426

170

(115)

15

(320)

(55)

Asia Pacific

707

-

40

(90)

50

(260)

Total

15,557

340

(405)

165

(950)

(65)

 

 

Page 143

 

 

E16 - Sensitivity analysis continued

 

 


Equity/property



Market values


30 June 2011
Embedded value

(net of tax and non-controlling interest)

As reported on page 133
 £m

10% increase
£m

10% decrease
£m

Volatility

25%
 increase
£m

United Kingdom

6,655

305

(365)

(180)

France

3,281

165

(180)

(120)

Ireland

838

20

(20)

-

Italy

548

15

(15)

-

Poland

1,135

10

(10)

-

Spain

634

15

(15)

(5)

Other Europe

333

5

(5)

-

Aviva Europe

6,769

230

(245)

(125)

North America

1,426

25

(20)

-

Asia Pacific

707

15

(15)

-

Total

15,557

575

(645)

(305)

 




Corporate bond

credit spread


30 June 2011

Embedded value

(net of tax and non-controlling interest)

As reported on page 133

£m

Swaption implied volatilities 25% increase
£m

50bps increase

£m

50bps decrease

£m

EU minimum capital or equivalent £m

United Kingdom

6,655

(15)

(720)

785

5

France

3,281

(80)

(125)

175

15

Ireland

838

-

-

-

5

Italy

548

-

-

-

5

Poland

1,135

-

-

-

5

Spain

634

-

(50)

55

5

Other Europe

333

-

-

-

-

Aviva Europe

6,769

(80)

(175)

230

35

North America

1,426

(110)

(880)

680

90

Asia Pacific

707

-

(15)

15

30

Total

15,557

(205)

(1,790)

1,710

160

New business

 




Interest rates

30 June 2011

Value of new business

(net of tax and non-controlling interest)

As reported on page 123

£m

10bp

increase in adjustment

to risk-free rates

£m

1%
increase

£m

1% decrease

£m

2%
increase

£m

2%

 decrease

£m

United Kingdom

140

7

(4)

5

(7)

12

France

53

-

(3)

4

(9)

4

Ireland

1

-

-

-

1

(1)

Italy

15

-

(1)

1

(2)

1

Poland

14

-

(1)

1

(2)

3

Spain

17

-

-

-

(1)

(1)

Other Europe

11

-

(1)

1

(1)

1

Aviva Europe

111

-

(6)

7

(14)

7

North America

(55)

5

17

(23)

25

(62)

Asia Pacific

27

-

8

(15)

14

(39)

Total

223

12

15

(26)

18

(82)

 

 

 

Page 144

 

 

E16 - Sensitivity analysis continued

 

 


Equity/property



Market values


30 June 2011
Value of new business

(net of tax and non-controlling interest)

As reported on page 123
£m

10% increase
£m

10% decrease
£m

Volatility
25% increase
£m

United Kingdom

140

-

-

-

France

53

3

(4)

(1)

Ireland

1

-

-

-

Italy

15

-

(1)

-

Poland

14

-

-

-

Spain

17

-

-

-

Other Europe

11

-

-

-

Aviva Europe

111

3

(5)

(1)

North America

(55)

-

-

-

Asia Pacific

27

-

-

-

Total

223

3

(5)

(1)

 




Corporate bond

credit spread


30 June 2011

Value of new business

(net of tax and non-controlling interest)

As reported on page 123

£m

Swaption implied volatilities 25% increase
£m

50bps increase

£m

50bps decrease

£m

EU minimum capital or equivalent £m

United Kingdom

140

-

(22)

24

-

France

53

(3)

(1)

1

1

Ireland

1

-

-

-

-

Italy

15

-

-

-

-

Poland

14

-

-

-

-

Spain

17

-

(3)

3

-

Other Europe

11

-

-

-

-

Aviva Europe

111

(3)

(4)

4

1

North America

(55)

(3)

(25)

19

6

Asia Pacific

27

-

-

-

3

Total

223

(6)

(51)

47

10

(b) Non-economic assumptions

The following tables below show the sensitivity of the embedded value and the value of new business to the following changes in non-economic assumptions:

n 10% decrease in maintenance expenses (a 10% sensitivity on a base expense assumption of £10 pa would represent an expense assumption of £9 pa). Where there is a "look through" into service company expenses the fee charged by the service company is unchanged while the underlying expense decreases;

n 10% decrease in lapse rates (a 10% sensitivity on a base assumption of 5% pa would represent a lapse rate of 4.5% pa); and

n 5% decrease in both mortality and morbidity rates disclosed separately for life assurance and annuity business.

 

No future management actions are modelled in reaction to the changing non-economic assumptions. In each sensitivity calculation all other assumptions remain unchanged. No changes to valuation bases have been included.

 

 

Page 145

 

 

E16 - Sensitivity analysis continued

 

 

Embedded value

 

 

30 June 2011

Embedded value

(net of tax and non-controlling interest)

As reported on page 133

£m

10% decrease in maintenance expenses

£m

10% decrease in lapse rates

£m

5% decrease in mortality/ morbidity rates - life assurance

£m

5% decrease in mortality/ morbidity rates -annuity business

£m

United Kingdom

6,655

165

30

35

(295)

France

3,281

55

40

35

(5)

Ireland

838

20

20

5

(10)

Italy

548

15

(10)

5

-

Poland

1,135

25

50

15

-

Spain

634

5

45

15

(5)

Other Europe

333

10

20

5

-

Aviva Europe

6,769

130

165

80

(20)

North America

1,426

75

(35)

60

(15)

Asia Pacific

707

30

5

15

-

Total

15,557

400

165

190

(330)

New business

 

30 June 2011

Value of new business

(net of tax and non-controlling interest)

As reported on page 123

£m

10% decrease in maintenance expenses

£m

10% decrease in lapse rates

£m

5% decrease
in mortality/ morbidity rates - life assurance

£m

5% decrease in mortality/ morbidity rates -annuity business

£m

United Kingdom

140

4

3

1

(7)

France

53

2

4

1

-

Ireland

1

-

-

-

-

Italy

15

1

1

-

-

Poland

14

1

2

1

-

Spain

17

1

3

1

-

Other Europe

11

2

3

1

-

Aviva Europe

111

7

13

4

-

North America

(55)

3

(5)

4

-

Asia Pacific

27

3

2

1

-

Total

223

17

13

10

(7)

 

 

 


Page 146

 

 

Statement of directors' responsibilities in respect of the Market Consistent Embedded Value (MCEV) basis

 

 

When compliance with the European Insurance CFO Forum Market Consistent Embedded Value Principles (MCEV Principles), published in October 2009, is stated, those principles require the directors to prepare supplementary information in accordance with the methodology contained in the MCEV Principles and to disclose and explain any non-compliance with the guidance included in the MCEV Principles.

      In preparing this supplementary information, the directors have done so in accordance with these MCEV Principles and have also fully complied with all the guidance included therein. Specifically, the directors have:

-  determined assumptions on a realistic basis, having regard to past, current and expected future experience and to relevant external data, and then applied them consistently;

-  made estimates that are reasonable and consistent; and,

-  provided additional disclosures when compliance with the specific requirements of the MCEV Principles is insufficient to enable users to understand the impact of particular transactions, other events and conditions and the Group's financial position and financial performance.

 

Information on the directors can be found on page 94 of Aviva plc's 2010 Annual Report and Accounts.

 

By order of the Board

 

 

 

 

 

 

Patrick Regan
Chief financial officer
3 August 2011

 

 


Page 147

 

 

INDEPENDENT REVIEW REPORT TO THE DIRECTORS OF AVIVA PLC

 

Introduction

 

 

We have been engaged by the Company to review the condensed set of MCEV financial statements in the half-yearly financial report for the six months ended 30 June 2011 which comprises the Condensed Consolidated Income Statement - MCEV Basis, the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income - MCEV Basis, the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity - MCEV Basis, the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position - MCEV Basis, the Reconciliation of Shareholders' Equity on IFRS and MCEV bases, the Reconciliation of IFRS Total Equity to MCEV Net Worth, the Group MCEV Analysis of Earnings and the related notes E1 to E16 on pages 114 to 145 ; We have read the other information contained in the half-yearly financial report and considered whether it contains any apparent misstatements or material inconsistencies with the information in the condensed set of MCEV financial statements.

 

We have reported separately on the condensed financial statements of Aviva plc prepared on an IFRS basis for the six months ended 30 June 2011. The information contained in the condensed set of MCEV financial statements should be read in conjunction with the condensed set of financial statements prepared on an IFRS basis. This information is described within the condensed set of MCEV financial statements in the half-yearly financial report as having being reviewed.

 

This report is made solely to the Company in accordance with guidance contained in International Standards on Review Engagements (UK and Ireland) 2410, "Review of Interim Financial Information Performed by the Independent Auditor of the Entity" issued by the Auditing Practices (ISRE 2410). To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the Company, for our work, for this report, or for the conclusions we have formed.

Directors' Responsibilities

The condensed set of MCEV financial statements in the half-yearly financial report is the responsibility of, and has been approved by, the directors. The directors are responsible for preparing the condensed set of MCEV financial statements in the half-yearly financial report in accordance with the Basis of Preparation set out on pages 114 to 117.

Our Responsibility

Our responsibilities, as independent auditors, in relation to the condensed set of MCEV financial statements in the half-yearly financial report are set out in our engagement letter with you dated 3 August 2011. We report to you our opinion as to whether the condensed set of MCEV financial statements in the half-yearly financial report have been properly prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the Basis of Preparation set out on pages 114 to 117.

Scope of Review

We conducted our review in accordance with ISRE 2410. A review of interim financial information consists of making enquiries, primarily of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters, and applying analytical and other review procedures. A review is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK and Ireland) and consequently does not enable us to obtain assurance that we would become aware of all significant matters that might be identified in an audit. Accordingly, we do not express an audit opinion.

Conclusion

Based on our review, nothing has come to our attention that causes us to believe that the condensed set of MCEV financial statements in the half-yearly financial report for the six months ended 30 June 2011 is not prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the Basis of Preparation set out on pages 114  to 117.

 

 

 

 

Ernst & Young LLP
London
3 August 2010

 

 


 

Page 148

Glossary

 

Product definitions

Annuities

A type of policy that pays out regular amounts of benefit, either immediately and for the remainder of a person's lifetime, or deferred
to commence from a future date. Immediate annuities may be purchased for an individual and his or/her dependants or on a bulk purchase basis for groups of people. Deferred annuities are accumulation contracts, which may be used to provide benefits in retirement, and may be guaranteed, unit-linked or index-linked.

Bonds and savings

These are accumulation products with single or regular premiums and unit-linked or guaranteed investment returns. Our product ranges include single premium investment bonds, regular premium savings plans and mortgage endowment products.

Critical illness cover

Critical illness cover pays out a lump sum if the insured person is diagnosed with a serious illness that meets the plan definition. The cover is often provided in conjunction with other benefits under a protection contract.

Deferred annuities

An annuity (or pension) due to be paid from a future date or when the policyholder reaches a specified age. A deferred annuity may be funded by a policyholder by payment of a series of regular contributions or by a capital sum (the latter often provided from a pension fund).

Group pensions

A pension plan that covers a group of people, which is typically purchased by a company and offered to their employees.

Guaranteed annuities

A policy that pays out a fixed regular amount of benefit for a defined period.

Income drawdown

The policyholder can transfer money from any pension fund to an income drawdown plan from which they receive an income. The remainder
of the pension fund continues to be invested, giving it the potential for growth.

Index linked annuities

An index linked annuity is a type of deferred annuity whose credited interest is linked to an equity index. It guarantees a minimum interest rate and protects against a loss of principal.

Investment sales

Comprise retail sales of mutual fund type products such as unit trusts, individual savings accounts (ISAs) and Open Ended Investment Companies (OEICs).

 

 

ISAs

Individual savings accounts - Tax efficient plans for investing in stocks and shares, cash deposits or life insurance investment funds, subject to certain limits. Introduced in the UK in 1999.

Monolines

Financial companies specialising in a single line of products such as credit cards, mortgages or home equity loans.

Mortgage endowment

An insurance contract combining savings and protection elements which is designed to repay the principal of a loan or mortgage.

Mortgage life insurance

A protection contract designed to pay off the outstanding amount of a mortgage or loan in the event of death of the insured.

Non profits

Long-term savings and insurance products sold in the UK other than "With profits" (see definition below) products.

OEIC

An open ended investment company is a collective investment fund structured as a limited company in which investors can buy and sell shares.

Pensions

A means of providing income in retirement for an individual and possibly his/her dependants. Our pensions products include personal and group pensions, stakeholder pensions and income drawdown.

Personal pensions

A pension plan tailored to the individual policyholder, which includes the options to stop, start or change their payments.

Protection

An insurance contract that protects the policyholder or his/her dependants against financial loss on death or ill-health. Our product ranges include term assurance, mortgage life insurance, flexible whole life and critical illness cover.

Regular premium

A series of payments are made by the policyholder, typically monthly or annually, for part of or all of the duration of the contract.

SICAVs 

Société d'investissement à capital variable (variable capital investment company). This is an open-ended investment fund, structured as a legally independent joint stock company, whose units are issued in the form of shares.

 

 

Page 149

 

Product definitions cont.

Single premium

A single lump sum is paid by the policyholder at commencement of the contract.

Stakeholder pensions

Low cost and flexible pension plans available in the UK, governed by specific regulations.

Superannuation

Superannuation is a pension product sold in Australia where employers pay a proportion of an employee's salaries and wages into
a fund, which can be accessed when the employee retires.

Takaful

Insurance products that observe the rules and regulations of Islamic law.

Term assurance

A simple form of life insurance, offering cover over a fixed number of years during which a lump sum will be paid out if the life insured dies.

Unit trusts

A form of open ended collective investment constituted under a trust deed, in which investors can buy and sell units.

Unit-linked annuities

A unit-linked annuity is a type of deferred annuity which is invested in units of investment funds, whose value depends directly on the market value of assets in those funds.

Whole life

Whole life insurance is a protection policy that remains in force for the insured's whole life. Traditional whole life contracts have fixed premium payments that typically cannot be missed without lapsing the policy. Flexible whole life contracts allow the policyholder to vary the premium and/or amount of life cover, within certain limits.

With profits

A type of long-term savings and insurance product sold in the UK. Under with profits policies premiums are paid into a separate fund. Policyholders receive a return on their policies through bonuses, which "smooth" the investment return from the assets which premiums are invested in. Bonuses are declared on an annual and terminal basis. Shareholders have a participating interest in the with-profit funds and any declared bonuses. Generally, policyholder and shareholder participation in with-profit funds in the UK is split 90:10.

 

Wrap investments

An account in which a broker or fund manager executes investment decisions on behalf of a client in exchange for a single quarterly or annual fee, usually based on the total assets in the account rather than the number of transactions.

 

General terms

Available for sale (AFS)

Securities that have been acquired neither for short-term sale nor to be held to maturity. These are shown at fair value on the statement of financial position and changes in value are taken straight to equity instead of the income statement.

Association of British Insurers (ABI)

Association of British Insurers - A major trade association for UK insurance companies, established in July 1985.

Acquired value of in force (AVIF)

An estimate of future profits that will emerge over the remaining term of all existing life and pensions policies for which premiums are being paid or have been paid at the statement of financial position date.

Bancassurance

An arrangement whereby banks and building societies sell insurance and investment products to their customers on behalf of other financial providers.

Combined Code on Corporate Governance

The Combined Code on Corporate Governance sets out guidance in the form of principles and provisions on how companies should be directed and controlled to follow good governance practice. The Financial Services Authority requires companies listed in the UK to disclose, in relation to the Combined Code, how they have applied its principles and whether they have complied with its provisions throughout the accounting year. Where the provisions have not been complied with, companies must provide an explanation for this.

Deferred acquisition costs (DAC)

The cost directly attributable to the acquisition
of new business for insurance and participating investment contracts (excluding those written in the UK) are deferred to the extent that they are expected to be recoverable out of future margins in revenue on these contracts.

 

Fair value

The price that a reasonable buyer would be willing to pay and a reasonable seller would be willing to accept for a product on the
open market.

FSA

The UK's Financial Services Authority - Main regulatory body appointed by the government to oversee the financial services industry in the UK. Since December 2001 it has been the single statutory regulator responsible for the savings, insurance and investment business.

 

Funds under management

Represents all assets actively managed or administered by or on behalf of the Group including those funds managed by third parties

 

 

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General terms cont.

Funds under management by Aviva

Represents all assets actively managed or administered by the fund management operations of the Group.

General insurance

Also known as non-life or property and casualty insurance. Casualty insurance primarily covers losses arising from accidents that cause injury
to other people or damage property of others. Property insurance covers loss or damage through fire, theft, flood, storms and other specified risks.

Gross written premiums

The total earnings or revenue generated by sales of insurance products, before any reinsurance is taken into account. Not all premiums written
will necessarily be treated as income in the current financial year, because some of them could relate to insurance cover for a subsequent period.

"Hard" insurance market

A term used to describe the state of the general insurance market. A "hard" insurance market is characterised by high levels of underwriting profits and the ability of insurers to charge high premium rates. Hard insurance markets generally occur when capital is scarce and are the opposite of "soft" insurance markets.

Independent Financial Advisers (IFAs)

A person or organisation authorised to give advice on financial matters and to sell the products of all financial service providers. In the UK they are legally obliged to offer the product that best suits their clients' needs. Outside the UK IFAs may be referred to by other names.

IFRS

International Financial Reporting Standards. These are accounting regulations designed to ensure comparable statement of financial position preparation and disclosure, and are the standards that all publicly listed companies in the European Union are required to use.

IFRS operating profit

From continuing operations on an IFRS basis, stated before tax attributable to shareholders' profits, impairment of goodwill and exceptional items. This is also referred to as adjusted operating profit

 

Inherited estate

In the UK, the assets of the long-term with-profit funds less the realistic reserves for non-profit policies, less asset shares aggregated across the with-profit policies and any additional amounts expected at the valuation date to be paid to in-force policyholders in the future in respect
of smoothing costs and guarantees.

 

Internal rate of return

Internal Rate of Return is the rate at which the discounted value of post-tax profits expected to be earned over the life time of the new business written is equal to the total capital invested in new business.

 

Long-term and savings business

Collective term for life insurance, pensions, savings, investments and related business.

Market Consistent Embedded Value

Aviva's Market Consistent Embedded Value (MCEV) methodology which is in accordance with the MCEV Principles published by the
CFO Forum in June 2008 as amended in October 2009.

Net written premiums

Total gross written premiums for the given period, minus premiums paid over or "ceded" to reinsurers.

Present value of new business (PVNBP)

Present value of new regular premiums plus 100% of single premiums, calculated using assumptions consistent with those used to determine the value of new business under Market Consistent Embedded Value (MCEV) principles published by the CFO Forum of major European listed and non-listed insurance companies.

"Soft" insurance market

A term used to describe the state of the general insurance market. A "soft" insurance market is characterised by low levels of profitability and market competition driving premium rates lower. Soft insurance markets generally occur when there is excess capital and are the opposite of "hard" insurance markets.

Turnbull Guidance on Internal Control

The Turnbull guidance sets out best practice on internal controls for UK listed companies, and provides additional guidance in applying certain sections of the Combined Code.

Market Consistent Embedded Value (MCEV) terms

Asymmetric risk

Risks that will cause shareholder profits to vary where the variation above and below the average are not equal in distribution.

CFO Forum

The CFO Forum www.cfoforum.nl is a high-level group formed by the Chief Financial Officers of major European listed and non-listed insurance companies. Its aim is to discuss issues relating to proposed new accounting regulations for their businesses and how they can create greater transparency for investors. The Forum was created in 2002, the Market Consistent Embedded Value principles were launched
in June 2008. The principles are a further development of the European Embedded Value principles first launched in May 2004.

 

 

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Market Consistent Embedded Value (MCEV) terms cont.

Cost of non-hedgeable risks

This is the cost of undertaking those risks for which a deep and liquid market in which to hedge that risk does not exist. This can include both financial risks and non-financial risks such as mortality, persistency and expense.

Covered business

The contracts to which the MCEV methodology has been applied.

EU solvency

The excess of assets over liabilities and the worldwide minimum solvency margins, excluding goodwill and the additional value of in-force long-term business, and excluding the surplus held in the Group's life funds. The Group solvency calculation is determined according to the UK Financial Services Authority application of EU Insurance Groups Directive rules.

Financial options and guarantees

Features of the covered business conferring potentially valuable guarantees underlying,or options to change, the level or nature of policyholder benefits and exercisable at the discretion of the policyholder, whose potential value is impacted by the behaviour of financial variables.

Free surplus

The amount of any capital and surplus allocated to, but not required to support, the in-force covered business.

Frictional costs

The additional taxation and investment costs incurred by shareholders through investing the Required Capital in the Company rather than directly.

Funds under management

Represents all assets actively managed or administered by or on behalf of the group including those funds managed by third parties.

Group MCEV

A measure of the total consolidated value of the group with covered life business included on an MCEV basis and non-covered business (including pension schemes and goodwill) included on an IFRS basis.

Gross risk-free yields

Gross of tax yields on risk-free fixed interest investments, generally swap rates under MCEV.

 

Implicit items

Amounts allowed by local regulators to be deducted from capital amounts when determining the EU required minimum margin.

Inherited estate

The assets of the long-term with-profit funds less the realistic reserves for non-profit policies, less asset shares aggregated across the with-profit policies and any additional amounts expected at the valuation date to be paid to in-force policyholders in the future in respect of smoothing costs and guarantees.

Life business

Subsidiaries selling life and pensions contracts that are classified as covered business under MCEV.

Life MCEV

The MCEV balance sheet value of covered business as at the reporting date. Excludes non-covered business including pension schemes and goodwill.

Life MCEV operating earnings

Operating earnings on the MCEV basis relating to the lines of business included in the embedded value calculations. From continuing operations and is stated before tax, impairment of goodwill and exceptional items.

Life MCEV earnings

Total earnings on the MCEV basis relating to the lines of business included in the embedded value calculations. From continuing operations.

Look-through basis

Inclusion of the capitalised value of profits and losses arising from subsidiary companies providing administration, investment management and other services to the extent that they relate to covered business.

Long-term savings

Includes life and pension sales calculated under MCEV and retail investment sales.

Market consistent

A measurement approach where economic assumptions are such that projected asset cash flows are valued consistently with current market prices for traded assets.

 

 

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Net asset value per ordinary share

Net asset value divided by the number of ordinary shares in issue. Net asset value is based on equity shareholders' funds.

Net worth

The market value of the shareholders' funds and the shareholders' interest in the surplus held in the non-profit component of the long-term business funds, determined on a statutory solvency basis and adjusted to add back any non-admissible assets, and consists of the required capital and free surplus.

 

Market Consistent Embedded Value (MCEV) terms cont.

New business margin

New business margins are calculated as the value of new business divided by the present value of new business premiums (PVNBP), and expressed as a percentage.

Present value of new business
premiums (PVNBP)

Present value of new regular premiums plus 100% of single premiums, calculated using assumptions consistent with those used to determine the value of new business.

Required capital

The amount of assets, over and above the value placed on liabilities in respect of covered business, whose distribution to shareholders is restricted.

Risk-free rate (reference rate in CFO
Forum terminology)

In stable markets, including the period from 31 December 2006 to 30 June 2007, the risk-free rate is taken as the swap curve yield.
In current markets, including the period from 1 July 2007, the risk-free rate is taken as swaps except for all contracts that contain features similar to immediate annuities and are backed by appropriate assets, including paid up group deferred annuities and all other contracts in the Netherlands, and deferred annuities and all other contracts in the US. The adjusted risk-free rate is taken as swaps plus the additional return available for products and where backing asset portfolios can be held to maturity.

Service companies

Companies providing administration or fund management services to the covered business.

Solvency cover

The excess of the regulatory value of total assets over total liabilities, divided by the regulatory value of the required minimum solvency margin.

Spread business

Contracts where a significant source of shareholder profits is the taking of credit spread risk that is not passed on to policyholders. The most significant spread business in Aviva are immediate annuities and US deferred annuities and life business.

 

Statutory basis

The valuation basis and approach used for reporting financial statements to local regulators.

 

Stochastic techniques

Techniques that incorporate the potential future variability in assumptions.

Symmetric risks

Risks that will cause shareholder profits to vary where the variation above and below the average are equal and opposite. Financial theory says that investors do not require compensation for non-market risks that are symmetrical as the risks can be diversified away by investors.

Time value and intrinsic value

A financial option or guarantee has two elements of value, the time value and intrinsic value. The intrinsic value is the discounted value of the option or guarantee at expiry, assuming that future economic conditions follow best estimate assumptions. The time value is the additional value arising from uncertainty about future economic conditions.

Value of new business

Is calculated using economic assumptions set at the start of each quarter and the same operating assumptions as those used to determine the embedded values at the end of the reporting period and is stated after the effect of any frictional costs. Unless otherwise stated, it is
also quoted net of tax and minority interests.

 

 

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Shareholder services

 

 

Group financial calendar for 2011

 

Announcement of third quarter
Interim Management Statement

03 November 2011

Annual General Meeting

The voting results of the 2011 AGM, including proxy votes and votes withheld can be viewed on our website at www.aviva.com/agm. In addition you will also find the group chief executive's 2011 presentation and a webcast of the formal business of the meeting. Information relating to previous Annual General Meetings since 2002 is also available.

Dividends

Dividends on Aviva ordinary shares are normally paid in May and November; please see the table below for the 2011 interim dividend dates. Dividends paid on Aviva preference shares are normally paid in March, June, September and December; please visit www.aviva.com/preferenceshares for the latest dividend payment dates.

      Holders of the Company's ordinary and preference shares receive dividends in sterling and holders of ADRs will receive dividends in US dollars.

 

Ordinary shareholders - Have your dividends paid directly into your bank account

Visit www.aviva.com/dividends for further details or contact the Company's Registrar, Computershare Investors Services PLC (contact details overleaf), to obtain a dividend mandate form. For UK resident shareholders, if your shareholding is valued at £10,000 or less, you can set up a mandate instruction over the telephone.

 

Shareholders resident outside the UK can elect to receive dividends in a choice of over 65 international currencies through the Global Payment Service. For further details, including the fees for this service, please visit www.investorcentre.co.uk/faq and select the Dividends and Payments tab, followed by Global Payment Service.

 

Ordinary shares - 2011 interim dividend

 

Ex-dividend date

 21 September 2011

Record date

23 September 2011

Last date for receipt of Scrip elections

21 October 2011

Dividend payment date*

17 November 2011

*  Please note that the ADR local payment date will be approximately 5 business days after the proposed dividend date for ordinary shares.

Be on your guard - beware of fraudsters

Shareholders are advised to be very wary of any unsolicited telephone calls or correspondence offering to buy shares at a discount or offering free financial advice or company reports. If you receive any unsolicited advice:

n Make sure you get the correct name of the person and organisation,

n Check that they are properly authorised by the Financial Services Authority (FSA) before getting involved by visiting www.fsa.gov.uk/register/,

n Report the matter to the FSA by calling 0845 606 1234 or visit www.fsa.gov.uk/pages/consumerinformation,

n If the calls persist, hang up.

 

More detailed information on this can be found on the Money Advice Service website at www.moneyadviceservice.org.uk.

Company Registrar

Ordinary and Preference Shares

On 4 July 2011, Computershare Investors Services PLC ("Computershare") replaced Equiniti as Aviva's Registrar. Any queries regarding Aviva plc shares should be directed to Computershare using the contact details overleaf. Please quote Aviva plc, together with the name and address in which the shares are held and your Computershare Shareholder Reference Number (SRN).

How to obtain your Computershare Shareholder Reference Number (SRN)

On moving the Aviva share register from Equiniti to Computershare, each shareholder was allocated a new SRN which will be quoted on any future shareholder correspondence.

      If you are registered to receive electronic communications, you should have received your new SRN from Computershare.

      If you do not have your SRN, which you will need either to use the Computershare share dealing facility, or to use online shareholder services, you will be able to obtain your SRN by contacting Computershare by telephone on 0871 495 0105*. Computershare will send you confirmation of your SRN by post, to be received within five business days.

      If you need your SRN immediately, Computershare will be able to provide your SRN over the telephone providing you can answer some security questions and provide your Equiniti SRN.

 

*Please call +44 (0) 117 378 8361 if calling from outside of the UK.

Electronic Communications

Please note that shareholders registered with Shareview are no longer able to view their Aviva shareholding via the online Shareview site. Shareholders can register for online services via the Computershare Investor Centre at www.investorcentre.co.uk. This is a free and secure service that allows you to:

n Access details of your individual Aviva shareholding quickly and securely online;

n Change your details online;

n Elect to receive important shareholder communications by email or in hard copy format;

n Arrange for any dividend payments to be made directly to your bank or building society account;

n Elect to join the Aviva Scrip Dividend Scheme; and

n Vote online.

Online Shareholder Services Centre - www.aviva.com/shareholderservices

The online shareholder services centre has been designed to meet the specific needs of holders of Aviva ordinary shares, preference shares and ADRs, and includes features which allow you to manage your holding in Aviva easily and efficiently.

     

 

 

Within the online centre, you will be able to find current and historic Aviva ordinary and preference share and ADR prices, share dealing information, news, updates and, when available, presentations from Aviva's senior management. You will also be able to download an electronic copy of the Company's reports.

 

 

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There is also a range of frequently asked questions on holding ordinary shares, preference shares and ADRs in Aviva, which contain practical and helpful information, including useful contact details.

 

Aviva share price

You can access the current share price of Aviva ordinary shares and ADRs at www.aviva.com/shareprice. If you would like to find out the price of Aviva preference shares, please visit the London Stock Exchange website at www.londonstockexchange.com.

 

 

Contact Details

Ordinary and Preference Shares

Computershare Investor Services PLC

The Pavilions

Bridgwater Road

Bristol

BS99 6ZZ

Email: avivaSHARES@computershare.co.uk

Telephone: 0871 495 0105*

*Please call +44 (0) 117 378 8361 if calling from outside

of the UK.

ADRs

Aviva has a sponsored ADR facility administered by Citibank, NA. Any queries regarding Aviva ADRs can be directed to Citibank by post, telephone or email.

 

Citibank Shareholder Services

PO Box 43077

Providence,

Rhode Island

USA 02940-5000

Email: citibank@shareholders-online.com

Telephone: (00 1) 877 248 4237

(free phone for callers within the US)

+(1) 781 575 4555 (non free phone for callers outside the US)

Fax: +(1) 201 324 3284

 

For further information about Aviva's ADR programme,

please go to www.citi.com/dr.

 

 

 

Form20-F

Aviva is a foreign private issuer in the United States of America and is subject to certain reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC). Aviva files its Form 20-F with the SEC, copies of which can be found at www.aviva.com/reports.

Internet sites

Aviva owns various internet sites, most of which interlink with each other:

 

Aviva Group

www.aviva.com 

UK long-term savings and general insurance

www.aviva.co.uk 

Asset management

www.avivainvestors.com  

Aviva worldwide internet sites

www.aviva.com/websites

Other useful links for shareholders

Aviva shareholder services centre

www.aviva.com/shareholderservices 

ADR holders

www.aviva.com/adr

Aviva preference shareholders

www.aviva.com/preferenceshares 

Dividend information for ordinary shares

www.aviva.com/dividends 

Annual general meeting information

www.aviva.com/agm 

Aviva share price

www.aviva.com/shareprice

Register for electronic communications

www.aviva.com/ecomms 

 

 

End of Part 5 of 5

End


This information is provided by RNS
The company news service from the London Stock Exchange
 
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