Final Results

Polar Capital Technology Trust PLC

19 July 2023

 

POLAR CAPITAL TECHNOLOGY TRUST PLC

AUDITED RESULTS ANNOUNCEMENT FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR TO 30 APRIL 2023

FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

FINANCIAL SUMMARY			Change%
	As at 30 April 2023	As at 30 April 2022	Year Ended 2023	Year Ended 2022
Total net assets	£2,828,141,000	£3,050,985,000	(7.3%)	(10.5%)
Net Asset Value (NAV) per ordinary share	2239.48p	2305.13p	(2.8%)	(7.7%)
Benchmark1	3604.43	3504.44	2.9%	(0.9%)
Price per ordinary share	1940.00p	2040.00p	(4.9%)	(13.7%)
Discount of ordinary share price to the NAV per ordinary share2	(13.4%)	(11.5%)
Ordinary shares in issue3	126,285,544	132,356,426	(4.6%)	(3.1%)
Ordinary shares held in treasury	11,029,456	4,958,574	122.4%	543.8%

KEY DATA	For the year to 30 April 2023
	Local Currency %	Sterling Adjusted %
Benchmark1
Dow Jones Global Technology Index (TR)	3.0	2.9
Other Indices over the year (total return)
FTSE World	3.4	3.4
FTSE All-Share		6.1
S&P 500 Composite	2.7	2.7
Nikkei 225	10.0	4.9
Eurostoxx 600	7.3	12.3

	As at 30 April
EXCHANGE RATES	2023	2022
US$ to £	1.2569	1.2555
Japanese Yen to £	171.15	162.66
Euro to £	1.1385	1.1901

	For the year to 30 April
EXPENSES	2023	2022
Ongoing charges ratio2	0.81%	0.84%
Ongoing charges ratio including performance fee2	0.81%	0.84%

Data supplied by Polar Capital LLP and HSBC Securities Services.

1 Dow Jones Global Technology Index (total return, Sterling adjusted, with the removal of relevant withholding taxes).

2 Alternative Performance Measures provided in the Annual Report.

3 The issued share capital on 13 July 2023 (latest practicable date) was 137,315,000 ordinary shares of which 12,258,825 were held in treasury.

HISTORIC PERFORMANCE

As at 30 April	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Net Assets (£m)	528.8	606.6	793.0	801.3	1,252.5	1,551.6	1,935.6	2,308.6	3,408.8	3,051.0	2,828.1
Share price (pence)	398.5	442.0	592.0	566.0	947.0	1,148.0	1,354.0	1,774.0	2,364.0	2,040.0	1,940.0
NAV per share (pence)	412.4	458.4	599.2	605.5	945.4	1,159.7	1,446.4	1,715.6	2,496.4	2,305.1	2,239.5
Indices of Growth1
Share price	100.0	110.9	148.6	142.0	237.6	288.1	339.8	445.2	593.2	511.9	486.8
NAV per share	100.0	111.2	145.3	146.8	229.2	281.2	350.7	416.0	605.3	559.0	543.0
Dow Jones Global Technology Index 2	100.0	113.1	146.4	146.2	224.3	262.5	318.8	376.5	551.0	546.3	561.8

The Company commenced trading on 16 December 1996 and the share price on the first day was 96.0p per share and the NAV per share was 97.5p.

Notes:

1 Rebased to 100 at 30 April 2013

2 Dow Jones Global Technology Index (total return, Sterling adjusted) with the removal of relevant withholding taxes.

All data sourced from Polar Capital LLP.

For further information please contact:
Ben Rogoff	Ed Gascoigne-Pees
Polar Capital Technology Trust PLC	Camarco
Tel: [phone]	Tel: [phone]

CHAIR'S STATEMENT

Introduction

On behalf of myself and the Board I am pleased to share with you the Annual Report of the Company for the year to 30 April 2023. This is my first full year Chair Statement following my appointment as Chair in September 2022.

The year under review and in particular the period since my appointment as Chair, has been a tumultuous one for markets, with the post-COVID settling down period, the continuation of the Russia-Ukraine war and the sizeable hikes in interest rates as the central banks sought somewhat belatedly to tackle the surge in inflationary pressures causing a global cost of living crisis. This has also had a resultant negative impact on long-duration assets such as technology stocks. To add to these, on the day of my appointment we sadly marked the passing of Queen Elizabeth II and of course more recently we celebrated the coronation of our newest monarch, King Charles III.

Performance

The Manager's report gives an overview of the year past and the outlook for the near future. Over the year under review, your Company's net asset value (NAV) per share fell from 2305.13p to 2239.48p, a decrease of 2.8%, while the Benchmark increased 2.9% in Sterling terms over the same period. I would like to be reporting more positive performance numbers, but generally markets have not been constructive and technology in particular has suffered in the post-Covid reset and high interest rate environment. Furthermore, our underweighting of "mega-cap" technology stocks which now dominate the index and which continue to lead the sector was a significant factor in our underperformance relative to the benchmark. That said, the Company has performed well against its technology investment trust peer group. We believe that there are interesting and exciting times ahead for our sector, particularly in the field of Artificial Intelligence ("AI") and this is discussed further in the Manager's Report.

Discount Management

The Board actively monitors the discount at which the Company's ordinary shares trade in relation to the Company's underlying NAV and, whilst the Board does not have a formal discount policy or a fixed target level for all times and circumstances, it will continue to exercise its discretion to buy back shares at a discount. Equally, should fortunes change, the Board will also use discretion to issue shares at a premium as has been done in the past. The intent when buying back shares is to seek to reduce the volatility of the share price, to add a small amount to NAV per share and to address significant imbalances in the supply and demand for shares.

We have continued to buy back stock regularly, repurchasing a total of 6,070,882 shares in the year under review at an average price of 1932.28 pence per share and an average discount of 11.95%. Following the year end and up to 13 July 2023, the Company has bought back a further 1,229,369 shares. While purchase levels have been relatively low on an individual transaction basis, we should note that this activity does not preclude the Manager determining that a more significant amount than usual on any one day should be purchased. Such a decision may be influenced by, in the Manager's view, there being a particular investment opportunity best accessed through buying shares in the Company rather than buying individual securities.

Board Composition

Outside of my appointment as Chair on the retirement of Sarah Bates after 12-years, there have been no other changes to the membership of the Board during the financial year under review. Biographical details of all Directors are available on the Company's website and are provided in the Annual Report and Accounts.

The Board is aware of the FCA's Diversity and Inclusion Policy and notes that its current composition meets two of the three 'comply or explain' targets with three of the six members being female and two of the three senior positions being occupied by females. However we do not meet the recommended ethnicity requirements. While there are no immediate plans to recruit to the Board, the Board has put in place a succession plan based on the recommended nine-year tenure of Directors. It is a priority of the Board to be able to meet all aspects of the FCA's Diversity policy as part of these future succession plans. Of paramount importance is having the correct mix of skills around the table, diversity of thought and a constructive culture that engenders lively discussion. When we next select our recruitment consultant to assist us with a director search we will set parameters that ensure potential candidates are sourced from a broad pool such that the Board can consider candidates with minority ethnic backgrounds, especially at the final round of the recruitment process. Further information is provided in the Nomination Committee Report.

Annual General Meeting

We are pleased to confirm that the Company's AGM will be held on 7 September 2023 at 2:30pm. We have considered feedback from the prior few years AGM's and analysed the attendance levels pre, during and post-COVID. Due to the previous lack of take up for the option of attendance on-line we are opting this year to hold an in-person only meeting and will not be providing a hybrid attendance option. We have also considered comments from shareholders on cost and location, and have this year decided to move the meeting to a central City base. We will therefore be using the auditorium at the offices of Herbert Smith Freehills, Exchange House, Primrose Street, London, EC2A 2EG. We look forward to welcoming shareholders to the meeting who will receive a presentation from the Manager and his team and shareholders will also have the opportunity to ask questions and meet the Board; light refreshments will again be available following the meeting.

The notice of AGM will shortly be provided to shareholders and will also be available on the Company's website. Detailed explanations on the formal business and the resolutions to be proposed at the AGM is contained within the Shareholder Information section of the Annual Report and Accounts as well as the Notice of AGM.

Environmental, Social And Governance Matters (ESG)

We continue to keep abreast of ESG developments and changes in the landscape. Through regular engagement with the Manager, we have seen how ESG considerations have been integrated into the overall house style, the technology team investment approach and decision making as well as the methodology behind this. As a Board, we believe that the Manager is best placed to integrate ESG factors into the investment decision-making process, with the Board providing oversight and challenge, to ensure that the process is being executed as expected. This challenge is undertaken through regular reporting and engagement with the Manager. The Board receives tailored ESG related information including the ratings of investee companies and is able to use this as a tool to inform discussions with the Manager during Board meetings. As at 30 April 2023, based on MSCI ESG ratings, the portfolio and the benchmark were both rated A.

The Board also receives regular updates on the progress that has been made on the corporate side of Polar Capital's business. Please refer to the ESG Report in the Annual Report and Accounts which incorporates both the investment and corporate approaches.

Outlook

Given the recent breakthroughs in Artificial Intelligence ("AI"), we remain positive on the outlook and the future of technology, despite a challenging macro backdrop. We look forward to the investment opportunities this brings for the sector, which looks well placed to benefit from AI disruption.

Finally, the Board is delighted to welcome Alastair (Ali) Unwin formally as Deputy Fund Manager following his recent promotion within Polar Capital. Ali joined the Polar Capital Technology team in 2019, has worked closely with Ben Rogoff since joining the team and has been a regular presenter to the Board. This appointment formalises the involvement that Ali has on the portfolio and the Board are pleased to support this move. Ben and Ali are supported by an experienced technology team who have significant experience of investing in the sector. Shareholders will have the opportunity to meet and talk with Ali, along with other members of the technology team at the AGM.

Catherine Cripps

Chair

18 July 2023

FINANCIAL AND PERFORMANCE REVIEW FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2023

The NAV per share declined to 2239.48p as at 30 April 2023 from 2305.13p at the start of the year. The Company's NAV per share total return for the period was a loss of 2.8% and finished the year with a total net assets of £2,828.1m. The Investment Manager's Report sets out in detail the performance of the Company for the financial year. The chart contained in the annual report shows in greater detail the movement in total net assets for the year.

Total Return

The Company generates returns from both capital growth (capital return) and dividend income received (revenue return). The total return from the portfolio for the year was a loss of £105.2m (2022: £258.6m loss), of which there was a £98.3m loss (2022: £241.9m loss) from capital and a £6.9m loss (2022: £16.7m loss) on our income account which offsets all expenses against dividend income. Full details of the total return can be found in the Statement of Comprehensive Income in the Annual Report and Accounts. We choose as a matter of policy not to allocate our expenses between capital and income, (any performance fee is the only expense allocated to capital). The Company's allocation of expenses is described in Note 2(d) in the Annual Report and Accounts and the allocation methodology is considered on an annual basis, no change to the policy is recommended (2022: no change). The total net losses per share were 81.28p (2022: net losses of 191.61p per share). The total net losses per share was made up of 75.98p from capital return and a loss of 5.30p from revenue return.

Capital Return

The investment portfolio was valued at £2,640.2m (2022: £2,811.1m) at the year end 30 April 2023. The investment portfolio delivered a realised loss on disposals of £190.5m (2022: £121.2m loss) and valuation gains on investment of £83.7m (2022: £132.5m loss) for the year ended 30 April 2023. The Company's valuation approach is described in Note 2 (f) in the Annual Report and Accounts. The derivative gains of £0.03m (2022: £5.8m loss) represent the call and put options which are used to facilitate efficient portfolio management. Full details of the derivatives are set out in the Investment Managers Report.

Revenue Return

The total investment income of £16.2m (2022: £15.87m) represents dividend income derived from listed investments. The investment income, excluding any one-off special dividends, increased by 0.7% for the year and this was driven by changes in holdings, dividend rates, and FX rate changes as the Company's revenue is generally denominated in currencies other than Sterling. The increase in interest rates which started at the end of the 2022 financial year has continued. This led banks and Money Market Funds (MMF) to make higher interest income payments. As a result, during the year under review, the Company received other operating income of £3.8m (2022: £0.031m) which was derived from bank interest and MMF interest. It should be noted, however, that the MMF is held primarily as a cash diversification factor rather than an income generating investment. As stated above, as a matter of policy, all expenses (excluding the performance fee) are charged to revenue and as a result, expenses normally exceed the income received in any given year. As has been the case for many years, the revenue reserve therefore remains negative. The Company historically has not paid dividends given the nature of its focus on longer-term capital growth. The Board reviews this stance on a periodic basis.

Expenses

The total expenses for the year under review amounted to £24.7m (2022: £30.6m) and include investment management fees of £21.9m (2022: £28.3m), administrative expenses of £1.2m (2022: £1.3m) and finance costs of £1.6m (2022: £1.0m). The Company's operating expenses comprise predominantly variable costs, such as management, depositary and custody fees which increase and decrease based on the net asset value. Other expenses remained at a similar level to the last year. The finance costs increased slightly due to the increase in interest rates. As noted in last year's Annual Report, the agreement which was made with Polar Capital to amend the base management fee tier levels came into effect from 1 May 2022, and this resulted in a 8.7% reduction in management fees for the year when compared to the prior management tiers calculation. There was no performance fee accrued at the year ended 30 April 2023 (2022: £nil).

Ongoing Charges

Ongoing Charges Ratio (OCR) is a measure of the ongoing operating costs of the Company. It is calculated in line with the AIC recommended methodology, represents the total expenses of the Company, excluding finance costs, and is expressed as a percentage of the average daily net asset value during the year. The OCR demonstrates to Shareholders the annual percentage reduction in NAV as a result of recurring operational expenses, that is, the expected cost of managing the portfolio. Whilst based on historical information, the OCR provides an indication of the likely level of costs that will be incurred in managing the Company in the future. The OCR for the year to 30 April 2023 was 0.81% (2022: 0.84%). The OCR including the performance fee for the year to 30 April 2023 was the same as no performance fee was accrued at the year end. As noted above under expenses, the reduction in the OCR is mainly due to the reduction in management fee tier levels which came into effect from 1 May 2022, and the change in the net asset value during the year under review. See Alternative Performance Measures in the Annual Report and Accounts.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

As in the prior years, the Company's cash level remained relatively high, closing the year with £239.1m (2022: £311.4m). As noted above, as part of the Company's cash diversification strategy, the Company has taken a cautious approach and has chosen to invest 50% of its USD cash balance into a USD Treasury Money Market Fund. As at 30 April 2023, the Company held the BlackRock Institutional Cash Series - US Treasury Fund with a market value at year end of £90.4m (2022: £92.0m).

Portfolio Turnover

Portfolio turnover (purchases and sales divided by two) totalled £2,268.9m equating to 77% for the year to 30 April 2023 (2022: 84%) of average net assets over the year. Details of the investment strategy and portfolio are given in the Investment Manager's Review in the Annual Report and Accounts.

Gearing

The Company can use gearing for investment purposes as stated in the Annual Report and Accounts. In September 2022, the Company entered into replacement contracts with ING Bank N. V for two, two-year fixed rate term loans (JPY 3.8bn and US$36m). These loans replaced the previously held two‑year loans of JPY 3.8bn and US$36m which expired on 30 September 2022. Both loans fall due for repayment on 30 September 2024. The repayment of both loans, totalling approximately £50.8m (2022: £52.0m), would equate to less than 2% of the Company's NAV as at 30 April 2023.

Foreign Exchange

The majority of the Company's assets and revenue are denominated in currencies other than Sterling and are impacted by foreign exchange movements. As at the year ended the other currency gains of £8.4m represents the exchange gains on currency balances of £7.2m and net gains on translation of loan balances of £1.2m. The Company's total return and net assets can be affected by the currency translation and movements in foreign exchange. Note 27 (a) (ii) in the Annual Report and Accounts, analyses the currency risk and the management of such risks.

Catherine Cripps

Chair

18 July 2023

INVESTMENT MANAGER'S REPORT

Market Review

As discussed in our last Annual Report, we believe 2022 is best understood as the year 'risk was repriced' as central banks moved forcefully to rein in the economy, defend their credibility and prevent inflation expectations becoming unanchored. Proving anything but 'transitory', inflation continued to surprise to the upside taking global risk-free rates with it. In the US, consumer price inflation (CPI) averaged 8.0% during the calendar year, while the +9.1% reading in June was the largest year-on-year (y/y) monthly gain since 1981. The inflation shock was hardly unique to the US, with soaring energy and food prices, Labour markets with more jobs than available workers and the release of pent-up demand combining to create the most inflationary backdrop globally for 40 years. For the full year, global inflation averaged 8.8% compared to pre‑pandemic levels of around 3.5%.

As a result of this persistent inflation, 2022 was also a year of unprecedented interest rate rises, after an oddly slow start by central banks. In the US, the Federal Reserve (Fed; the US central bank) embarked on the steepest set of rate hikes in 40 years as rates were raised by 450 basis points (bps), including four 75bps hikes, in addition to the resumption of quantitative tightening (QT) whereby the Fed reduces its monetary reserves to 'tighten' its balance sheet. Futures markets at the start of 2022 had priced in expectations for Fed Funds (the key benchmark rate targeted by the Fed) to be at c1% by June 2023; by year end, this figure had risen to c5%. In Europe, the decade‑long experiment with negative interest rates ended as the European Central Bank (ECB) raised rates by 250bps despite a high likelihood of recession. Most other major markets experienced tightening in excess of 200bps.

Sharply higher risk-free rates weighed heavily on asset prices, not least bonds which experienced their worst calendar year returns since at least the 1970s, the Bloomberg US Aggregate Float-Adjusted Index losing 13.1%. This theme was painfully echoed in equity markets- the longer the duration, the worse the return. Ten-year US Treasuries suffered their worst annual performance since 1788 while record government bond losses were recorded in Japan, Europe, and the UK with drawdowns of 16.2%, 22% and c32% respectively. Having stood at $10trn in January 2022, the global stock of negative yielding bonds had fallen to essentially zero by calendar year end.

Higher sovereign yields weighed heavily on global equities, which also had to contend with elevated recession risk and negative earnings revisions. During the calendar year, 2yr-10yr Treasury yields fell to their most negative spread (where 2-year yields are higher than 10-year yields) in more than 40 years. Aggregate earnings estimates for companies in the S&P 500 Index in 2023 fell from $245 to around $230, while 2024 forecasts fell to c$250, essentially losing a year of growth. As measured by the MSCI All-Country World Index (ACWI), global equities fell by -18.4%, in dollar terms, their worst showing since 2008. The S&P 500 Index (-19.4%) also posted its biggest fall since 2008 and its seventh worst year since 1926. The unusual correlation between bond and equity markets, courtesy of inflation, meant that 2022 will probably be remembered for being the first year that both the S&P 500 (equities) and 10-year US Treasuries (bonds) each registered losses of more than 10% on a total return basis. It was also the worst year for combined total returns of stocks and bonds since 1982.

A bad year for US equities proved a calamity for growth stocks which suffered their worst year compared to value stocks since 2000. Helped by energy's record year (+59%) versus the broader market, the Morningstar US Value Index fell just c1% while the Morningstar US Growth Index plunged by c37%.

Equities started strongly in 2023 as extreme pessimism and bearish positioning were challenged by disinflationary data, weaker energy prices and sharply lower real rates, as well as a better than feared Q4 company earnings season and a momentum / short squeeze. European equities and 60/40

portfolios recorded their best start to a year since at least 1987, while the tech-heavy NASDAQ Composite Index enjoyed its strongest year-to-date performance since 2001.

However, sentiment turned more negative in February as a slew of strong economic data for January challenged the excitement that the interest rate tightening cycle was largely complete. Investment grade global bond markets gave back their year-to-date gains, while corresponding equity market weakness has seen US indices either approach or break 50-day moving averages as positioning and sentiment tailwinds came to an end and stocks began to fall on bad news or weak earnings reports.

The collapse of Signature Bank and then Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) in March provided the most significant casualties of aggressive Fed tightening. In order to prevent contagion, the US Treasury, Federal Reserve and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) announced that all deposits of SVB and Signature Bank would be insured, solving the immediate risk to deposit holders, and helping to stem rapid withdrawals which totalled $42bn in just four hours at peak. However, concerns remained that these bank failures were emblematic of wider issues in the banking sector, prompting extreme bond volatility and a 'flight to safety' with US 2-year yields falling by 130bps in just eight trading days. Credit Suisse fell soon afterwards, when actions by the Swiss central bank failed to stem client outflows and counterparty de-risking. UBS Group agreed to buy the 166-year-old lender for 3bn Swiss francs (40% of its market value) in a historic government-brokered deal aimed at containing the crisis.

Technology Review

In addition to the pressures felt by the broader market, technology stocks also had to contend with the further unwinding of perceived 'Covid winners' which weighed on the sector's relative growth and its companies' valuations. However, marked outperformance by the sector giants during early 2023 left the technology sector (represented by the Dow Jones Global Technology Index) modestly ahead of the broader market (MSCI ACWI) for our full fiscal year to 30 April 2023, the Dow Jones Global Technology Index returning +2.7% and the MSCI ACWI +2.1% respectively, both in sterling terms.

However, overall index returns contrasted with those enjoyed by the average stock, especially during 2022, when just 30% of technology stocks outperformed. For the 2022 calendar year (two-thirds of which fell within our past fiscal year), the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) outpaced the NASDAQ Composite Index by more than 2,400bps, the greatest divergence between the two since 2000. During this period, value significantly outperformed, outpacing the most expensive quintile of technology stocks by 35% in 2022. Perceived defensive businesses such as Hewlett Packard Enterprise (+17%), IBM (+24%) and Oracle (+7%) sidestepped the massive de‑rating of growth stocks that all but wiped out the EV/sales valuation premium normally enjoyed by next-generation software stocks over legacy incumbents, making it another challenging year for growth-oriented technology investors, us included.

As in 2021, the greatest weakness was reserved for the longest duration assets with limited valuation support. Tesla fell an incredible 65% during 2022, commensurate with the decline experienced by MSCI Ukraine and Bitcoin, revealing extreme cross-correlation. Weakness in category leaders like Tesla presaged a collapse in 'second liners' such as would-be electric vehicle (EV) makers Rivian (-82%) and Lucid (-82%). The ARK Innovation fund fell a further 63% in 2022 after declining 23% in 2021. Thankfully - and something we have highlighted for the past two years - the most pain was felt beyond listed equities as bubbles in cryptocurrency, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs) were destroyed. Cryptocurrencies plunged in 2022, led by Solana (-94%), Cardano (-81%) and Ethereum (-68%) leading to many industry bankruptcies before engulfing FTX and Sam Bankman-Fried. PCTT does not invest in either SPACs or cryptocurrencies.

Thankfully the technology sector's fortunes reversed with the arrival of the new calendar year, covering the final four months of our fiscal year, during which our benchmark advanced +16.9% as compared to the MSCI ACWI's +4.7% gain. This was driven by better-than-expected macroeconomic data which prompted optimism around e-commerce and digital advertising growth against low expectations, while Artificial Intelligence ("AI") provided a new growth outlet to many semiconductor companies given the calculation (compute)-intensive nature of large language model (LLM - see more below) training and inference. However, this period also saw extraordinary outperformance of large-cap companies, as measured by the Russell 1000 Technology Index, which delivered +22% while small-caps as measured by the Russell 2000 Technology Index, fell 1.9%, both in sterling terms. Megacap technology stock performance has been even more pronounced, benefitting from a 'flight to quality' amid the collapse of SVB, money flowing from the financials and

energy sectors and excitement about and desire for AI exposure.

At the technology subsector level, AI enthusiasm proved an important driver for semiconductors, the Philadelphia Stock Exchange Semiconductor Index (SOX) returning +4.2%. This was impressive given weakness in other end markets including smartphones and PCs. Earlier widespread semiconductor shortages and price increases scared customers who then scrambled to modify procurement policies to secure supply at the expense of inventory discipline, resulting in a severe inventory correction. Auto and industrial markets were more stable and datacentre spending remained relatively resilient as the large cloud providers continue to invest in anticipation of a compute‑intensive AI future. These trends, together with further evidence of 'semiconductor sovereignty'(epitomised by the $280bn CHIPS and Science Act) saw wafer fabrication equipment (WFE) spending surpass $100bn for the first time.

Despite enthusiasm about AI, there was a significant slowdown in cloud revenue growth as customers optimised spend following the pandemic-induced acceleration. Aggregate cloud revenue growth slowed by 400-500bps per quarter from +36% in Q2'22 and +31% in Q3 before falling to +26% and +21% in Q4 and Q1 respectively. This was a disappointment despite the public cloud's vast scale at >$170bn annualised revenue run rate.

The slowdown in cloud revenues reflected a broader slowdown within software, especially at Software as a Service (SaaS) companies. During the year, many software companies highlighted greater deal scrutiny, longer sales cycles, deal compression and in later months found it more difficult to expand seat counts as customers retrenched. While the Bloomberg Americas Software Index returned 4%, this largely reflected strong returns from legacy players with limited growth profiles but generally strong pricing power and undemanding valuation multiples. Microsoft also delivered strong returns (+11.8%) as Azure continued to grow well and customers consolidated spend on the largest platforms. Conversely, diminished risk appetite and a higher interest rate environment presaged a material valuation reset in the higher growth parts of the sector which saw the Goldman Sachs Expensive Software basket return -27%.

In the internet sector, echoes of the pandemic period continued to impact results, from still-slowing gross merchandise value (GMV) growth at many e-commerce companies, inventory issues at retailers and an ongoing travel and entertainment spending boom, as consumer spending continued to shift from goods to services. The NASDAQ Internet Index returned +1.0% during the fiscal year with a material divergence between mega-cap and smaller-cap constituents.

Portfolio Performance

The Company underperformed its benchmark with the net asset value (NAV) per share falling -2.8% during the fiscal year versus an increase of 2.9% for the Dow Jones Global Technology Index. The Company's share price fell by -4.9%, reflecting the additional impact of the discount widening from 11.5% to 13.4% during the period. We continue to monitor the discount and the Company bought back 6.07 million shares during the fiscal year, at an average discount of 12% to NAV.

The greatest headwind to the Company's relative performance was the dominance of large-cap technology stocks which we are structurally underweight. The Russell 1000 Technology Index (large cap) returned +5.5%, while the small-cap Russell 2000 Technology Index declined -13.8%, in sterling terms, with divergence becoming more accentuated into the end of the fiscal year following the collapse of SVB. Mega-cap outperformance was even more striking as Goldman Sachs' equal-weighted index of the six largest technology stocks returned +10.2% during the fiscal year and +16.3% since the end of February 2023. Within the growth part of the technology market, the divergence in performance was even more stark. The Russell 1000 Growth Technology Index returned +6.3% while the Russell 2000 Growth Technology Index returned -14.4% during the fiscal year. Unsurprisingly, mega-cap technology companies were responsible for some of the largest individual detractors to the Company's relative performance versus the benchmark. This included large absolute but relative underweight positions in Meta Platforms, Microsoft and Apple. Underweight positions in the largest five index names were responsible for a little more than a fifth of underperformance, with a larger portion of underperformance due to compression of next generation valuations.

During the latter half of 2022 we looked to cautiously rebuild the Company's exposure to next-generation software companies following significant valuation compression. This proved premature and was responsible for several of our largest detractors that included CrowdStrike (-40%), CloudFlare (-45%), Atlassian (-34%) and GitLab (-37%). Software proved our biggest detractor at the subsector level as a period of extreme multiple derating was followed by softer 2023 guidance as growth slowed and customers looked to optimise their cloud and software spending post-Covid. Less expensive software companies fared little better as our positions in Elastic (-25%), Five9 (-41%), CyberArk (-21%) and Tenable (-33%) all contributed negatively to relative performance. There were also a number of genuine disappointments which impacted performance despite their modest position sizes, including Snap (-69%), Bill.com (-55%), Square (-39%) and Kornit Digital (-72%).

In terms of positives, our growth semiconductor positions made a strong positive contribution given ongoing strength in data centre demand and enthusiasm around AI. This included Lattice Semiconductor (+66%), Monolithic Power Systems (+18%), eMemory Technology (+36%), Advanced Micro Devices (+5%) and the impact of our zero-weight position in Intel (-29%), which made up c1% of our benchmark. Leading networking company Arista Networks (+39%) also benefitted from robust hyperscale data centre spending. Strong automotive demand and an inflection in electronic vehicle ("EV") adoption helped power semiconductor holdings Infineon Technologies (+26%) and ON Semiconductor (+38%). Semiconductor capital equipment players KLA Tencor (+21%) and Disco (+40%) also delivered solid returns. 

Given the weak performance of most major technology subsectors (especially beyond the largest companies), a number of positive contributors to our relative performance came from peripheral areas including public sector technology, MedTech and FinTech. They included Axon Enterprise (+88%), Intuitive Surgical (+26%), Dexcom (+19%) and Wise (+39%).

We are never happy when we underperform our benchmark, even during periods when growth stocks are deeply out of favour. However, we are heartened by the fact that according to Lipper data, the performance of the Company versus the broader technology peer group remains first or second quartile over almost every period which suggests that the challenge posed by a highly concentrated benchmark firing on most cylinders is being widely felt.

Market Outlook

Last year we observed how risk was being repriced as the range of potential macroeconomic outcomes had become unusually wide. Valuations were elevated, earnings numbers at risk and early hopes that inflation would subside proved sadly complacent. Twelve months and 350bps of US rate hikes later, the range of potential outcomes appears narrower. Tightening has weighed on growth expectations: in its May update, the IMF forecast global growth of 2.8% in 2023, a moderation from 3.4% in 2022, and c10bps lower than it estimated in January. The slowdown continues to reflect sharply higher central bank rates necessary to combat inflation as well as the conflict in Ukraine. While growth may be bottoming out (aided by lower energy prices, robust private consumption, and ongoing fiscal support), recent turmoil in the financial sector following the collapse of several US regional banks is a reminder that recovery is unlikely to be straightforward.

The end of China's zero-Covid policy has already seen emerging markets accelerate, led by China and India which are forecast to grow 5.2% and 5.9% respectively this year. In contrast, growth in advanced economies is expected to slow to just 1.3% (2022: 2.7%). Risks to this outlook appear skewed to the downside while inflation, expected to fall to 5.6% this year and 3.7% in 2024, is likely to continue to dictate the tenor of monetary policy.

The good news for the market outlook is that most of the world's major central banks appear substantially through their rate tightening cycles. At the beginning of 2022, Fed Funds were near zero with futures markets pricing in c70bps of rate hikes. Ten-year US Treasury yields were 1.5% while real rates were negative. A little more than a year later and following 500bps of rate hikes, the Fed had begun to signal that the current rate-tightening cycle might be over. However, recent central bank rhetoric and/or action has become incrementally hawkish, dampening earlier hopes of a more benign interest rate environment.

With the Fed remaining 'data dependent', we are hopeful that rate expectations will moderate given our view that peak inflation is behind us. At the February Fed press conference, Fed Chair Jerome Powell unexpectedly declared it was "most welcome to be able to say that we are now in disinflation". While he offered many caveats, Powell mentioned disinflation 15 times during the press conference. While subsequent data has been mixed; headline inflation almost certainly peaked last summer. Others also appear to be past peak inflation with c84% of countries expected to have lower headline CPI in 2023 than in 2022. A key contributor to headline disinflation has been sharply lower energy prices, as well as falling goods prices as supply bottlenecks improve. Without question, the faster-than-expected adjustment in commodity prices to the shock from Russia's invasion of Ukraine represents the most constructive market development during the past year. In Dollar terms, crude oil has fallen by c.40% since its June highs while natural gas prices (having risen to 18x their pre-crisis level) have fallen precipitously, although they remain significantly higher than before Russia began preparing to invade Ukraine. The combination of a fortuitously warm winter, an impasse in Ukraine and conservation measures recently saw EU consumption of natural gas fall 25% below the 2017-21 average.

Although both core and service inflation remain uncomfortably high, policymakers will likely be encouraged by falling headline prices that may help reduce wage pressure by feeding into lower wage demands that are typically informed by headline rates. Inflation expectations also remain well-anchored, with market expectations of US inflation 5-10 years out still around 2.5%, less than half the current level. Policymakers may also regard recent bank failures as evidence that the long and variable lag associated with significant monetary tightening is beginning to show up, with US regional bank turmoil acting like a further rate hike transmitted through the credit creation channel.

According to the ECB, the negative impact on inflation will increase from 0.2% in 2022 to 1.2% this year before rising to 1.8% in 2024. Likewise, excess savings, which have acted as a buffer for consumption, have also been significantly depleted. In the US, an estimated $1.6trn of the $2.5trn in Covid-related stimulus savings have been spent while the personal saving rate is at its lowest in more than 60 years (except for July 2005). These factors may end up proving Powell right on disinflation, stock returns have been strong following a peak in inflation as long as a severe recession is avoided. Since 1948, the S&P 500 has averaged a 59.2% price gain five years post‑peak inflation, including the negative 2008 and 1973-74 experiences.

While we do not anticipate a severe downturn, US recession risk remains elevated as indicated by the spread between two-year and 10-year Treasury yields. However, this remains at odds with a US economy that, despite record monetary tightening, still grew 1.1% y/y during Q1, supported by an incredibly robust labour market, sharply lower energy prices and "remarkably resilient" consumer spending. While we expect the backdrop to remain choppy, first-quarter reporting season has been better-than-expected as 54% of S&P 500 firms have beaten consensus earnings expectations by more than one standard deviation of analyst estimates versus a historical average of 46%, according to Goldman Sachs. The downward slope of earnings per share (EPS) revisions has also continued to improve, which could suggest the steepest of the estimate cuts are behind us. This apparent contradiction is in part explained by the fact that GDP is measured in real terms while earnings estimates are nominal. As such, inflation - which has been supportive for (nominal) corporate revenues - continues to represent a greater risk to valuations (via a higher discount rate/ lower multiple) than to corporate earnings, although cost pressures have seen S&P net margins slip to 11.2% in Q4'22 from 12.4% in Q4'21.

Against a more persistent inflationary backdrop and a good start for markets this calendar year, valuations appear relatively full, with the S&P 500 trading at 18.8x forward earnings (2022: 19x). This leaves US stocks trading a little above both the five (18.6x) and 10-year (17.4x) averages. Having previously lent on past data that compares inflation to average PE ratios, history suggests there is further valuation downside (to c.15x PE) should inflation remain above 4%, and considerably more with inflation above 6% (c.11x). However, significantly lower valuation ranges may be more appropriate during periods where central banks are less able to curtail inflation (as with the 1970s' oil crisis) or when policymakers choose to de-emphasise it. For now, central banks remain highly credible and longer-term inflation expectations well‑anchored. Inevitably, equities will have to contend with greater competition from bonds and cash than during the era of 'free money', when long-term rates averaged 2.3%. However, over the medium term we can envisage many scenarios where equities outperform bonds but very few where the opposite is true. That said, we remain cautious of assets that are illiquid, complex, or dependent on access to capital.

Upside risk will likely depend on the worst of inflation being behind us and recession being avoided. A Fed pause suggests that significantly tighter monetary policy has begun to bite. This is evident not just in the banking sector but also in waning consumer confidence, CEO sentiment, housing affordability and the availability of credit. However, should the Fed prove able to becalm the labour market without causing a major spike in unemployment, the most widely forecast recession in history might still be averted. While history suggests this is unlikely, there is little that is 'normal' about the current cycle - the Fed has tightened substantially over the past 15 months without any significant impact on the labour market while price inflation has declined. This unusual combination - coined 'immaculate disinflation' - offers hope the Fed is able to recalibrate price expectations without causing an economic dislocation. With no post‑1950 precedent, economists are naturally dismissive, but as Fed Governor Philip Jefferson, put it, "history is useful, but it can only tell us so much, particularly in situations without historical precedent". Supply-chain disruptions are improving, the labour participation rate is recovering, and Fed credibility is high. While 1970s throwbacks make good copy ("another winter of discontent"), the US became a net exporter of energy in 2019 and union membership in the US stands at a third of its 1960 peak. Even if the US cannot avoid a recession, it does not have to be a disaster, just as a loss does not have to be total. With investors said to be facing "the worst backdrop for equities in over 40 years", a mild recession may not prove too bitter a pill. Also, absent a recession, markets may have bottomed in October 2022.

If 'immaculate disinflation' seems fanciful, consider the post WWII period when a temporary malalignment of demand and supply saw CPI leap from 1.7% in February 1946 to a peak of 19.7% in March 1947, before plunging to zero in 1949 with no lasting impact on inflation expectations. Pent-up demand was part sated, part choked by a modest Fed-induced recession while supply recovered as factories retooled from armaments to consumer goods. If this sounds oddly familiar, consider how the rejection (or resignation) of 'victorious' pandemic leaders - Ardern, Conte, Johnson, Merkel, Sturgeon, and Trump - is also reminiscent of Churchill and De Gaulle's post-war experiences.

Market Risks

Except for Covid (which has diminished further as a risk, thanks to a high level of immunity and lack of a new variant), many of the key challenges posed to equities are unchanged from last year. The principal risk faced by most risk assets is inflation with central banks focused on preventing relative price changes becoming entrenched. However, calibrating monetary policy to prevent "transitions from low to high inflation regimes" is extremely challenging. Thankfully, the Fed's preferred measure - the personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index - has fallen back to 4.4%, from a high of 7% in June 2022. However, services inflation and wage growth remain at levels incompatible with central bank inflation targets. Services inflation will not be easy to resolve due to post-pandemic pent-up demand and the fact that it has averaged c3.3% growth per annum between 1982-2021. It will also be made more difficult by an extremely tight US labour market with unemployment recently at its lowest in over 50 years (3.4%) and only 0.6 unemployed people available for every job opening. Although a weaker economy should help, the market remains desynchronised with sectors such as healthcare and leisure still operating with fewer people than pre-Covid.

Should inflation fail to return to old ranges, policymakers may adopt much more restrictive policy or admit defeat and accept that the post-pandemic world is likely to experience persistent higher levels of inflation. This scenario envisages many of the same medium-term inflationary headwinds we discussed last year: greener but more expensive energy, deglobalisation and supply‑chain fragmentation. These (and others, such as the loss of the peace dividend) may be incompatible with present inflation targets that are "too low for such a world and yet hard to revise given [the risk to] central bank credibility". However, we remain relatively sanguine about inflation given potential productivity gains that have yet to manifest themselves (especially related to

AI) that could offset some of these potential inflationary headwinds. We are also encouraged by the fact that high and persistent US inflation is rare, especially outside war.

While the overarching need for central banks to remain credible means monetary policy will remain data dependent, the risk of policy error is magnified by the potential shift from a low to high inflation regime. The Fed will also wish to avoid a repeat of the 1962-66 cycle when aggressive easing in late 1966 was followed by "a decade of engrained inflation". If so, rates might stay higher for longer, with the first rate cut arriving later than the typical 7-9 months after the last hike. As such, recession risk remains elevated; the economy might 'slow dance' into recession, as in 2000, or a 'no landing' scenario might force the Fed into inducing a recession to bring inflation down. If history is any guide, markets may retest lows if recession is not avoided. According to Ned Davis Research, the broader market takes a median of 5.3 months to reach its nadir following the official declaration of a recession by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). Meanwhile the average recessionary bear market has seen the market fall by c33% over 17 months.

Recent financial sector stress has highlighted the liquidity risk associated with unwinding record monetary and fiscal pandemic stimulus. While we are hopeful that recent bank failures have been contained, they - together with the earlier cryptocurrency collapse and disfunction last year in the UK pension market - are salient reminders of the systemic risk posed by continued withdrawal of liquidity. Likewise, the geopolitical risk remains heightened too. While Ukraine no longer dominates the headlines, war remains a key determinant of the ongoing energy/cost of living crisis while continuing to pose myriad risks. Despite both sides threatening major new offensives, our base case assumes the current 'impasse' in Ukraine persists as neither side looks capable of winning the conflict nor acceding to peace terms this year. While there remains a very serious risk of escalation, the conflict has remained relatively well contained even as the rhetoric has flared up on occasion. For now, stalemate ahead of a 'frozen conflict' (as per Korea) rather than a negotiated peace, looks the most likely outcome. Beyond Ukraine, other key geopolitical risks include US-Sino relations with the downing of three Chinese spy balloons over US airspace earlier this year reminding us of the risk associated with rising nationalism in both countries. In the US, this has taken the form of economic policy designed to frustrate Chinese technological progress with recent export controls aimed at denying Chinese access to advanced semiconductors representing a notable escalation. While anti-China rhetoric is likely to remain heightened ahead of US presidential elections, we remain hopeful that further decoupling need not end in acrimonious divorce. However, industrial policy is clearly back in vogue, evidenced by greater subsidies, export restrictions and content requirements such as the Inflation Reduction Act, which collectively may unwind some of the benefits of post-war globalisation.

Finally, there are a number of tail risks. These include a new deadlier Covid variant, a faltering Chinese recovery or a particularly cold winter that might reignite energy prices. Iran also represents an elevated tail risk with a number of factors - domestic repression, nuclear advances, military support for Russia and a Netanyahuled government in Israel - increasing the likelihood of confrontation this year.

Technology Outlook

Earnings outlook

Having only increased 0.5% in 2022, worldwide IT spending is expected to reach $4.6trn this calendar year, representing an increase of 5.5%, in dollar terms. However, this relatively sanguine forecast captures recent dollar weakness; constant currency growth is likely to prove considerably weaker. For 2023, the technology sector is expected to deliver revenue and earnings growth of 1.4% and 0.8% respectively. Although this compares unfavourably with the market, which is forecast to grow revenues and earnings 2.4% and 1.1% respectively, the technology sector is expected to revert to more typical above-market growth in 2024 with revenues and earnings progress currently pegged at 8.7% and 16.3% y/y. Technology sector progress will likely be driven by macroeconomic conditions; net profit margins remain a key focus for earnings as they remain above long-term averages, despite having fallen back to 22.6.% from 26% last year After two years of strength, recent dollar weakness represents a potential tailwind for technology estimates given the sector's international exposure of 58% (the highest of any sector) versus 40% for the market.

Valuation

The forward price to earnings (P/E - comparing a company's share price to its annual net profits) of the technology sector continued to contract during the past year. A year ago, valuations had fallen back to 24x forward P/E, having earlier made cycle highs of c28x ahead of the Fed pivot in November 2021. Since then, valuations have continued to compress against a backdrop of higher risk-free rates and greater economic uncertainty, with technology stocks ending the year at c19x forward P/E. However, the calendar year to date surge in large‑cap technology stocks (against a backdrop of falling estimates) has seen valuations recover to 27.1x at the time of writing, ahead of both five (22.4x) and 10‑year (19.2x) averages. The premium enjoyed by the sector has also expanded during 2023 with technology stocks today trading at 1.4x the market multiple in excess of the post-bubble range of between 0.9-1.3x. While current ebullience reflects understandable excitement around AI, the recent recovery in valuations may leave the sector vulnerable to near-term setbacks. However, downside risk associated with full valuations should be considered alongside actual progress made in AI, which we believe represents a key moment for the technology sector. It is also worth recalling that during the dot.com period, the technology sector traded well in excess of twice the market multiple.

No valuation premium for next-generation stocks

While aggregate sector valuations have fully recovered, next-generation stocks, particularly within software, have not. Last year we referenced that valuations were in "price discovery mode" but the correction proved far more dramatic than we anticipated. What began as an overdue reset has seen software valuations fall back to c.6.3x forward EV/sales having peaked at c.14.8x in late 2020. According to KeyBanc, this leaves them 25% below the trailing five year average (8.4x) and broadly in line with the ten-year average (6.6x). This has also recently left next generation software stocks trading at a small discount to legacy ones on a forward EV/sales metric.

What pandemic?

The current situation is highly unusual, reflecting a challenging investment backdrop as well post-pandemic 'demand normalisation' with many of the vestiges of the pandemic period being swept away. Reopening has not just challenged 'new' pandemic categories such as home fitness and telehealth; it has also hurt existing ones such as online dating and videogaming, while more durable segments such as e-commerce and payments have had to contend with decelerating demand and/or increased competition. In more mature markets, earlier working from home ('WFH')-related strength has been followed by exceptionally weak demand. This is most evident in the PC market where an extraordinary 2021 was followed by a dismal 2022 as units shipped declined by the most year-on-year since Gartner began tracking PC data. This dynamic has also played a part in slower cloud and associated software demand as customers moved to optimise their spending having earlier migrated aggressively to the cloud. The impact on cloud spending demonstrates the breadth of readjustment and why it has been so difficult to avoid the miasma of post-Covid demand normalisation.

Risk/reward much improved

We hope the largest part of any next-generation valuation reset is behind us. In the absence of a recession, it is highly likely we have already seen the valuation lows. While the absence of strategic M&A remains something of a headscratcher, we are encouraged by private equity (PE) activity that has picked up significantly, with Avalara, Coupa, Duck Creek and ForgeRock all being taken private in recent months. These take-private transactions were consummated between 6.9-8.9x Enterprise Value/ next 12 months sales - well in excess of where most software stocks trade today. As the recent (and competitive) bid for Software AG attests, we expect private equity to remain very active, providing software valuations with something of a floor. Private equity is said to have c$2trn of 'dry powder' available while Thoma Bravo (an investor in more than 420 technology companies over two decades) raised $32bn across PE funds last year. In January, founder Orlando Bravo revealed that despite the large fund raise, the selloff in software stocks meant the opportunity to buy assets was "many, many, many, many, many multiples of that.

Adopting a slower growth playbook

In the meantime, companies are borrowing from the so‑called 'PE playbook' by recalibrating their businesses to account for slower growth and earlier disruption‑related exuberance. The pivot towards profitability is evident from widespread workforce reductions within the technology sector that have intensified during 2023, with activist investors such as Starboard helping drive the focus on greater cost discipline. Epitomised by restructuring at Salesforce (which announced a 10% headcount reduction and increased operating margin targets), the unwinding of erroneous extrapolation of pandemic-related demand has seen layoffs move from growth-challenged companies to high-flyers like Confluent and HubSpot. Cost-cutting initiatives have shown positive early results: the median software company operating margin has expanded by nine percentage points over the past three quarters, according to Goldman Sachs.

Nonetheless, revenue growth is slowing just as it did in the recessions of 1990, 2002 and 2009 as well as during the 2016 deflationary echo. While macroeconomics will likely dictate the magnitude of the current slowdown, the good news is the best companies should still grow, just as the median SaaS company grew 18% in 2009 while, in 2002, median maintenance/subscription revenue growth was 14%. Salesforce was still able to grow revenues 21% in 2009 - impressive given the prevailing macroeconomic conditions - and therein lies the even better news which is that growth slowdowns should help us identify more than our fair share of next-cycle winners. After all, there is nothing like an ordeal to test strength. In 2009, each of Baidu, Google, MercadoLibre, and Salesforce. com were able to grow through a financial crisis before becoming multi-baggers during the following cycle.

Artificial Intelligence

While the macroeconomic backdrop remains highly uncertain, Chief Information Officer (CIO) spending priorities still align well with many of our key themes such as digital transformation (software), cloud and cybersecurity. The portfolio also has several additional core themes including connectivity/5G, digital advertising/ e‑commerce and EV/energy transition as well as secondary/ emerging themes such as fintech/ payments. However - as the theme of this year's Annual Report attests - 2023 belongs to Artificial Intelligence (AI). We have been excited about the potential of AI for many years, highlighting the remarkable progress the technology has made in narrow fields. This was led by Google's DeepMind acquisition which achieved 'superhuman' ability in games such as Go (2016) and Chess (2017) before solving one of the grand challenges in biology during 2021 when AlphaFold was able to predict 3D models of protein structures described at the time as "the most important achievement in AI ever".

That lasted until ChatGPT used a transformer model trained on 175Tb of text to generate human-like responses to seemingly any question. Able to take on different personas, write poems or programming code, even offer opinions, ChatGPT is already the first AI to "viably compete with humans". This is likely to prove a pivotal moment for AI with Microsoft's $10bn investment in ChatGPT maker OpenAI best understood as one of the 'opening shots' in an AI war that has just commenced. We have long argued that the semiconductor industry looks well positioned, with McKinsey arguing this sector might capture as much as 40-50% of the value associated with AI. This view was seemingly supported following recent record-breaking July quarter guidance from chipmaker Nvidia that was more than 50% ahead of consensus driven by AI-related strength. On the earnings call, CEO Jensen Huang spoke to a $1trn opportunity over ten years to replace CPU-based infrastructure with more efficient, accelerated computing based around GPU architectures as generative AI becomes the "primary workload of most of the world's data centres". Nvidia stock rose 24% on the day, despite having already gained 109% on a year-to-date basis prior to the report.

Of course, there are myriad risks associated with AI, many of which are beyond the scope of this report. However, the fact that ChatGPT makes mistakes (socalled 'hallucinations') is not one of them; most disruptive technologies begin as 'good enough' and trading accuracy for speed worked wonders for the telegraph, Encyclopaedia Britannica, and the biro. Moral and legal questions posed by AI are more difficult to dismiss, especially those regarding bias and the potential for it to "industrialise plagiarism". While eventual regulation of AI seems inevitable, the industry would likely welcome the introduction of legislative guardrails. However, this will not be straightforward; rather than a restrictive set of regulations applied suddenly, we believe regulation may follow a 'governance by accident' approach that has underpinned the development of the airline industry; if aviation is any guide, it is possible that by reducing risk, regulation actually accelerates the adoption of AI, rather than stymies its progress.

As such, the focus on regulation - so soon after the advent of generative AI - might say more about investor fatigue around 'technology disruption' than it does about the risk regulation poses to the development of this nascent industry. This is understandable, following a period that has witnessed more than its fair share of investment hyperbole, much of which was catalysed by the pandemic. In contrast with blockchain and the metaverse - early stage technologies in search of a problem - artificial intelligence might be "the most profound technology humanity is working on". From a historical perspective, generative AI could prove another key moment in human history when codification and dissemination of knowledge is accelerated. In the ancient world, these included the development of writing systems (such as cuneiform and hieroglyphics) around 3500-3000 BCE, as well as advanced mathematics and philosophy in Ancient Greece from the eight century BCE onwards. Libraries, historical record-keeping, and translation of ancient texts were other key developments in the codification and preservation of knowledge, aided by breakthroughs that enabled information to be stored (e.g., papyrus, paper), retrieved (e.g., cataloguing systems, encyclopaedia) and distributed (e.g., libraries, printing press). Advances in science, technology and communication during the Modern Era have "led to the codification of knowledge on an unprecedented scale" epitomised by the Internet which has facilitated knowledge sharing and democratised access to information in a manner that has changed the world.

Generative AI offers similar- if not greater - promise. Built using 'foundation' models which contain "expansive neural networks inspired by the billions of neurons connected in the human brain", generative AI applications are able to process extremely large and varied sets of unstructured data and perform more than one task. This allows them to "augment human creativity, automate labour-intensive tasks and generate novel solutions to complex problems". They can also understand natural language which means that generative AI could "change the anatomy of work" by automating activities that today account for as much as 60-70% of employees' time. However, in contrast with historic patterns of technology automation, disruption is expected to be disproportionately felt by knowledge workers. While Goldman Sachs estimate that more than 300m jobs could be at risk, we remain optimistic that humans will graduate to higher value work just as 60% of workers today are employed in occupations that did not exist in 1940. Furthermore, McKinsey forecast that generative AI could deliver $2.6-4.4trn annually to global GDP driven by productivity gains that could be as high as 3.3% per annum when generative AI is combined with other technologies. This would be remarkable given current labour market tightness, ageing Western populations and below-average productivity growth achieved during the past twenty years.

Artificial intelligence also has the potential to become a transformative 'general purpose technology' (GPT) which -like electricity, steel, and the internet - may "reshape economies, drive innovation and create new opportunities". If so, history suggests that bold, early predictions about AI may prove extremely conservative. Not just because humans struggle with non-linear change (an observation that has long informed our investment approach) but also because as yet unknown technology improvements subsequently transform the opportunity set. If early applications for steel were predictable (e.g., bridges, ships, rails), later and significantly larger market opportunities represented by skyscrapers, cars and home appliances could not be known in 1855 when Bessemer perfected his steelmaking process. The same was true for aviation when the jet engine (and other avionic developments) transformed the cost and safety profile of flight, resulting in passenger traffic growth compounding by more than 10% per year between 1950-1970 and helping travel and tourism become one of the world's largest sectors. More recently, the confluence of internet, cloud and smartphone has presaged widespread disruption and exponential change well beyond late 1990s predictions that were only able to peer into a near and incomplete future that was yet to feature Google, AWS, and iPhones. Today, the app economy is worth c.$63trn, more than 60x times greater than the value of the handset market in 2007, the year that Apple introduced the iPhone.

The impact of generative AI is likely to be felt more rapidly than either the internet or the smartphone. In part, this reflects the role that both earlier pervasive technologies will play as AI-enablers with access to ChatGPT (and other natural language 'chat' interfaces) only requiring an internet connection and a smartphone. These low barriers to adoption have already supported an unprecedented rate with ChatGPT taking just 2.5 months to reach 100m users, as compared to Instagram which took 2.5 years (in itself extraordinary). Another major difference between AI and prior technology shifts is the astonishing speed of AI improvement. This is most evident when comparing the capability of two OpenAI large language models (LLMs) - GPT-4 (the latest version) and the earlier GPT-3.5 (ChatGPT) released approximately a year apart. While GPT-3.5 was trained on 175bn parameters (akin to internal variables the model learns during its training phase), the newer GPT-4 may have been trained on as many as 170trn. In addition, GPT-4 also has a much larger context window - 25,000 words vs. c.3,000 for its predecessor - which means it is able to retain far more information from earlier conversations. Aside from its "mastery of natural language", GPT-4 "can solve novel and difficult tasks that span mathematics, coding, vision, medicine, law, psychology and more, without needing any special prompting". In all of these tasks, model performance is "strikingly close to human level performance", evidenced by consistently high exam scores across a diverse range of disciplines.

The improvements in GPT-4 have been so remarkable that Microsoft recently posited in a whitepaper ('Sparks of artificial general intelligence ("AGI") that the LLM "could reasonably be viewed as an early version of AGI system". The concept of AGI was popularised in the early 2000s to differentiate between 'narrow AI' being developed at the time and "broader notions of intelligence". Until recently, AGI remained a popular science fiction topic and long-term aspirational goal within AI. That is until the range and depth of GPT-4's capabilities "challenge(d) our understanding of learning and cognition" with the model said to "exhibit many traits of intelligence". Naysayers argue that large language models do not 'understand' concepts and are merely adept at 'improvising on the fly'. However, like Microsoft, we believe the question is moot. After all, one might ask "how much more there is to true understanding than 'on-the-fly' improvisation?".

Technology Risks

As ever, there are multiple risks to our constructive medium-term view. Many of these relate to macroeconomics, particularly recession and inflation, that are covered elsewhere in this report. As previously highlighted, there remain downside risks to technology spending should CEO confidence meaningfully deteriorate. Similarly, earnings estimates are likely to remain subject to macroeconomic turbulence; while cost-cutting has ameliorated downward revisions to date, technology margins may be at risk should things worsen materially. Likewise, a weaker macroeconomic environment might see the current semiconductor downturn extend, resulting in delayed industry recovery and/or result in a disappointing recovery trajectory for cloud spending which would weigh on cloud-related sentiment.

Valuation is another key risk because the recent surge in technology stocks has seen aggregate sector valuations revisit their pandemic highs. While next-generation valuations have already been meaningfully reset, a steeper yield curve may delay any recovery in longer duration valuations.

As in previous years, regulation remains a key risk too, although we are comforted by a divided Congress (making sweeping legislation unlikely) and the fact that the largest US technology companies represent the vanguard in the emerging AI battleground with China. However, deteriorating US-Sino relations represent a more significant threat to supply chains, especially in semiconductors. For now, the Chinese appear able to work around US legislation, suggesting it is more for domestic consumption ahead of elections, but if this is the beginning of a new economic cold war, then Taiwan - responsible for producing c90% of leading-edge semiconductors - represents a critical fault line while a meaningful escalation of tensions could weigh materially on a large part of our portfolio.

Potential regulation could also stymie the explosive growth of Generative AI which has been a key driver of technology returns during 2023. Conversely, further excitement about Generative AI might result in large‑cap technology stocks perceived as AI beneficiaries and safe havens continuing to 'crowd-out' small-cap companies. We must also acknowledge the risk posed to all companies: should it become a general purpose technology (GPT) as we suspect, history suggests there will be far more losers than winners from today's group of companies within and beyond the technology sector.

Concentration Risk

In addition to market and sector-specific risks, it would be remiss of us not to remind our shareholders once again about the concentration risk both within the Company and the market-cap-weighted index around which we construct the portfolio. At the year end our three largest holdings - Apple, Microsoft, and Alphabet - represented c27% and c41.9% of our NAV and benchmark (Dow Jones Global Technology Index) respectively. Last year, when these three positions accounted for 29.2% of NAV and 40.7% our benchmark respectively, we argued that concentration risk was justified because they were unique, non-fungible assets that captured the zeitgeist of this technology cycle. Following another year of sustained outperformance from these stocks, as well as several other outsized benchmark positions including Nvidia, we are pleased to have retained large absolute positions in them all even if their dominance of our benchmark has meaningfully contributed to our relative underperformance.

We remain comfortable with the strategy of moving to materially underweight positions in the largest index constituents should we become concerned about their growth or return prospects, or should we find more attractive risk/reward profiles elsewhere in the market. However, this position is complicated by the fact that concentration today does not obviously reflect outlandish valuations as per the late 1990s; the top 10 positions in the benchmark recently accounted for c55% of constituent market capitalisation and an estimated 53% of net income in calendar year 2023. Likewise, Apple may have made headlines recently when its market-cap exceeded that of the Russell 2000 (small-cap) Index, but remarkably Apple also generates similar profits as those 2,000 companies combined. The emergence of AI also plays well into mega-caps given the significant scale (reach; data; cost) likely required to be competitive.

Unlike many of our competitors that are limited to a maximum 10% in any individual position, PCT is able to hold up to a full benchmark weight subject to a maximum limit of 15%. While this gives us more room for manoeuvre - and fewer excuses for underperformance - we rarely exceed 10% in individual stocks, and when we do, it is often via a smaller equity position held in combination with a slither of call options designed to ameliorate upside risk in exchange for a modest premium. Having been very clear with shareholders that we do not invest in certain types of stock (including private, value and those likely to require capital) perhaps this isa good opportunity to make it equally clear that we are unlikely to hold individual positions much above 10% even when they are as unique as Apple and Microsoft. If this sounds at odds with our 'benchmark-aware' approach, it is worth recalling that this approach has risk reduction at its core. It has helped us avoid hubris, appropriately size overweight positions while helping ensure the portfolio reflects the best the index has to offer. However, benchmark concentration has begun to create a tension between managing absolute and relative risk. As stewards of your capital as well as technology investors, we find it very difficult to argue we are reducing risk by making the portfolio ever more concentrated. While this may come at the expense of raw performance and greater relative variance, we believe a diversified portfolio of growth stocks and themes capable of outperformance, but also constructed to withstand investment setbacks will prove superior over the medium term, particularly on a risk-adjusted basis.

Conclusions

Market conditions in early 2023 lend support to a wide range of potential outcomes, both good and bad. Macroeconomics will likely continue to lead the market in the near term, although the primary debate has shifted somewhat to the timing and magnitude of a recession and its impact on revenue and earnings estimates, rather than the extent of the central bank response required to deal with inflation, as dominated last year. However, the relative performance of the technology sector - particularly after a strong run - may continue to take its cue from real rates - a good reminder that we are not out of the inflation woods yet, and the need to remain pragmatic (and highly liquid) in terms of portfolio positioning. While we typically avoid 'value' technology stocks, we do own companies able to pass on inflation to the consumer should it remain stubbornly high, even if this is not our base case.

There are two principal reasons for being more constructive on technology this year: more attractive risk/reward and the rapid adoption of artificial intelligence. Despite continued near-term macroeconomic uncertainty and the likelihood of further estimate cuts, the explosion of interest in AI has been a powerful reminder of why we remain so excited about our sector over the medium term. We also know that market narratives can change quickly should macroeconomic headwinds and/or exogenous risks subside. Furthermore, the risk/reward from current levels appears better: next-generation valuations have returned to much more attractive levels, as previously discussed. Before the recent move higher, growth internet valuations had reached multi-year lows, on an EV/NTM EBITDA basis, just as software growth-adjusted EV/sales multiples sat at 10-year lows. According to Morgan Stanley, at the beginning of 2023 80% of their software sector coverage was trading below 8.6x EV/forward sales - the median private equity takeout multiple since 2013. The semiconductor sector (SOX) had also meaningfully derated, by more than -40% from its recent highs at year end, against an average cycle decline of -26% over the past seven years. Positioning has improved too, although investor pessimism towards technology at the start of the calendar year has been ameliorated by its relative stability amid travails within US banking, combined with AI-related excitement.

The combination of better than expected first-quarter results and a 'flight to safety' (away from financials in favour of cash-generative mega-cap technology companies) has meant five technology stocks have driven almost two-thirds of the S&P 500's return year-to-date. An index made up of Apple, Amazon, Microsoft, Meta Platforms and Google has returned +31% versus the other 495 S&P 500 constituents' +3% return. For the calendar year, only 30% of S&P 500 companies have outperformed the market, a  level not seen on a full calendar year basis since 1998 (28%) and 1999 (32%). Within technology, limited breadth is apparent by the remarkable year-to-date spread between large and small-cap technology performance (+26%) as well as the difference between the market-cap weighted  NASDAQ 100 Index and an equally-weighted version of it, which at +11% is the widest spread seen  over any 4.5 month period during the past 18 years.

While we expect the market to broaden, we cannot help but share the market's excitement about the AI opportunity which - at present - is most easily accessed via mega-cap stocks primarily within the semiconductor and cloud computing subsectors.  After decades of unrealised hopes around artificial intelligence, we believe that generative AI is likely to prove the technology's so-called 'iPhone moment', the new user interface that sparks mass adoption. Other AI models will come, compete, and possibly surpass ChatGPT but it represents the first "hands- on introduction to how powerful modern AI has got". It has stunned consumers, investors, and companies alike; the risk and opportunity it poses to established market shares, consumer behaviour and existing profit pools has ignited a powerful wave of AI spending. Inevitably there will be technology casualties from AI disruption, while investors will have to navigate periods when narrative and fundamentals diverge. However, the "era of generative AI is just beginning" and our sector has front row seats for what is likely to be one of the most disruptive performances of our investment lifetimes.

Ben Rogoff & Ali Unwin

18 July 2023

The Investment Managers' Core Themes and ESG Report from a corporate and investment perspective are included in the Annual Report and Accounts

PORTFOLIO REVIEW

Breakdown of Investments by Region	As at 30 April 2023	As at 30 April 2022
US & Canada	72.8%	74.2%
Asia Pacific (ex-Japan)	10.4%	10.2%
Other Net Assets	6.6%	7.9%
Japan	4.4%	3.4%
Europe (inc -UK)	3.9%	2.9%
Middle East & Africa	1.2%	1.4%
Latin America	0.7%	0.0%

Market Capitalisation of Underlying Investments	As at 30 April 2023	As at 30 April 2022
>$10bn	92.1%	88.0%
$1bn-$10bn	7.5%	11.7%
<$1bn	0.4%	0.3%

All data sourced from Polar Capital LLP.

CLASSIFICATION OF INVESTMENTS*

as at 30 April 2023

	North America (inc. Latin America) %	Europe %	Asia Pacific (inc. Middle East) %	Total 30 April 2023 %	Total 30 April 2022 %	Benchmark Weightings as at 30 April 2023 %
Software	22.7	0.1	1.3	24.1	27.6	29.0
Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	15.9	3.3	4.8	24.0	22.4	22.6
Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals	10.4	-	3.0	13.4	14.6	21.5
Interactive Media & Services	9.8	-	1.9	11.7	14.0	15.0
IT Services	3.8	-	0.2	4.0	2.3	5.2
Broadline Retail	2.5	-	0.8	3.3	-	1.5
Financial Services	2.7	0.4	0.2	3.3	-	0.1
Electronic Equipment, Instruments & Components	0.1	-	1.3	1.4	1.6	0.5
Communications Equipment	1.4	-	-	1.4	1.5	2.6
Hotels, Restaurants & Leisure	0.7	-	0.5	1.2	-	0.5
Automobiles	0.5	-	0.6	1.1	1.6	-
Entertainment	1.0	-	-	1.0	1.2	0.6
Healthcare Equipment & Supplies	0.5	-	0.5	1.0	0.6	-
Ground Transportation	0.9	-	-	0.9	-	-
Machinery	-	-	0.9	0.9	0.7	-
Healthcare Technology	0.4	-	-	0.4	-	0.2
Aerospace & Defence	0.2	-	-	0.2	0.7	-
Electrical Equipment	-	0.1	-	0.1	0.4	-
Internet & Direct Marketing Retail	-	-	-	-	2.9	-
Total investments (£2,640,177,000)	73.5	3.9	16.0	93.4	92.1
Other net assets (excluding loans)	6.4	0.9	1.1	8.4	9.6
Loans	(1.0)	-	(0.8)	(1.8)	(1.7)
Grand total (net assets of £2,828,141,000)	78.9	4.8	16.3	100.0	-
At 30 April 2022 (net assets of £3,050,985,000)	79.3	5.2	15.5	-	100.0

* The classifications are derived from the Benchmark as far as possible. The categorisation of each investment is shown in the portfolio available on the Company's website. Where a dash is shown for the Benchmark it means that the sector is not represented in the Benchmark. Not all sectors of the Benchmark are shown, only those in which the Company has an investment at the financial year end.

FULL PORTFOLIO as at 30 April 2023

					Value of holding		% of net assets
Ranking					30 April 2023	30 April 2022	30 April 2023	30 April 2022
2023	2022	Stock	Sector	Region	£'000	£'000	%	%
1	(1)	Microsoft	Software	North America	302,791	336,977	10.7	11.0
2	(2)	Apple	Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals	North America	284,199	305,244	10.0	10.1
3	(3)	Alphabet	Interactive Media & Services	North America	174,388	249,058	6.2	8.2
4	(4)	Nvidia	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	North America	130,855	95,065	4.6	3.1
5	(5)	Advanced Micro Devices	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	North America	94,299	86,045	3.3	2.8
6	(6)	Samsung Electronics	Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals	Asia Pacific	83,894	82,312	3.0	2.7
7	(11)	Meta Platforms	Interactive Media & Services	North America	82,047	54,509	2.9	1.8
8	(7)	Taiwan Semiconductor	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	Asia Pacific	61,421	82,012	2.2	2.7
9	(10)	ServiceNow	Software	North America	51,884	56,280	1.8	1.8
10	(8)	ASML	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	Europe	49,941	59,248	1.8	1.9
Top 10 investments					1,315,719		46.5
11	(9)	Amazon.com	Broadline Retail	North America	46,756	57,558	1.7	1.9
12	(17)	HubSpot	Software	North America	45,203	38,675	1.6	1.3
13	(13)	Arista Networks	Communications Equipment	North America	38,201	44,318	1.4	1.5
14	(16)	CrowdStrike	Software	North America	36,041	39,441	1.3	1.3
15	(14)	Tencent	Interactive Media & Services	Asia Pacific	35,666	43,880	1.3	1.4
16	(15)	KLA-Tencor	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	North America	35,072	39,816	1.2	1.3
17	(24)	Mastercard	Financial Services	North America	34,908	26,330	1.2	0.9
18	(41)	Palo Alto Networks	Software	North America	34,847	18,479	1.2	0.6
19	(-)	Analog Devices	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	North America	33,975	-	1.2	-
20	(77)	Infineon Technologies	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	Europe	33,792	6,891	1.2	0.2
Top 20 investments					1,690,180		59.8
21	(60)	Workday	Software	North America	33,429	11,557	1.2	0.4
22	(38)	Visa	Financial Services	North America	33,156	19,629	1.2	0.6
23	(21)	Qualcomm	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	North America	32,525	32,622	1.1	1.0
24	(35)	Monolithic Power Systems	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	North America	32,453	20,305	1.1	0.7
25	(45)	Cloudflare	IT Services	North America	29,973	15,864	1.0	0.5
26	(51)	Shopify	IT Services	North America	29,497	13,251	1.0	0.4
27	(42)	Salesforce.com	Software	North America	27,910	18,315	1.0	0.6
28	(49)	Snowflake	IT Services	North America	27,622	13,973	1.0	0.5
29	(80)	Disco Corporation	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	Asia Pacific	26,960	6,256	1.0	0.2
30	(-)	Uber Technologies	Ground Transportation	North America	25,788	-	0.9	-
Top 30 investments					1,989,493		70.3
31	(34)	CyberArk Software	Software	Asia Pacific	24,330	21,721	0.9	0.7
32	(73)	Keyence	Electronic Equipment, Instruments & Components	Asia Pacific	23,561	8,251	0.8	0.3
33	(28)	Tokyo Electron	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	Asia Pacific	23,016	23,889	0.8	0.8
34	(40)	Alibaba	Broadline Retail	Asia Pacific	22,333	18,888	0.8	0.6
35	(50)	MongoDB	IT Services	North America	22,107	13,343	0.8	0.5
36	(-)	MercadoLibre	Broadline Retail	North America	20,965	-	0.8	-
37	(26)	Lattice Semiconductor	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	North America	20,572	24,788	0.7	0.8
38	(-)	Dynatrace	Software	North America	19,644	-	0.7	-
39	(47)	ON Semiconductor	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	North America	19,534	14,451	0.7	0.5
40	(37)	Airbnb	Hotels, Restaurants & Leisure	North America	19,073	19,708	0.7	0.7
Top 40 investments					2,204,628		78.0
41	(-)	Confluent	Software	North America	18,140	-	0.6	-
42	(72)	Roblox	Entertainment	North America	17,444	8,655	0.6	0.3
43	(-)	Baidu	Interactive Media & Services	Asia Pacific	16,616	-	0.6	-
44	(32)	BYD	Automobiles	Asia Pacific	15,976	23,080	0.6	0.7
45	(-)	Trip.Com	Hotels, Restaurants & Leisure	Asia Pacific	15,415	-	0.5	-
46	(-)	Pinterest	Interactive Media & Services	North America	15,134	-	0.5	-
47	(56)	eMemory Technology	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	Asia Pacific	14,524	12,388	0.5	0.4
48	(71)	Hoya	Healthcare Equipment & Supplies	Asia Pacific	14,264	8,746	0.5	0.3
49	(18)	Marvell Technology	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	North America	13,879	38,601	0.5	1.2
50	(23)	Tesla Motors	Automobiles	North America	13,358	26,891	0.5	0.9
Top 50 investments					2,359,378		83.4
51	(-)	Intuitive Surgical	Healthcare Equipment & Supplies	North America	13,230	-	0.5	-
52	(44)	Smartsheet	Software	North America	13,018	16,414	0.5	0.5
53	(78)	Harmonic Drive Systems	Machinery	Asia Pacific	12,777	6,430	0.5	0.2
54	(64)	Paycom Software	Software	North America	12,567	10,780	0.4	0.3
55	(-)	Adyen	Financial Services	Europe	12,348	-	0.4	-
56	(66)	Atlassian	Software	Asia Pacific	12,039	9,414	0.4	0.3
57	(39)	E Ink	Electronic Equipment, Instruments & Components	Asia Pacific	12,028	19,235	0.4	0.6
58	(68)	Kinaxis	Software	North America	11,909	9,169	0.4	0.3
59	(36)	Pure Storage	Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals	North America	10,694	19,712	0.4	0.7
60	(83)	Intuit	Software	North America	10,538	5,521	0.4	0.2
Top 60 investments					2,480,526		87.7
61	(-)	Veeva Systems	Healthcare Technology	North America	10,390	-	0.4	-
62	(-)	Activision	Entertainment	North America	10,372	-	0.4	-
63	(58)	SiTime	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	North America	9,912	11,860	0.4	0.4
64	(-)	ASM International	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	Europe	9,614	-	0.3	-
65	(-)	Flywire	Financial Services	North America	9,503	-	0.3	-
66	(30)	Elastic	Software	North America	9,134	23,453	0.3	0.8
67	(55)	SolarEdge Technologies	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	Asia Pacific	8,976	12,519	0.3	0.4
68	(-)	Enphase Energy	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	North America	8,577	-	0.3	-
69	(-)	First Solar	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	North America	7,708	-	0.3	-
70	(-)	Teradyne	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	North America	7,012	-	0.2	-
Top 70 investments					2,571,724		90.9
71	(75)	Fuji Machine Manufacturing	Machinery	Asia Pacific	5,680	7,403	0.2	0.2
72	(48)	TripAdvisor	Interactive Media & Services	North America	5,535	14,362	0.2	0.5
73	(-)	Nabtesco	Machinery	Asia Pacific	5,533	-	0.2	-
74	(33)	Axon Enterprise	Aerospace & defence	North America	5,357	21,985	0.2	0.7
75	(-)	GMO Payment Gateway	Financial Services	Asia Pacific	5,224	-	0.2	-
76	(92)	Zuken	IT Services	Asia Pacific	5,187	3,081	0.2	0.1
77	(-)	Freshworks	Software	North America	4,659	-	0.2	-
78	(46)	Power Integrations	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	North America	4,388	14,930	0.2	0.5
79	(-)	GitLab	Software	North America	4,063	-	0.2	-
80	(-)	Darktrace	Software	Europe	4,039	-	0.1	-
Top 80 investments					2,621,389		92.8
81	(90)	Impinj	Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment	North America	4,012	3,417	0.1	0.1
82	(-)	Braze	Software	North America	3,668	-	0.1	-
83	(-)	Cognex	Electronic Equipment, Instruments & Components	North America	3,471	-	0.1	-
84	(93)	Seeing Machines	Electronic Equipment, Instruments & Components	Asia Pacific	3,265	2,894	0.1	0.1
85	(59)	Ceres Power	Electrical Equipment	Europe	2,703	11,569	0.1	0.4
86	(-)	HashiCorp	Software	North America	1,668	-	0.1	-
87	(96)	Cermetek Microelectronics	Electronic Equipment, Instruments & Components	North America	1	1	-	-
		Total equities	2,640,177			93.4
		Other net assets	187,964			6.6
		Total net assets	2,828,141			100.0

Note: Asia Pacific includes Middle East and North America includes Latin America.

STRATEGIC REPORT

This report has been provided in accordance with The Companies Act 2006 (Strategic Report and Directors' Report) Regulations 2013. The aim of this report is to provide information to shareholders on the Company's strategy and the potential for such to succeed, including a fair review of the Company's performance during the year ended 30 April 2023, the position of the Company at the year end and a description of the principal risks and uncertainties, including both economic and business risk factors underlying any such forward-looking information.

Business Model and Regulatory Requirements

The Company's business model follows that of an externally managed investment trust providing shareholders with access to an actively managed portfolio of technology shares selected on a worldwide basis.

The Company is designated as an Alternative Investment Fund ('AIF') under the Alternative Investment Fund Management Directive ('AIFMD') and, as required by the Directive, has contracted with Polar Capital LLP to act as the Alternative Investment Fund Manager ('AIFM') and Investment Manager (or 'Manager') and HSBC Bank Plc to act as the Depositary.

Both the AIFM and the Depositary have responsibilities under AIFMD for ensuring that the assets of the Company are managed in accordance with the Investment Policy and are held in safe custody. The Board remains responsible for setting the investment strategy and operational guidelines as well as meeting the requirements of the FCA's Listing Rules and the Companies Act 2006.

The AIFMD requires certain information to be made available to investors in AIFs before they invest and requires that material changes to this information be disclosed in the Annual Report of each AIF. Investor Disclosure Documents, which set out information on the Company's investment strategy and policies, leverage, risk, liquidity, administration, management, fees, conflicts of interest and other shareholder information are available on the Company's website.

There have been no material changes to the information requiring disclosure. Any information requiring immediate disclosure pursuant to the AIFMD will be disclosed to the London Stock Exchange. Statements from the Depositary and the AIFM can be found on the Company's website.

Investment Objective and Policy

While observing the Dow Jones Global Technology Index (total return, Sterling adjusted, with the removal of relevant withholding taxes) as the Benchmark against which NAV performance is measured, shareholders should be aware that the portfolio is actively managed and is not designed to track any particular benchmark index or market. The performance of the portfolio can vary from the Benchmark performance, at times considerably.

Over recent decades the technology industry has been one of the most vibrant, dynamic and rapidly growing segments of the global economy. Technology companies offer the potential for substantially faster earnings growth than the broader market.

Investments are selected for their potential shareholder returns, not on the basis of technology for its own sake. The Investment Manager believes in rigorous fundamental analysis and focuses on:

·      management quality;

·      the identification of new growth markets;

·      the globalisation of major technology trends; and

·      exploiting international valuation anomalies and sector volatility.

Changes to Investment Policy

Any material change to the Investment Policy will require the approval of the shareholders by way of an ordinary resolution at a general meeting. The Company will promptly issue an announcement to inform shareholders and the public of any change to its Investment Policy. No changes to the Investment Policy are presently anticipated.

Investment Strategy Guidelines and Board Limits

The Board has established guidelines for the Investment Manager in pursuing the Investment Policy. The Board uses these guidelines to monitor the portfolio's exposure to different geographical markets, sub-sectors within technology and the spread of investments across different market capitalisations.

These guidelines are kept under review as cyclical changes in markets and new technologies will bring certain sub-sectors or companies of a particular size or market capitalisation into or out of favour.

Asset Allocation

Technology may be defined as the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes and technology companies are defined accordingly. While this offers a very broad and dynamic investing universe and covers many different companies, the portfolio of the Company (the 'Portfolio') is focused on companies which use technology or which develop and supply technological solutions as a core part of their business models. This includes areas as diverse as information, media, communications, environmental, healthcare, finance, e-commerce and renewable energy, as well as the more obvious applications such as computing and associated industries.

The Board has agreed a set of parameters which seek to ensure that investment risk is spread and diversified. The Board believes that this provides the necessary flexibility for the Investment Manager to pursue the Investment Objective, given the dynamic and rapid changes in the field of technology, while maintaining a spread of investments.

Market Parameters

With current and foreseeable investment conditions, the Portfolio will be invested in accordance with the Investment Objective and Policy across worldwide markets, generally within the following ranges:

·      North America up to 85%.

·      Europe up to 40%.

·      Japan and Asia up to 55%.

·      Rest of the world up to 10%.

The Board has set specific upper exposure limits for certain countries where they believe there may be an elevated risk. As reported last year, the Company does not hold stocks in Russia and has no intention of doing so in the near future.

The Company will at all times invest and manage its assets in a manner that is consistent with spreading investment risk and invests in a Portfolio comprised primarily of international quoted equities which is diversified across both regions and sectors.

Investment Limits

In applying the Policy, the Company will satisfy the following investment restrictions:

·      The Company's interest in any one company will not exceed 10% of the gross assets of the Company, save where the Benchmark weighting of any investee company in the Company's portfolio exceeds this level, in which case the Company will be permitted to increase its exposure to such investee company up to the Benchmark 'neutral' weighting of that company or, if lower, 15% of the Company's gross assets.

·      The Company will have a maximum exposure to companies listed in emerging markets (as defined by the MSCI Emerging Markets Index) of 25% of its gross assets.

·      The Company may invest in unquoted companies from time to time, subject to prior Board approval. Investments in unquoted companies in aggregate will not exceed 10% of the gross assets of the Company.

Such limits are measured at the time of acquisition of the relevant investment and whenever the Company increases the relevant holding.

In addition to the restrictions set out above, the Company is subject to Chapter 15 of the FCA's Listing Rules which apply to closed ended investment companies with a premium listing on the Official List of the London Stock Exchange.

In order to comply with the current Listing Rules, the Company will not invest more than 10% of its total assets at the time of acquisition in other listed closed ended investment funds, whether managed by the Investment Manager or not. This restriction does not apply to investments in closed ended investment funds which themselves have published investment policies to invest no more than 15% of their total assets in other listed closed ended investment funds. However, the Company will not in any case invest more than 15% of its total assets in other closed ended investment funds.

Cash, Borrowings (Gearing) and Derivatives

The Company may borrow money to invest in the Portfolio over both the long and short-term. Any commitment to borrow funds is agreed by the Board and the AIFM.

The Investment Manager may also use from time-to-time derivative instruments, as approved by the Board, such as financial futures, options, contracts-for-difference and currency hedges. These are used for the purpose of efficient portfolio management. Any such use of derivatives will be made in accordance with the Company's policies on spreading investment risk as set out in this investment policy and any leverage resulting from the use of such derivatives will be subject to the restrictions on borrowings.

Cash

The Company may hold cash or cash equivalents if the Investment Manager feels that these will, at a particular time or over a period, enhance the performance of the Portfolio. The Board has agreed that management of cash may be achieved through the purchase of appropriate government bonds, money market funds or bank deposits depending on the Investment Manager's view of the investment opportunities and the benefits of diversification.

Gearing and Derivatives

The Company's Articles of Association permit borrowings up to the amount of its paid-up share capital plus capital and revenue reserves. The Company may use gearing in the form of bank loans which are used on a tactical basis by the Investment Manager, when considered appropriate. The Board monitors the level of gearing available to the Portfolio Manager and agrees, in conjunction with the AIFM, all bank facilities in accordance with the Investment Policy. The Board approves and controls all bank facilities and any net borrowings over 20% of the Company's net assets at the time of draw down will only be made after approval by the Board.

During the year the Company had two loan facilities with ING Bank NV: One for 36m US Dollars at a fixed rate of 5.43% pa and one for 3.8bn Japanese Yen at a fixed rate of 1.13% pa, both of which were drawn down on 30 September 2022. These loans fall due for repayment on 30 September 2024. The loan facilities will be reviewed and may be replaced on expiry.

Details of the loans are set out in Note 17 to the Financial Statements.

The Investment Manager's use of derivatives is monitored by the Board in accordance with the Company's investment policy and any leverage from the use of such derivatives will be subject to the restriction on gearing.

Future Developments

The Board remains positive on the longer-term outlook for technology and the Company will continue to pursue its Investment Objective. The outlook for future performance is dependent to a significant degree on the world's financial markets and their reactions to economic events and other geopolitical forces. In accordance with the Articles of Association, the Board will propose the next five-yearly continuation vote of the Company at the Annual General Meeting to be held in September 2025. The Chair's Statement and the Investment Manager's Report comment on the outlook.

Dividends

The Company's revenue varies from year to year and the Board considers the dividend position each year in order to maintain the Company's status as an investment trust. The revenue reserve remains in deficit and historically the Company has not paid dividends given its focus on capital growth.

The Directors do not recommend, for the year under review, the payment of a dividend (2022: no dividend recommendation).

Service Providers

Polar Capital LLP has been appointed to act as the Investment Manager and AIFM as well as to provide or procure company secretarial services, marketing and website services which it arranges through Huguenot Limited, and administrative services, including accounting, portfolio valuation and trade settlement which it has arranged to deliver through HSBC Securities Services ('HSS' or 'the Administrator').

The Company also contracts directly, on terms agreed periodically, with a number of third parties for the provision of specialist services. The cost of the services outlined below are paid for directly by the Company and are separate from the Investment Management Fee payable to Polar Capital:

·      Stifel Nicolaus Europe Limited as Corporate Broker;

·      Equiniti Limited as Share Registrars;

·      HSBC Securities Services as Custodian and Depositary;

·      RD:IR for Investor Relations and Shareholder Analysis;

·      Camarco as PR advisors; and

·      Perivan Limited as designers and printers for shareholder communications.

Investment Management Company and Management of the Portfolio

As the Company is an investment vehicle for shareholders, the Directors have sought to ensure that the business of the Company is managed by a leading specialist investment management team and that the investment strategy remains attractive to shareholders. The Directors believe that a strong working relationship with the investment management team will help to achieve the optimum return for shareholders. As such, the Board and the Investment Manager operate in a supportive, co-operative and open environment.

The Investment Manager is Polar Capital LLP ('Polar Capital'), which is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority, to act as Investment Manager and AIFM of the Company with sole responsibility for the discretionary management of the Company's assets (including uninvested cash) and sole responsibility to take decisions as to the purchase and sale of individual investments. The Investment Manager also has responsibility for asset allocation within the limits of the investment policy and guidelines established and regularly reviewed by the Board, all subject to the overall control and supervision of the Board.

Polar Capital provides a team of technology specialists led by Ben Rogoff. Each team member focuses on specific areas while Ben Rogoff, with Alastair Unwin as Deputy, has overall responsibility for the portfolio. Polar Capital also has other specialist and geographically focused investment teams which may contribute to idea generation. The technology investment team's biographies can be found in the Annual Report and Accounts. The Investment Manager has other investment resources which support the investment team and has experience in administering and managing other investment companies.

Fee Arrangements

Under the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, the Company pays to the Investment Manager a base fee, and in certain performance circumstances, a performance fee.

Management Fee

With effect from 1 May 2022, the base management fee paid by the Company monthly in arrears to the Manager is calculated on the daily Net Asset Value ('NAV') as follows:

·      Tier 1: 0.80 per cent. for such of the NAV up to and including £2bn;

·      Tier 2: 0.70 per cent. for such of the NAV between £2bn and £3.5bn; and

·      Tier 3: 0.60 per cent. for such of the NAV above £3.5bn.

Any investment in funds managed by Polar Capital are wholly excluded from the base management fee calculation. Management fees of £21,918,000 (2022: £28,281,000) have been paid for the year to 30 April 2023 of which £1,827,000 (2022: £6,374,000) was outstanding at the year end.

Under the terms of the IMA the Board may undertake a three-yearly review of the fee arrangements, the next of which will commence in 2025, with the anticipation that any changes proposed and subsequently agreed will take effect from the start of the following financial year.

Further details on the performance fee methodology and calculation are provided within the Shareholder Information section of the Annual Report and Accounts.

LONG-TERM VIABILITY

In accordance with the AIC Code of Corporate Governance, the Company is required to make a forward-looking longer-term viability statement. The Board has considered and addressed the ability of the Company to continue to operate over a period significantly beyond the twelve-month period required for the going concern statement. The Board has considered the industry and market in which the Company operates and believes that despite the market volatility experienced during the financial year under review, there continues to be appetite for technology investment. The Board continues to use five years as a reasonable term over which the viability of the Company should be viewed; Shareholders have the opportunity to vote on the continuation of the Company every five years, therefore the outlook for the next five-year period incorporates the continuation vote which will be put to shareholders at the AGM in 2025. The process and matters considered in establishing the longer-term viability are detailed within the Audit Committee Report in the Annual Report and Accounts. In establishing the positive outlook for the Company over the next five years to 30 April 2028, the Board has taken into account:

The ability of the Company to meet its liabilities as they fall due	The assessment took account of the Company's current financial position, its cash flows and its liquidity position, the principal risks as set out in the Strategic Report and the Committee's assessment of any material uncertainties and events that might cast significant doubt upon the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. The assessment was then subject to a sensitivity analysis over a five-year period, which stress tested a number of the key assumptions underlying the forecasts both individually and in aggregate for normal, favourable and stressed conditions and considered whether financing facilities will be renewed. The portfolio comprises a spread of investments by size of company, traded on major international stock exchanges. 99.8% of the current portfolio could be liquidated within seven trading days and there is no expectation that the nature of the investments held within the portfolio will be materially different in future. The expenses of the Company are predictable and modest in comparison with the assets and there are no capital commitments foreseen which would alter that position. The ongoing charges of the Company for the year ended 30 April 2023 (excluding performance fees) were 0.81% (2022: 0.84%). Repayment of the bank facilities, drawn down at the year end, and due in September 2024, would equate to approximately 21% of the cash or cash equivalents available to the Company at 30 April 2023, without having to liquidate the portfolio of investments. The Company has no employees and consequently does not have redundancy or other employment related liabilities or responsibilities.
The Company will propose a resolution on the continuation of the Company at the AGM in September 2025	Under the AIC SORP, where Shareholders have the opportunity to vote in favour or against a company continuing in existence, it will normally be the case that Shareholders will have to vote in favour of a liquidation before it can occur. It is reasonable to believe that if positive long-term performance is achieved over the period until the next continuation vote shareholders will vote in favour of continuation.
Factors impacting the forthcoming years	The Investment Manager's Report and the Strategic Report provide a comprehensive review of factors which may impact the Company in forthcoming years. In making its assessment, the Board considered these factors alongside the Principal Risks and Uncertainties, and their corresponding mitigation and controls, in the Annual Report and Accounts.
Regulatory changes	Despite the increased level of regulation and the unpredictability of future requirements it is considered that regulation will not increase to a level that makes the running of the Company uneconomical in comparison to other competitive products.
Closed-ended Investment Funds	It is believed that the business model of being a closed ended investment fund will continue to be wanted by investors and the Investment Objective will continue to be desired and achievable.

Further, the Board recognises that there has been significant progress made in the technology sector and immense change in what is deemed to be a technology company which broadens the universe for potential investment. Technology remains a specialist sector for which there continues to be a need for independent specialist sector investment expertise. The Board therefore have a reasonable expectation that the company will be able to continue in operation and meet its liabilities as they fall due over the five years to 30 April 2028.

GOING CONCERN

The Board has also considered the ability of the Company to adopt the Going Concern basis for the preparation of the Financial Statements.

Consideration included the Company's current financial position, its liquidity position and its assessment. In addition, the Company's cash flows were stressed tested for base case and reasonable worse case scenarios such as higher inflation and interest rate increases. Further detail on the assessment for going concern is provided in the Report of the Audit Committee and in Note 2(a) of the Financial Statements.

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

The Board appraises the performance of the Company and the Investment Manager as the key supplier of services to the Company against Key Performance Indicators ('KPIs'). The objectives of the KPIs comprise both specific financial and shareholder related measures and these KPIs have not differed from the prior year.

KPI	Control process	Outcome
The provision of investment returns to shareholders measured by long-term NAV growth and relative performance against the Benchmark. The Board is aware of the vulnerability of a sector specialist investment trust to a change in investor sentiment to that sector.	The Board reviews the performance of the portfolio in detail and hears the views of the Investment Manager at each meeting. The Board discusses the market factors giving rise to any discount or premium, the long or short-term nature of those factors and the overall benefit to Shareholders of any actions. The market liquidity is also considered when authorising the issue or buy back of shares when appropriate market conditions prevail.	At 30 April 2023 the total net assets of the Company amounted to £2,828,141,000 (2022: £3,050,985,000). The Company's NAV has, over the year to 30 April 2023, underperformed the Benchmark by 5.7%. The NAV per share fell by 2.8% from 2305.13p to 2239.48p while the Benchmark increased 2.9% in Sterling terms over the same period. As at 30 April 2023 the portfolio comprised 87 (2022: 96) investments. Investment performance is explained in the Chair's Statement and the Investment Manager's Report. The performance of the Company over the longer-term is shown by the ten year historic performance chart in the Annual Report and Accounts.
Monitoring and reacting to issues created by the discount or premium of the ordinary share price to the NAV per ordinary share with the aim of reduced discount volatility for Shareholders.	The Board receives regular information on the composition of the share register including trading patterns and discount/premium levels of the Company's ordinary shares. A daily NAV per share, diluted when appropriate, calculated in accordance with the AIC guidelines, is issued to the London Stock Exchange. The Company does not have an absolute target discount level at which it buys back shares but has historically bought back significant amounts of the outstanding share capital when deemed appropriate and will continue to do so. This approach does not preclude a more active approach as discounts widen and the Investment Manager may consider that a single purchase or a series of purchases of shares in current or greater volumes, which would enhance the Company's NAV per share, would be an attractive investment of the Company's cash resources, given the positive long-term prospects for the Company's portfolio. As always, the Board keeps the level of discount under careful review and has been buying back shares actively in recent months at levels set out in the adjacent column.	The discount/premium of the ordinary share price to NAV per ordinary share (diluted when appropriate) has been as follows: Financial year to 30 April 2023 • Minimum discount over year: 5.55% • Maximum discount over year: 17.28% • Average discount over year: 11.85% In the year ended 30 April 2023, the Company bought back 6,070,882 ordinary shares (representing 4.4% of the issued share capital) at an average discount of 11.95%, Subsequent to the year end and to 13 July 2023, the Company bought back a further 1,229,369 shares. Over the previous five financial years ended 30 April 2023 ·              Maximum premium over period: 6.06% ·              Maximum discount over period: 17.28% ·              Average discount over period: 6.52% Over the previous five financial years ended 30 April 2023 the Company has issued 3,520,000 Ordinary shares as a result of market demand.
To qualify and continue to meet the requirements for Sections 1158 and 1159 of the Corporation Tax Act 2010 ('investment trust status').	The Board receives regular financial information which discloses the current and projected financial position of the Company against  each of the tests set out in Sections 1158 and 1159.	This has been achieved for every year since launch in 1996. HMRC has approved the investment trust status subject to the Company continuing to meet the relevant eligibility conditions and ongoing requirements. The Directors believe that the tests have been met in the financial year ended 30 April 2023 and will continue to be met.
Efficient operation of the Company with appropriate investment management resources and services from third party suppliers within a stable and risk-controlled environment.	The Board considers annually the services provided by the Investment Manager, both investment and administrative, and reviews on a cycle the provision and costs of services provided by third  parties. The annual operating expenses are reviewed and any non-recurring project related expenditure is approved separately by the Board.	The Board has received and considered satisfactory the internal controls report of the Investment Manager and other key suppliers including contingency arrangements to facilitate the ongoing operations of the Company in the event of withdrawal or failure of services. The ongoing charges of the Company for the year ended 30 April 2023 excluding the performance fee were 0.81% of net assets (2022: 0.84%). There was no performance fee payable for the year ended 30 April 2023 (2022: nil) and therefore the ongoing charges including the performance fee were 0.81% (2022: 0.84%) of net assets.

PRINCIPAL RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES

The Board is responsible for the management of risks faced by the Company and, through delegation to the Audit Committee, has established procedures to manage risk, oversee the internal control framework and determine the nature and extent of the principal risks the Company is willing to take in order to achieve its long-term strategic objectives.

The established risk management process the Company follows, identifies and assesses various risks, their likelihood, and possible severity of impact, considering both internal and external controls and factors that could provide mitigation. A post mitigation risk impact score is then determined for each principal risk.

At each Audit Committee, identified principal risks are reviewed and reassessed against the backdrop of the ever-changing world the Company is operating in. Furthermore, the Audit Committee carries out, at least annually, a robust assessment of overall risks and uncertainties faced by the Company with the assistance of the Investment Manager. As part of this process, the Committee also identifies any emerging risks during its review process and continues to closely monitor these risks along with any other emerging risks as they develop and implements mitigating actions as necessary. Emerging risks during the financial year under review included Climate change as well as the deterioration of relations between China and Taiwan and the impact that a war between the two countries may have on the Company's portfolio, the market and global economy. This has also been captured in our risk map as an emerging risk. The medium and longer term impacts of this risk will continue to be assessed by the Audit Committee in light of how they may affect the Company's portfolio and the economic and geopolitical environment in which the Company operates.

The Principal Risks post mitigation are detailed on the following pages along with a high-level summary of their management through mitigation and status arrows to indicate any change in assessment over the past financial year.

Management of risks through Mitigation & Controls
PORTFOLIO RISK	Trend year on year
Failure to achieve investment objective due to poor performance
The Board seeks to manage the impact of such risks through regular reporting and monitoring of investment performance. In addition, the Board regularly considers, the level of premium and discount of the share price to the NAV and ways to enhance shareholder value including share issuance and buy backs. A detailed annual review of the investment strategy is undertaken by the Investment Manager with the Board including analysis of investment markets and sector trends. The Board is committed to a clear communication program to ensure shareholders understand the investment strategy. A resolution is put forward every five years to provide shareholders with an opportunity to vote on the continuation of the Company. The last continuation vote was held in September 2020 and had 100% of votes cast in favour, the next continuation resolution will be proposed at the AGM to be held in September 2025. Given the market volatility experienced during the year under review and the increased timeframe over which the Company's performance has suffered, the Board agreed to hold this risk at the elevated level following the Company's year-end.
Portfolio management errors e.g. breach of policy
Investment limits and restrictions are encoded into the dealing and operations systems of the Investment Manager and various oversight functions are undertaken to ensure there is early warning of any potential issue of compliance or regulatory matters. The Investment Manager on behalf of the Company undertakes counterparty monitoring and only trades with brokers which have satisfied the approval process. Trade settlement, currency exposure and all dealing operations are monitored by various systems and groups including the Investment Manager's operations and risk teams and independent monitoring by the depositary.
OPERATIONAL RISK
Failure in services provided by the Investment Manager
The Board carries out an annual review of internal control reports from suppliers which includes the Investment Manager's cyber protocols and disaster recovery procedures.
Accounting, Financial or Custody errors
Due diligence and service reviews are undertaken with third-party service providers including the Custodian and Depositary. The Board considers, approves and monitors supplier appointments. The Investment manager reports on breaches of service level agreements and failure to meet standards as it becomes aware of the issue. Annual controls reports from service providers are reviewed by Board, and exceptions highlighted to the Board. Representatives from each service provider attend meetings to apprise the Board of exceptions found in their control environments. Directors regularly attend due diligence visits to service providers.
IT failure, Fraud and Cyber Risk
The number, severity and success rate of cyberattacks have increased considerably in recent years. However, controls are in place and the Board proactively seeks to keep abreast of developments through updates with representatives of the Investment Manager who undertakes meetings with relevant service providers. The Audit Committee once again sought assurance via the Company Secretary, from each of the Company's service providers on the resilience of their business continuity arrangements. These assurances and the subsequent detailed updates that were given to the Committee provided a satisfactory level of assurance that there had not been, and there was no anticipation of any disruption in the ability of each service provider to fulfil their duties as would typically be expected. In light of the increased potential for fraud and cyber attacks during the year under review, the Board decided to elevate the pre-mitigation score associated with this risk, the post mitigation remains unchanged.
Black Swan event - e.g. unforeseen natural disaster
The Company has a disaster recovery plan in place along with a Black Swan Committee comprised of any two directors, who are able to provide a response to such events as necessary.
Failure of Depositary, Custodian, Sub-Custodian
A full review of the internal control framework is carried out at least annually. Regular reporting is received by the Investment Manager on behalf of the Board from the Depositary on the safe custody of the Company's assets. The Board undertakes independent reviews of the Depositary and Administrator services (see glossary for further information) and additional resources have been put in place by the Investment Manager. Management accounts are produced and reviewed monthly, statutory reporting and daily NAV calculations are produced by the Administrator and verified by the Investment Manager.
REGULATORY RISKS
Breach of Statutes and Regulation
The Board monitors regulatory change with the assistance of the Investment Manager, Company Secretary and external professional suppliers and implements necessary changes should they be required. The Board receives regulatory reports for discussion and, if required, considers the need for any remedial action. In addition, as an investment company, the Company is required to comply with a framework of tax laws, regulation and company law. The Board keeps abreast of third party service provider internal controls processes to ensure requirements are met in accordance with regulatory requirements.
Failure to effectively communicate with investors
Polar Capital Sales Team and the Corporate Broker provide periodic reports to the Board on Communications with shareholders and feedback received. The Audit Committee received the half-year and annual financial statements prior to sign-off and makes recommendations to the Board. Contact details and how to contact the Board are provided in regulatory announcements and in half year and annual reports. The Board are present at the AGM to speak to shareholders.
ECONOMIC AND MARKET RISK
Global geo-political risk
The Board regularly discusses the global geopolitical issues and general economic conditions and developments. The impact on the portfolio from geopolitical changes is monitored through existing control systems and discussed regularly by the Board. While it is difficult to quantify the impact of such changes, it is not anticipated that they will fundamentally affect the business of the Company.
Uncertainty in regulatory environment (including inflation, recession and interest rates)
The Board regularly receives reports which detail corporate matters including legislative and regulatory developments. Guidance on implementation is sought from and provided via the Company Secretary and professional advisers where necessary. Note 27 describes the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates. The Company's largest exposure is to US$ holdings. The Company has a varying level of cash which is primarily held in US Dollars and also has loan facilities in both US Dollars and Japanese Yen. Fluctuations in exchange rates are monitored which may impact investor returns. An analysis of currency is given in Note 27 to the Financial Statements.
KEY STAFF RISK
Loss of Portfolio Manager or other Key staff
The strength and depth of investment team provides comfort that there is not over-reliance on one person with alternative senior technology portfolio managers available to act if needed. For each key business process roles, responsibilities and reporting lines are clear and unambiguous. Key personnel are incentivised by equity participation in the investment management company. Ali Unwin was appointed as Deputy Fund Manager and is responsible for managing the portfolio of the Company alongside Ben Rogoff, Lead Manager since 1 May 2006.
Insufficient resource or experience on the Board
Respected recruiters are used to source suitably experienced candidates for non-executive directorships. A Board, Committee and Individual evaluation process is carried out annually and justification for re-election of Directors is provided in Annual Report to Shareholders.

        Increase

        Decrease

      unchanged

SECTION 172 OF THE COMPANIES ACT 2006

The statutory duties of the Directors are detailed in s171-177 of the Companies Act 2006. The Board recognises that under s172, Directors have a duty to promote the success of the Company for the benefit of its shareholders as a whole and in doing so have regard to the consequences of any decision in the long term, as well as having regard to the Company's wider stakeholders amongst other considerations. The fulfilment of this duty not only helps the Company achieve its Investment Objective but ensures decisions are made in a responsible and sustainable way for shareholders.

To ensure that the Directors are aware of, and understand, their duties, they are provided with an induction, including details of all relevant regulatory and legal duties as a director when they first join the Board, and continue to receive regular and ongoing updates on relevant good practice, legislative and regulatory developments. They also have continued access to the advice and services of the Company Secretary and, where deemed necessary, the Directors may seek independent professional advice. The Schedule of Matters Reserved for the Board, as well as the Terms of Reference of its committees are reviewed annually and further describe Directors' responsibilities and obligations and include any statutory and regulatory duties.

The Board seeks to understand the needs and priorities of the Company's shareholders and stakeholders and these are taken into account during all of its discussions and as part of its decision-making process. As an externally managed investment company, the Company does not have any employees or customers, however the key stakeholders and a summary of the Board's consideration and actions where possible in relation to each group of stakeholders are described in the table below.

SHAREHOLDERS

Engagement

The Directors have considered shareholder engagement when making the strategic decisions during the year that affect shareholders, the confirmation of the continued appointment of the Investment Manager and the recommendation that shareholders vote in favour of the resolutions to be proposed at the AGM. The Directors have also engaged with and taken account of shareholders' interests during the year.

The Portfolio Manager has held numerous face to face meetings and interacted with a number of shareholders and institutions in addition to presenting at a number of conferences during the year. Where appropriate, directors are invited to attend these conferences to meet with shareholders and prospective investors; in addition, the annual Investor Relations dinner was again held in October 2022. Positive feedback was received from all attendees of the dinner who welcomed the opportunity to interact with the Board and Manager.

The Chair will write to the Company's largest shareholders following the publication of the Annual Report and Financial Statements offering the opportunity to meet to discuss any matters of interest or concern.

The AGM of the Company was held as a hybrid event in September 2022 and the Board were delighted to once again welcome shareholders to the meeting in person. However the online level of presence was minimal. The Company's next AGM will be held at 2:30pm on Thursday 7 September 2023. Following the trials of holding semi-virtual and hybrid meetings, and considering the feedback received from shareholders, we have decided to return to an in-person only AGM and will not be providing a facility for online attendance. The Board recognises that the AGM is an important event for shareholders and the Company and is keen to ensure that shareholders are able to exercise their right to attend, vote and participate, we have therefore considered the meeting location and, based on feedback received, have moved to a central London office which is close to Liverpool Street Station with easy access from a number of directions. The meeting will therefore be held at the offices of Herbert Smith Freehills, Exchange House, Primrose Street, London, EC2A 2EG. Once again, we will be inviting feedback from shareholders and will take this into account when planning the 2024 meeting.

The Board believes that shareholder engagement remains important, especially in the current market conditions and is keen that the AGM be a participative event for all shareholders who attend. Shareholders are encouraged to send any questions ahead of the AGM to the Board via the Company Secretary at [e-mail] stating the subject matter as PCTT-AGM. The investment manager will give an in-person presentation and the Chair of the Board and all members of the Board will be in attendance and will be available to respond to questions and concerns from shareholders.

Should any significant votes be cast against a resolution, the Board will engage with shareholders. Should this situation occur, the Board will explain in its announcement of the results of the AGM the actions it intends to take to consult shareholders in order to understand the reasons behind the votes against. Following the consultation, an update will be published no later than six months after the AGM and the next Annual Report will detail the impact the shareholder feedback has had on any decisions the Board has taken and any actions or resolutions proposed.

Relations with Shareholders

The Board and the Manager consider maintaining good communications and engaging with shareholders through meetings and presentations a key priority. The Board regularly considers the share register of the Company and receives regular reports from the Manager and the Corporate Broker on shareholder meetings attended and any concerns that have been raised in those meetings. The Board also reviews correspondence from shareholders and may attend investor presentations.

The Chair has met with shareholders representing in the region of 12% of the share register, during the year and responded to comments raised both at the AGM and via email.

Shareholders are able to raise any concerns directly with the Chair or the Board without intervention of the Manager or Company Secretary, they may do this either in person at the AGM or at other events, or in writing either via the registered office of the Company or to the Chair's specific email address [e-mail].

Shareholders are kept informed by the publication of annual and half year reports, monthly fact sheets, access to commentary from the Investment Manager via the Company's website and attendance at events in which the Investment Manager presents.

The Company, through the sales and marketing efforts of the Investment Manager, encourages retail investment platforms to engage with underlying shareholders in relation to Company communications and enable those shareholders to cast their votes on shareholder resolutions; the Company however has no responsibility over such platforms. The Board therefore encourage shareholders invested via the platforms to regularly visit the Company's website or to make contact with the Company directly to obtain copies of shareholder communications.

The Company has also made arrangements with its registrar for shareholders, who own their shares directly rather than through a nominee or share scheme, to view their account online at www.shareview.co.uk. Other services are also available via this service.

Outcomes and strategic decisions during the year

AGM

As detailed above the Board have decided to hold an in-person only AGM this year and have changed the location to accommodate feedback received in 2022. Further details can be found in the Shareholder Information section of the Annual Report and Accounts.

Buybacks

Further to shareholder authority being granted, the Company has the facility to conduct share buy backs when, in normal market conditions, it is in the best interests of shareholders to do so. The Company bought back a total of 6,070,882 shares during the year under review. Subsequent to the year end and to 13 July 2023, the Company bought back a further 1,229,369 shares.

Gearing

The Company is aware of the positive effect that leverage can have in increasing the return to shareholders when utilised. The Company has term loans with ING Bank NV, which expire in September 2024, consideration will be given to renewal or replacement ahead of the expiry date. Please see note 17 for further information.

Continuation Vote

The Company has within its corporate structure the requirement to hold a continuation vote every five years; ahead of each vote the Board, Investment Manager and Corporate Broker seek the feedback of shareholders including any concerns, and an indication of whether they were likely to vote in favour of the Company's continuation. The last continuation vote was held in September 2020, for which 100% of the votes cast were in favour, and the next continuation vote will be held at the AGM in September 2025.

Directors Remuneration

The remuneration of Directors is reviewed regularly and was increased with effect from 1 May 2022 and again from 1 May 2023, to bring the fees of the Directors more in line with the wider market. Further details are provided in the Report of the Remuneration Committee in the Annual Report and Accounts.

THE INVESTMENT MANAGER

Engagement

Through the Board meeting cycle, regular updates and the work of the Management Engagement Committee reviewing the services of the Investment Manager twice yearly, the Board is able to safeguard shareholder interests by:

·      Ensuring adherence to the Investment Management Policy and reviewing the agreed management and performance fees;

·      Ensuring excessive risk is not undertaken in the pursuit of investment performance;

·      Reviewing the Investment Manager's decision making and consistency in investment process;

·      Ensuring compliance with statutory legal requirements, regulations and other advisory guidance such as consumer duty and aspects of operational resilience; and

·      Considering the succession plans for the Technology Team in ensuring the continued provision of portfolio management services.

Maintaining a close and constructive working relationship with the Manager is crucial as the Board and the Investment Manager both aim to continue to achieve consistent, long-term returns in line with the Investment Objective. The culture which the Board maintains to ensure this involves encouraging open discussion with the Investment Manager; recognising that the interests of shareholders and the Investment Manager are aligned, providing constructive challenge and making Directors' experience available to support the Investment Manager. This culture is aligned with the collegiate and meritocratic culture which Polar Capital has developed and maintains.

Outcomes and strategic decisions during the year

ESG

The Board continued to engage with the Investment manager to understand how ESG has been integrated into the overall house style, the technology team investment approach and decision making as well as the methodology behind this. The Board also receives information on how ESG affects Polar Capital as a business and the technology team in particular.

Consumer Duty

The Board has worked with the Investment Manager to ensure the obligations of the new Consumer Duty regulations are appropriately applied to the Company. In light of the obligations, all communications including the website, fact sheets and other published documentation, have been reviewed to ensure they are appropriate for all end users. A 'value for money' assessment has also been undertaken and is made available to distributors on request for their due diligence processes.

Management

The Management Engagement Committee has recommended the continued appointment of the Investment Manager on the terms agreed within the Investment Management Agreement.

INVESTEE COMPANIES

Stewardship

The Board has instructed the Investment Manager to take into account the published corporate governance policies of the companies in which it invests.

The Board has also considered the Investment Manager's Stewardship Code and Proxy Voting Policy. The voting policy is for the Investment Manager to vote at all general meetings of companies in favour of resolutions proposed by the management where it believes that the proposals are in the interests of shareholders. However, in exceptional cases, where it believes that a resolution could be detrimental to the interests of shareholders or the financial performance of the Company, appropriate notification will be given and abstentions or a vote against will be lodged.

The Investment Manager reports to the Board, when requested, on the application of the Stewardship Code and Voting Policy. The Investment Manager's Stewardship Code and Voting Policy can be found on the Investment Manager's website in the Corporate Governance section (www.polarcapital.co.uk).

The Technology Investment Team also use the services of ISS to assist with their own evaluation of companies' proposals or reporting ahead of casting votes on behalf of the Company at their general meetings. In the event that an investee company has share blocking in place, the default position is to refrain from voting to ensure the ability to trade these stocks if required.

During the year ended 30 April 2023, votes were cast at 99% of investee company general meetings held. At 52% of those meetings a vote was either cast against management recommendation, withheld or abstained from. Further information on how the Investment Manager considers ESG in its engagement with investee companies can be found in the ESG Report.

Outcomes and strategic decisions during the year

During the year the Board discussed the impact of ESG and other market factors and how the Investment Manager factors these into its strategy, investment and decision-making process. The Board receives information on the ratings of investee companies and is able to use this as tool to inform discussions with the Manager during Board meetings.

SERVICE PROVIDERS

Engagement

The Directors have frequent engagement with the Company's other key service providers through the annual cycle of reporting, site visits and due diligence meetings. The schedule of deep-dive in-person meetings re-commenced in 2023. This engagement is completed with the aim of having effective oversight of delegated services, seeking to improve the processes for the benefit of the Company and to understand the needs and views of the Company's service providers, as stakeholders in the Company. Further information on the Board's engagement with service providers is included in the Corporate Governance Statement and the Report of the Audit Committee. During the year under review, due diligence meetings have been undertaken by the Investment Manager and where possible, service providers have joined meetings to present their reports directly to the Board or the Audit Committee as appropriate.

Outcomes and strategic decisions during the year

The reviews of the Company's service providers have been positive and the Directors believe their continued appointment is in the best interests of the shareholders and the Company as a whole. The accounting and administration services of HSBC Securities Services (HSS) are contracted through Polar Capital and provided to the Company under the terms of the IMA. The Board, through due diligence undertaken by the Company Secretary and the Polar Capital Compliance team, is satisfied that the service received continues to be of a high standard.

PROXY ADVISORS

Engagement

The support of proxy adviser agencies is important to the Directors, as the Company seeks to retain a reputation for high standards of corporate governance, which the Directors believe contributes to the long-term sustainable success of the Company. The Directors consider the recommendations of these various proxy voting agencies when contemplating decisions that will affect shareholders and also when reporting to shareholders through the Half Year and Annual Reports.

Recognising the principles of stewardship, as promoted by the UK Stewardship Code, the Board welcomes engagement with all of its investors. The Board recognises that the views, questions from, and recommendations of many institutional investors and proxy adviser agencies provide a valuable feedback mechanism and play a part in highlighting evolving shareholders' expectations and concerns.

Outcomes and strategic decisions during this year

Where possible the Chair and other representatives of the Company have engaged with the stewardship teams of some larger investors to understand and address their expectations in terms of board governance, recruitment and diversity. Prior to the Company's AGMs, the Company engages with agencies including PIRC and ISS to fact check their advisory reports and clarify any areas or topics contained within the report. This ensures that whilst the proxy advisory reports provided to shareholders are objective and independent, the Company's actions and intentions are represented as clearly as possible to assist with shareholders' decision making when considering the resolutions proposed at the AGM.

THE AIC

Engagement

The Company is a member of the AIC and has supported lobbying activities such as the consultation on the 2019 AIC Code, the 2021 BEIS Restoring Trust in Audit and Corporate Governance and the FCA's 2021 consultation on Diversity and Inclusion on Company Boards. The Directors also cast votes in the AIC Board Elections each year and regularly attend AIC events.

Approved by the Board on 18 July 2023

By order of the Board

Jumoke Kupoluyi, ACG

Polar Capital Secretarial Services Limited

Company Secretary

STATEMENT OF DIRECTORS' RESPONSIBILITIES

The Directors are responsible for preparing the Annual Report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.

Company law requires the Directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law they have elected to prepare the financial statements in accordance with UK-adopted international accounting standards and applicable law. Under company law the directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Company and of its profit or loss for that period. In preparing these financial statements, the Directors are required to:

·      select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently;

·      make judgements and estimates that are reasonable, relevant and reliable;

·      state whether they have been prepared in accordance with UK-adopted international accounting standards;

·      assess the Company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern; and

·      use the going concern basis of accounting unless they either intend to liquidate the Company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.

The Directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the Company's transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the Company and enable them to ensure that its financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are responsible for such internal control as they determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and have general responsibility for taking such steps as are reasonably open to them to safeguard the assets of the Company and to prevent and detect fraud and other irregularities.

Under applicable law and regulations, the Directors are also responsible for preparing a Strategic Report, Directors' Report, Directors' Remuneration Report and Corporate Governance Statement that complies with that law and those regulations.

The Directors are responsible for the maintenance and integrity of the corporate and financial information included on the company's website. Legislation in the UK governing the preparation and dissemination of financial statements may differ from legislation in other jurisdictions.

RESPONSIBILITY STATEMENT OF THE DIRECTORS IN RESPECT OF THE ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We confirm that to the best of our knowledge:

·      the financial statements, prepared in accordance with the applicable set of accounting standards, give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and profit or loss of the company; and

·      the Strategic Report includes a fair review of the development and performance of the business and the position of the issuer, together with a description of the principal risks and uncertainties that they face.

We consider the annual report and accounts, taken as a whole, is fair, balanced and understandable and provides the information necessary for shareholders to assess the Company's position and performance, business model and strategy.

Catherine Cripps

Chair

18 July 2023

Status of announcement 

The figures and financial information contained in this announcement are extracted from the Audited Annual Report for the year ended 30 April 2023 and do not constitute statutory accounts for the year. The Annual Report and Financial Statements include the Report of the Independent Auditors which is unqualified and does not contain a statement under either section 498(2) or Section 498(3) of the Companies Act 2006. 

The Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 30 April 2023 have not yet been delivered to the Registrar of Companies. The figures and financial information for the year ended 30 April 2022 are extracted from the published Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 30 April 2022 and do not constitute the statutory accounts for that year. The Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 30 April 2022 have been delivered to the Registrar of Companies and included the Report of the Independent Auditors which was unqualified and did not contain a statement under either section 498(2) or Section 498(3) of the Companies Act 2006.

STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

for the year ended 30 April 2023

	Notes	Year ended 30 April 2023			Year ended 30 April 2022
		Revenue return £'000	Capital return £'000	Total return £'000	Revenue return £'000	Capital return £'000	Total return £'000
Investment income	3	16,160	42	16,202	15,870	-	15,870
Other operating income	4	3,820	-	3,820	31	-	31
Losses on investments held at fair value	5	-	(106,807)	(106,807)	-	(253,694)	(253,694)
Gains/(losses) on derivatives	6	-	34	34	-	(5,799)	(5,799)
Other currency gains	7	-	8,409	8,409	-	17,535	17,535
Total income		19,980	(98,322)	(78,342)	15,901 - - - 15,9018,164	(241,958)	(226,057)
Expenses
Investment management fee	8	(21,918)	-	(21,918)	(28,281)	-	(28,281)
Other administrative expenses	9	(1,176)	-	(1,176)	(1,335)	-	(1,335)
Total expenses		(23,094)	-	(23,094)	(29,616)	-	(29,616)
Loss before finance costs and tax		(3,114)	(98,322)	(101,436)	(13,715)	(241,958)	(255,673)
Finance costs	10	(1,598)	-	(1,598)	(973)	-	(973)
Loss before tax		(4,712)	(98,322)	(103,034)	(14,688)	(241,958)	(256,646)
Tax	11	(2,148)	-	(2,148)	(2,000)	-	(2,000)
Net loss for the year and total comprehensive expense		(6,860)	(98,322)	(105,182)	(16,688)	(241,958)	(258,646)
Loss per share (basic and diluted) (pence)	12	(5.30)	(75.98)	(81.28)	(12.36)	(179.25)	(191.61)

The total column of this statement represents the Company's Statement of Comprehensive Income, prepared in accordance with UK-adopted International Accounting Standards.

The revenue return and capital return columns are supplementary to this and are prepared under guidance published by the AIC.

All items in the above statement derive from continuing operations.

The Company does not have any other comprehensive income.

The notes below form part of these Financial Statements.

STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

for the year ended 30 April 2023

		Share capital	Capital redemption reserve	Share premium	Special non- distributable reserve	Capital reserves	Revenue reserve	Total
	Notes	£'000	£'000	£'000	£'000	£'000	£'000	£'000
Total equity at 30 April 2021		34,329	12,802	223,374	7,536	3,240,833	(110,111)	3,408,763
Total comprehensive expense:
Loss for the year to 30 April 2022		-	-	-	-	(241,958)	(16,688)	(258,646)
Transactions with owners, recorded directly to equity:
Ordinary shares repurchased into treasury	15	-	-	-	-	(99,132)	-	(99,132)
Total equity at 30 April 2022		34,329	12,802	223,374	7,536	2,899,743	(126,799)	3,050,985
Total comprehensive expense:
Loss for the year to 30 April 2023		-	-	-	-	(98,322)	(6,860)	(105,182)
Transactions with owners, recorded directly to equity:
Ordinary shares repurchased into treasury	15	-	-	-	-	(117,662)	-	(117,662)
Total equity at 30 April 2023		34,329	12,802	223,374	7,536	2,683,759	(133,659)	2,828,141

The notes below form part of these Financial Statements.

BALANCE SHEET

as at 30 April 2023

	Notes	30 April 2023 £'000	30 April 2022 £'000
Non current assets
Investments held at fair value through profit or loss	13	2,640,177	2,811,080
Current assets
Receivables		20,605	31,096
Overseas tax recoverable		379	286
Cash and cash equivalents	14	239,096	311,363
Derivative financial instruments	13	2,571	6,479
		262,651	349,224
Total assets		2,902,828	3,160,304
Current liabilities
Payables		(23,842)	(57,284)
Bank loans		-	(52,035)
		(23,842)	(109,319)
Non current liabilities
Bank loans		(50,845)	-
Net assets		2,828,141	3,050,985
Equity attributable to equity Shareholders
Share capital	15	34,329	34,329
Capital redemption reserve		12,802	12,802
Share premium		223,374	223,374
Special non-distributable reserve		7,536	7,536
Capital reserves		2,683,759	2,899,743
Revenue reserve		(133,659)	(126,799)
Total equity		2,828,141	3,050,985
Net asset value per ordinary share (pence)		2239.48	2305.13

The Financial Statements, were approved and authorised for issue by the Board of Directors on 18 July 2023 and signed on its behalf by:

Catherine Cripps

Chair

The notes below form part of these Financial Statements.

Registered number 3224867

CASH FLOW STATEMENT

for the year ended 30 April 2023

	Notes	2023 £'000	2022 £'000
Cash flows from operating activities
Loss before tax		(103,034)	(256,646)
Adjustments
Losses on investments held at fair value through profit or loss	5	106,807	253,694
(Gains)/losses on derivative financial instruments	6	(34)	5,799
Proceeds of disposal on investments		2,311,861	2,822,328
Purchases of investments		(2,266,936)	(2,618,737)
Proceeds on disposal of derivative financial instruments	13	46,536	39,006
Purchases of derivative financial instruments	13	(42,594)	(47,194)
Increase in receivables		(472)	(64)
Decrease in payables*		(4,580)	(401)
Finance Costs*		1,598	973
Overseas tax		(2,241)	(2,124)
Foreign exchange gains	7	(8,409)	(17,535)
Net cash generated from operating activities		38,502	179,099
Cash flows from financing activities
Finance costs paid*		(1,539)	(927)
Ordinary shares repurchased into treasury		(116,449)	(98,001)
Net cash used in financing activities		(117,988)	(98,928)
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents		(79,486)	80,171
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year		311,363	212,732
Effect of movement in foreign exchange rates on cash held	7	7,219	18,460
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year	14	239,096	311,363
	Notes	2023 £'000	2022 £'000
Reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents to the Balance Sheet is as follows:
Cash held at bank and derivative clearing houses	14	148,682	219,403
BlackRock's Institutional Cash Series plc (US Treasury Fund), money market fund	14	90,414	91,960
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year	14	239,096	311,363

* The finance costs paid which were previously included in the cash flows from operating activities in the year 2022 have been represented as a cash flow from financing activities to align with the current year presentation.

The notes below form part of these Financial Statements.

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the year ended 30 April 2023

1.    GENERAL INFORMATION

Polar Capital Technology Trust plc is a public limited company registered in England and Wales whose shares are traded on the London Stock Exchange.

The principal activity of the Company is that of an investment trust company within the meaning of Section 1158/1159 of the Corporation Tax Act 2010 and its investment approach is detailed in the Strategic Report.

The Company financial statements have been prepared and approved by the Directors in accordance with international accounting standards in accordance with UK-adopted international accounting standards ("UK-adopted IAS").

The Company's presentational currency is Pounds Sterling. All figures are rounded to the nearest thousand pounds (£'000) except as otherwise stated.

2.    ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The principal accounting policies, which have been applied consistently for all years presented are set out below:

(A)           BASIS OF PREPARATION

The Financial Statements have been prepared on a going concern basis under the historical cost convention, as modified by the inclusion of investments and derivative financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss.

Where presentational guidance set out in the Statement of Recommended Practice (SORP) for investment trusts issued by the Association of Investment Companies (AIC) in July 2022 is consistent with the requirements of UK-adopted IAS, the Directors have sought to prepare the Financial Statements on a basis compliant with the recommendations of the SORP.

The financial position of the Company as at 30 April 2023 is shown in the balance sheet above. As at 30 April 2023 the Company's total assets exceeded its total liabilities by a multiple of over 37. The assets of the Company consist mainly of securities that are held in accordance with the Company's Investment Policy, as set out in the annual report and these securities are readily realisable. The Company has two, two-year fixed rate term loans with ING Bank N.V. both of which fall due for repayment on 30 September 2024. The Directors have considered a detailed assessment of the Company's ability to meet its liabilities as they fall due. The assessment took account of the Company's current financial position, its cash flows and its liquidity position. In addition, the Company's cash flows were stressed tested for base case and reasonable worse case scenarios such as higher inflation and interest rate increases. In light of the results of these tests, the Company's cash balances, and the liquidity position, the Directors consider that the Company has adequate financial resources to enable it to continue in operational existence for at least 12 months. Accordingly, the Directors believe that it is appropriate to continue to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the Company's Financial Statements.

(B)           PRESENTATION OF STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

AIC, supplementary information which analyses the Statement of Comprehensive Income between items of a revenue and capital nature has been presented alongside the Statement of Comprehensive Income. The results presented in the revenue return column is the measure the Directors believe appropriate in assessing the Company's compliance with certain requirements set out in section 1158 of the Corporation Taxes Act 2010.

(C)           INCOME

Dividends receivable from equity shares are taken to the revenue return column of the Statement of Comprehensive Income on an ex-dividend basis.

Special dividends are recognised on an ex-dividend basis and may be considered to be either revenue or capital items.

The facts and circumstances are considered on a case by case basis before a conclusion on appropriate allocation is reached.

Where the Company has received dividends in the form of additional shares rather than in cash, the amount of the cash dividend foregone is recognised in the revenue return column of the Statement of Comprehensive Income. Any excess in value of shares received over the amount of the cash dividend foregone is recognised in the capital return column of the Statement of Comprehensive Income.

Unfranked income includes the taxes deducted at source.

Bank interest, money market fund interest and other income receivable are accounted for on an accruals basis and is recognised in the period in which it was earned.

Interest outstanding at the year end is calculated on a time apportioned basis using the market rates of interest

(D)           EXPENSES AND FINANCE COSTS

All expenses, including finance costs, are accounted for on an accruals basis.

All indirect expenses have been presented as revenue items per the non-allocation method except as follows:

-       any performance fees payable are allocated wholly to capital, reflecting the fact that, although they are calculated on a total return basis, they are expected to be attributable largely, if not wholly, to capital performance.

-       transaction costs incurred on the acquisition or disposal of investments are expensed either as part of the unrealised gain/loss on investments (for acquisition costs) or as a deduction from the proceeds of sale (for disposal costs).

Finance costs are calculated using the effective interest rate method and are accounted for on an accruals basis.

(E)           TAXATION

The tax expense represents the sum of the overseas withholding tax deducted from investment income, tax currently payable and deferred tax.

The tax currently payable is based on the taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from net profit as reported in the Statement of Comprehensive Income because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and it further excludes items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company's liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date.

In line with the recommendations of the SORP, the allocation method used to calculate tax relief on expenses presented against capital returns in the supplementary information in the Statement of Comprehensive Income is the 'marginal basis'. Under this basis, if taxable income is capable of being offset entirely by expenses presented in the revenue return column of the Statement of Comprehensive Income, then no tax relief is transferred to the capital return column.

Deferred tax is the tax expected to be payable or recoverable on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the Financial Statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit, and is accounted for using the balance sheet liability method. Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences and deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences can be utilised.

Investment trusts which have approval as such under section 1158 of the Corporation Tax Act 2010 are not liable for taxation on capital gains.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each balance sheet date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax is calculated at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the liability is settled or the asset is realised based on tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date.

Deferred tax is charged or credited in the Statement of Comprehensive Income, except when it relates to items charged or credited directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also dealt with in equity.

(F)           INVESTMENTS HELD AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS

When a purchase or sale is made under contract, the terms of which require delivery within the timeframe of the relevant market, the investments concerned are recognised or derecognised on the trade date and are initially measured at fair value.

On initial recognition the Company has designated all of its investments as held at fair value through profit or loss as defined by UK-adopted IAS.

All investments are measured at subsequent reporting dates at fair value, which is either the bid price or the last traded price, depending on the convention of the exchange on which the investment is quoted. Investments in unit trusts or OEICs are valued at the closing price, the bid price or the single price as appropriate, as released by the relevant investment manager.

Fair values for unquoted investments, or for investments for which there is only an inactive market, are established by using various valuation techniques. These may include recent arms length market transactions, the current fair value of another instrument that is substantially the same, discounted cash flow analysis and option pricing models. Where there is a valuation technique commonly used by market participants to price the instrument and that technique has been demonstrated to provide reliable estimates of prices obtained in actual market transactions, that technique is utilised. Where no reliable fair value can be estimated for such instruments, they are carried at cost, subject to any provision for impairment.

Changes in fair value of all investments held at fair value and realised gains and losses on disposal are recognised in the capital return column of the Statement of Comprehensive Income.

(G)           RECEIVABLES

Receivables are initially recognised at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost. Receivables do not carry any interest and are short-term in nature and are accordingly stated at their nominal value (amortised cost) as reduced by appropriate allowances for estimated irrecoverable amounts.

(H)           CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits. Cash equivalents are short-term maturity of three months or less, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash.

The Company's investment in BlackRock's Institutional Cash Series plc - US Treasury Fund of £90,414,000 (2022: £91,960,000) is managed as part of the Company's cash and cash equivalents as defined under IAS 7.

In the Balance Sheet bank overdrafts are shown within current liabilities.

(I)            PAYABLES

Payables are initially recognised at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost. Payables are not interest- bearing and are stated at their nominal value (amortised cost).

(J)            BANK LOANS

Interest bearing bank loans are initially recognised at cost, being the proceeds received net of direct issue costs, and subsequently at amortised cost. The amounts falling due for repayment within one year are included under current liabilities in the Balance Sheet.

(K)           DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The Company's activities expose it primarily to the financial risks of changes in market prices, foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. Derivative transactions which the Company may enter into comprise forward exchange contracts, the purpose of which is to manage the currency risks arising from the Company's investing activities, quoted options on shares held within the portfolio, or on indices appropriate to sections of the portfolio, the purpose of which is to provide additional capital return.

The use of financial derivatives is governed by the Company's policies as approved by the Board, which has set written principles for the use of financial derivatives.

A derivative instrument is considered to be used for hedging purposes when it alters the market risk profile of an existing underlying exposure of the Company. The use of financial derivatives by the Company does not qualify for hedge accounting under UK-adopted IAS. As a result, changes in the fair value of derivative instruments are recognised in the Statement of Comprehensive Income as they arise. If capital in nature, associated change in value is presented in the capital return column of the Statement of Comprehensive Income.

(L)           RATES OF EXCHANGE

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into Sterling at the rate of exchange ruling on the date of each

transaction. Monetary assets, monetary liabilities and equity investments in foreign currencies at the balance sheet date are translated into Sterling at the rates of exchange ruling on that date. Realised profits or losses on exchange, together with differences arising on the translation of foreign currency assets or liabilities, are taken to the capital return column of the Statement of Comprehensive Income.

Foreign exchange gains and losses arising on investments held at fair value are included within changes in fair value.

(M)          SHARE CAPITAL

                Represents the nominal value of authorised and allocated, called-up and fully paid shares issued.

(N)          CAPITAL RESERVES

Capital reserves - gains/losses on disposal includes:

-       gains/losses on disposal of investments

-       exchange differences on currency balances and on settlement of loan balances

-       cost of own shares bought back

-       other capital charges and credits charged to this account in accordance with the accounting policies above

Capital reserve - revaluation on investments held includes:

-       increases and decreases in the valuation of investments and loans held at the year end.

All of the above are accounted for in the Statement of Comprehensive Income except the cost of own shares bought back or issued which are accounted for in the Statement of Changes in Equity.

(O)          REPURCHASE OF ORDINARY SHARES (INCLUDING THOSE HELD IN TREASURY)

Where applicable, the costs of repurchasing ordinary shares including related stamp duty and transaction costs are taken directly to equity and reported through the Statement of Changes in Equity as a charge on the capital reserve. Share repurchase transactions are accounted for on a trade date basis.

The nominal value of ordinary share capital repurchased and cancelled is transferred out of called up share capital and into the capital redemption reserve.

Where shares are repurchased and held in treasury, the transfer to capital redemption reserve is made if and when such shares are subsequently cancelled.

(P)           SHARE ISSUE COSTS

Costs incurred directly in relation to the issue of new shares together with additional share listing costs have been deducted from the share premium reserve.

(Q)          SEGMENTAL REPORTING

Under IFRS 8, 'Operating Segments', operating segments are considered to be the components of an entity about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The chief operating decision maker has been identified as the Manager (with oversight from the Board).

The Board is of the opinion that the Company is engaged in a single segment of business, namely by investing in a diversified portfolio of technology companies from around the world in accordance with the Company's Investment Objective, and consequently no segmental analysis is provided.

In line with IFRS 8, additional disclosure by geographical segment has been provided in Note 26.

Further analyses of expenses, investment gains or losses, profit and other assets and liabilities by country have not been given as either it is not possible to prepare such information in a meaningful way or the results are not considered to be significant.

(R)           KEY ESTIMATES, JUDGMENTS AND ASSUMPTIONS

Estimates and assumptions used in preparing the Financial Statements are reviewed on an ongoing basis and are based on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates and assumptions form the basis of making judgements about carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources.

The majority of the Company's investments are in US Dollars, the level of which varies from time to time. The Board considers the functional and reporting currency to be Sterling. In arriving at this conclusion the Board considered that Sterling is most relevant to the majority of the Company's Shareholders and creditors and the currency in which the majority of the Company's operating expenses are paid and the Company's shares are denominated in Sterling.

The only estimates and assumptions that may cause material adjustment to the carrying value of assets and liabilities relate to the valuation of unquoted investments and investments for which there is an inactive market. These are valued in accordance with the techniques set out in Note 2(f). At the year end, there was no unquoted investments (2022: same).

(S)           NEW AND REVISED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS                           

There were no new UK-adopted IAS or amendments to UK-adopted IAS applicable to the current year which had any significant impact on the Company's Financial Statements.

i)             There were no relevant standards became effective for the current annual reporting period that potentially impact the Company are in issue.

ii)            At the date of authorisation of the Company's Financial Statements, the following relevant standards that potentially impact the Company are in issue but are not yet effective and have not been applied in the Financial Statements.

Standards & Interpretations		Effective for periods commencing on or after
Disclosure of Accounting Policies (Amendments to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2)	Requirement amended to disclose material accounting policies instead of significant accounting policies and provided guidance in making materiality judgements to accounting policy disclosure..	1 January 2023
Definition of Accounting Estimates (amendments to IAS 8)	Introduced the definition of accounting estimates and included other amendments to IAS 8 to help entities distinguish changes in accounting estimates from changes in accounting policy.	1 January 2023

The Directors expect that the adoption of the standards listed above will have either no impact or that any impact will not be material on the Financial Statements of the Company in future periods.

3.            INVESTMENT INCOME	Year ended 30 April 2023 £'000	Year ended 30 April 2022 £'000
Revenue:
Overseas Dividend income	16,160	15,870
	16,160	15,870
Capital:
Special dividends allocated to capital	42	-

All investment income is derived from listed investments.

Included within income from investments is £350,000 (2022: £172,000) of special dividends classified as revenue in nature in accordance with note 2 (c). £42,000 of special dividend has been recognised in capital as the dividend paid out of the proceeds from a disposal of an overseas investments (2022: nil).

4.            OTHER OPERATING INCOME	Year ended 30 April 2023 £'000	Year ended 30 April 2022 £'000
Bank interest	1,478	4
Money market fund interest	2,342	27
	3,820	31

5.            LOSSES ON INVESTMENTS HELD AT FAIR VALUE	Year ended 30 April 2023 £'000	Year ended 30 April 2022 £'000
Net (losses)/gains on disposal of investments at historic cost	(130,861)	232,360
Transfer on disposal of investments	(59,647)	(353,508)
Losses on disposal of investments based on carrying value at previous balance sheet date	(190,508)	(121,148)
Valuation gains/(losses) on investments held during the year	83,701	(132,546)
	(106,807)	(253,694)

6.            GAINS/(LOSSES) ON DERIVATIVES	Year ended 30 April 2023 £'000	Year ended 30 April 2022 £'000
Gains/(losses) on disposal of derivatives held	5,019	(10,212)
(Losses)/gains on revaluation of derivatives held	(4,985)	4,413
	34	(5,799)

The derivative financial instruments represent the call and put options, which are used for the purpose of efficient portfolio management. Refer to Note 13 below for further details.                                                                                                                   

7.            OTHER CURRENCY GAINS	Year ended 30 April 2023 £'000	Year ended 30 April 2022 £'000
Exchange gains on currency balances	7,219	18,460
Exchange losses on settlement of loan balances	(507)	-
Exchange gains/(losses) on translation of loan balances	1,697	(925)
	8,409	17,535

8.            INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE FEE

	Year ended 30 April 2023 £'000	Year ended 30 April 2022 £'000
Investment management fee payable to Polar Capital (charged wholly to revenue)	21,918	28,281
Performance fee payable to Polar Capital (charged wholly to capital)	-	-

There was no performance payable in respect of the year nor outstanding at the year end (2022:same).

The basis for calculating the investment management and performance fees are set out in the Strategic Report above and details of all amounts payable to the Manager are given in Note 16 below.  

As a result of the current fee arrangements which came into force on 1 May 2022, the management fee in 2023 is calculated on the reduced rates and daily net asset value, as such has subsequently decreased compared to the previous year. Details of the Investment Management Agreement are disclosed in the Strategic Report above.

9.            OTHER ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES

	Year ended 30 April 2023 £'000	Year ended 30 April 2022 £'000
Directors' fees and expenses1	247	229
National insurance contributions	26	24
Depositary fee2	192	233
Registrar fee	54	51
Custody and other bank charges3	267	358
UKLA and LSE listing fees4	204	190
Legal & professional fees and other financial services	16	4
AIC fees	21	21
Auditors' remuneration - for audit of the financial Statements	63	45
Directors' and officers' liability insurance	38	23
AGM expenses5	6	31
Corporate brokers' fee6	-	-
Shareholder communications7	38	82
Other expenses	4	44
	1,176	1,335

1.        Full disclosure is given in the Directors' Remuneration Report in the Annual Report.

2.        Depositary fee is based on the value of the net assets. The daily average net asset value decreased by 19.3% compared to the previous year.

3.        Custody fees are based on the value of the assets and geographical activity and determined on the pre-approved rate card with HSBC.

4.        Fees are based on the market capitalisation of the Company which has risen over the last invoice period.

5.        Reduced 2023 AGM expenses mainly due to the removal of Lumi online hybrid AGM option.

6.        2022/2023 annual fee was offset by the commission credit on shares repurchases.

7.        Includes reversal of prior year over accruals in this period.

10.          FINANCE COSTS	Year ended 30 April 2023 £'000	Year ended 30 April 2022 £'000
Interest on loans and overdrafts	1,514	973
Loan arrangement and facility fees	84                           84-	-
	1,598	973

11.          TAXATION	Year ended 30 April 2023 £'000	Year ended 30 April 2022 £'000
(a) Analysis of tax charge for the year:
Overseas tax	2,148	2,000
Total tax for the year (see Note 11b)	2,148	2,000

(b) Factors affecting tax charge for the year:

The charge for the year can be reconciled to the loss per the Statement of Comprehensive Income as follows:

Loss before tax	(103,034)	(256,646)
Tax at the UK corporation effective tax rate of 19.5% (2022: 19%)	(20,092)	(48,763)
Tax effect of non-taxable dividends	(3,159)	(3,015)
Tax effect of losses on investments that are not taxable	19,181	45,972
Unrelieved current year expenses and deficits	4,070	5,806
Overseas tax suffered	2,148	2,000
Total tax for the year (see Note 11a)	2,148	2,000

(c) Factors that may affect future tax charges:

There is an unrecognised deferred tax asset comprising:

Unrelieved management expenses	66,998	61,780
Non-trading loan relationship deficits	1,807	1,807
	68,805	63,587

The deferred tax asset is based on a corporation tax rate of 25% (2022: 25%).    

The Company has an unrecognised deferred tax asset of £66,998,000 (2022: £61,780,000) arising from surplus management expenses of £267,992,000 (2022: £247,120,000) and unrecognised deferred tax asset of £1,807,000 (2022: £1,807,000) arising from non-trade loan relationship deficits of £7,227,000 (2022: £7,227,000) based on a corporation tax rate of 25% (2022: 25%). In its 2021 budget, the government announced that the main rate of corporation tax would increase to 25% for the fiscal year beginning on 1 April 2023. This deferred tax asset has arisen due to the cumulative excess of deductible expenses over taxable income. Given the composition of the Company's portfolio, it is not likely that this asset will be utilised in the foreseeable future and therefore no asset has been recognised in the accounts.

Due to the Company's tax status as an investment trust and the intention to continue meeting the conditions required to maintain approval of such status in the foreseeable future, the Company has not provided tax on any capital gains arising on the revaluation or disposal of investments held by the Company.

12.          LOSS PER ORDINARY SHARE

	Year ended 30 April 2023			Year ended 30 April 2022
	Revenue return	Capital return	Total return	Revenue return	Capital return	Total return
The calculation of basic earnings per share is based on the following data:
Loss per ordinary share (£'000)	(6,860)	(98,322)	(105,182)	(16,688)	(241,958)	(258,646)
Weighted average ordinary shares in issue during the year	129,409,889	129,409,889	129,409,889	134,984,460	134,984,460	134,984,460
From continuing operations
Basic - loss per ordinary share (pence)	(5.30)	(75.98)	(81.28)	(12.36)	(179.25)	(191.61)

As at 30 April 2023 there are no potentially dilutive shares in issue and the earnings per share therefore equate to those shown above (2022: there was no dilution).

13. INVESTMENTS HELD AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS

(i)            Investments held at fair value through profit or loss

	Year ended 30 April 2023 £'000	Year ended 30 April 2022 £'000
Opening book cost	2,253,434	2,199,334
Opening investment holding gains	557,646	1,043,700
Opening fair value	2,811,080	3,243,034
Analysis of transactions made during the year
Purchases at cost	2,236,802	2,639,004
Sales proceeds received	(2,300,898)	(2,817,264)
Losses on investments held at fair value	(106,807)	(253,694)
Closing fair value	2,640,177	2,811,080
Closing book cost	2,058,477	2,253,434
Closing investment holding gains	581,700	557,646
Closing fair value	2,640,177	2,811,080
Of which:
Listed on a recognised Stock Exchange	2,640,177	2,811,080

The Company received £2,300,898,000 (2022: £2,817,264,000) from disposal of investments in the year. The book cost of these investments when they were purchased was £2,431,759,000 (2022: £2,584,904,000). These investments have been revalued over time and until they were sold any unrealised gains/losses were included in the fair value of the investments.

Included in additions at cost are purchase costs of £1,055,000 (2022: £1,005,000). Included in proceeds of disposals are sales costs of £1,231,000 (2022: £1,182,000). These costs primarily comprise commission.

(ii)          Changes in derivative financial instruments	Year ended 30 April 2023 £'000	Year ended 30 April 2022 £'000
Valuation at 1 May	6,479	4,090
Additions at cost	42,594	47,194
Proceeds of disposal	(46,536)	(39,006)
Gains/(losses) on disposal	5,019	(10,212)
Valuation (losses)/ gains	(4,985)	4,413
Valuation at 30 April	2,571	6,479

The derivative financial instruments represent the call and put options, which are used for the purpose of efficient portfolio management. As at 30 April 2023, the Company held NASDAQ 100 Stock Index put option and the market value of these open put option position was £1,559,000 (2022: NASDAQ 100 Stock Index put options with a market value of £6,431,000). The Company also held Microsoft Corp call options and the market value of these open call option position was £1,012,000 (2022: Apple Inc. call options with a market value of £48,000).

(iii)          Classification under Fair Value Hierarchy:

The table below sets out the fair value measurements using the IFRS 7 fair value hierarchy. Categorisation within the hierarchy has been determined on the basis of the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the relevant asset as follows:

Level 1 - valued using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.

Level 2 - valued by reference to valuation techniques using observable inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1.

Level 3 - valued by reference to valuation techniques using inputs that are not based on observable market data.

The valuation techniques used by the Company are explained in the accounting policies note above.

	Year ended 30 April 2023 £'000	Year ended 30 April 2022 £'000
Equity Investments and derivative financial instruments
Level 1	2,641,189	2,817,559
Level 2	1,559	-
Level 3	-	-
	2,642,748	2,817,559

The NASDAQ 100 Stock Index put options held at the year ended 30 April 2023 have been classified as level 2 due to the absence of regular trading activity levels closer to the measurement date. All other options held at the current and prior year end have been classified as level 1.

There has been no further transfer between Levels 1, 2 and 3 during the year ended 30 April 2023.

(iv)          Unquoted investments

As at 30 April 2023, the portfolio comprised no unquoted investment (30 April 2021: same):

The carrying values of other receivables approximate their fair value.

14.          CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	30 April 2023 £'000	30 April 2022 £'000
Cash at bank	148,682	211,940
Cash held at derivative clearing houses	-	7,463
Money market funds	90,414	91,960
Cash and cash equivalents	239,096	311,363

As at 30 April 2023, the Company held BlackRock's Institutional Cash Series plc - US Treasury Fund with a market value of £90,414,000 (30 April 2022: £91,960,000), which is managed as part of the Company's cash and cash equivalents as defined under IAS 7.

15.          SHARE CAPITAL

	30 April 2023 £'000	30 April 2022 £'000
Allotted, Called up and Fully paid:
Ordinary shares of 25p each
Opening balance of 132,356,426 (30 April 2022: 136,544,764)	33,089	34,136
Repurchase of 6,070,882 (30 April 2022: 4,188,338) ordinary shares into  treasury	(1,518)	(1,047)
Allotted, called up and fully paid: 126,285,544 (30 April 2022: 132,356,426)  ordinary shares of 25p ordinary shares of 25p	31,571	33,089
ordinary shares of 25p of 25p
11,029,456 (2022: 4,958,574) ordinary shares held in treasury	2,758	1,240
At 30 April 2023	34,329	34,329

During the year, there were no ordinary shares issued to the market (2022: same). A total of 6,070,882 (2022: 4,188,338) ordinary shares were repurchased into treasury at a cost of £117,078,000 (2022: £98,639,000).

Subsequent to the year end, and to 13 July 2023 (latest practicable date), 1,229,369 ordinary shares were repurchased into treasury at an average price of 2,151.43p per share.

16. TRANSACTIONS WITH THE MANAGER AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

(A) TRANSACTIONS WITH THE MANAGER

Under the terms of an agreement dated 9 February 2001 the Company has appointed Polar Capital LLP ("Polar Capital") to provide investment management, accounting, secretarial and administrative services. Details of the fee arrangement for these services are given in the Strategic Report. The total management fees, paid under this agreement to Polar Capital in respect of the year ended 30 April 2023 were £21,918,000 (2022: £28,281,000) of which £1,827,000 (2022: £6,374,000) was outstanding and accrued at the year end.

There was no performance fee payable in respect of the year nor outstanding at the year end (2022: same).

In addition, the research costs and the first £200,000 of marketing costs per annum are borne by the Manager.

The new investment management agreement which came into force on 1 May 2022 agreed lower rates of the management base fee, simplified the structure of the base fee to three tiers and calculated on the daily net asset value. The Manager also agreed an increased contribution to the marketing costs payable by the Company to the first £200,000 per annum. Details of the Investment Management Agreement are provided in the Strategic Report above.

(B) RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The compensation payable to key management personnel in respect of short term employee benefits is £229,000 (2021: £182,000) which comprises £229,000 (2021: £182,000) paid by the Company to the Directors.

Refer to Company's 2023 Annual Report for the Directors' Remuneration Report including Directors' shareholdings and movements within the year.

17.          NET ASSET VALUE PER ORDINARY SHARE

	Net asset value per share
	30 April 2023	30 April 2022
Undiluted:
Net assets attributable to ordinary Shareholders (£'000)	2,828,141	3,050,985
Ordinary shares in issue at end of year	126,285,544	132,356,426
Net asset value per ordinary share (pence)	2239.48	2305.13

As at 30 April 2023, there were no potentially dilutive shares in issue (2022: there was no dilution).

18.          POST BALANCE SHEET EVENT

Subsequent to the year end, and to 13 July 2023, 1,229,369 ordinary shares were repurchased and placed in the Treasury at an average price of 2,151.43p per share.

There are no other significant events that have occurred after the end of the reporting period to the date of this report which require disclosure.

.

 

END